메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 198-207

Uptake of hepatitis C treatment among people who inject drugs attending Needle and Syringe Programs in Australia, 1999-2011

Author keywords

age; antiviral treatment; gender; hepatitis C virus; injection drug use; surveillance

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT; DIAMORPHINE; HEPATITIS C ANTIBODY; INTERFERON; METHAMPHETAMINE; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA; RIBAVIRIN;

EID: 84892791410     PISSN: 13520504     EISSN: 13652893     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12129     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (120)

References (51)
  • 1
    • 23944506014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection
    • Shepard CW, Finelli L, Alter MJ,. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5 (9): 558-567.
    • (2005) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.5 , Issue.9 , pp. 558-567
    • Shepard, C.W.1    Finelli, L.2    Alter, M.J.3
  • 2
    • 79751495584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of hepatitis C virus in injecting drug users: A narrow window of opportunity
    • Grebely J, Dore GJ,. Prevention of hepatitis C virus in injecting drug users: a narrow window of opportunity. J Infect Dis 2011; 203 (5): 571-574.
    • (2011) J Infect Dis , vol.203 , Issue.5 , pp. 571-574
    • Grebely, J.1    Dore, G.J.2
  • 3
    • 84874781548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants of hepatitis C virus treatment completion and efficacy in drug users assessed by meta-analysis
    • Dimova RB, Zeremski M, Jacobson IM, Hagan H, Des JD, Talal AH,. Determinants of hepatitis C virus treatment completion and efficacy in drug users assessed by meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56 (6): 806-816.
    • (2013) Clin Infect Dis , vol.56 , Issue.6 , pp. 806-816
    • Dimova, R.B.1    Zeremski, M.2    Jacobson, I.M.3    Hagan, H.4    Des, J.D.5    Talal, A.H.6
  • 4
    • 67651083226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C treatment for injection drug users: A review of the available evidence
    • Hellard M, Sacks-Davis R, Gold J,. Hepatitis C treatment for injection drug users: a review of the available evidence. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49 (4): 561-573.
    • (2009) Clin Infect Dis , vol.49 , Issue.4 , pp. 561-573
    • Hellard, M.1    Sacks-Davis, R.2    Gold, J.3
  • 5
    • 72249093341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective treatment of injecting drug users with recently acquired hepatitis C virus infection
    • Dore GJ, Hellard M, Matthews GV, et al,. Effective treatment of injecting drug users with recently acquired hepatitis C virus infection. Gastroenterology 2010; 138 (1): 123-135.
    • (2010) Gastroenterology , vol.138 , Issue.1 , pp. 123-135
    • Dore, G.J.1    Hellard, M.2    Matthews, G.V.3
  • 6
    • 79960453276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EASL clinical practice guidelines: Management of hepatitis C virus infection
    • Craxi A,. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol 2011; 55 (2): 245-264.
    • (2011) J Hepatol , vol.55 , Issue.2 , pp. 245-264
    • Craxi, A.1
  • 7
    • 84862610181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An update on the management of hepatitis C: Consensus guidelines from the Canadian association for the study of the liver
    • Myers RP, Ramji A, Bilodeau M, Wong S, Feld JJ,. An update on the management of hepatitis C: consensus guidelines from the Canadian association for the study of the liver. Can J Gastroenterol 2012; 26 (6): 359-375.
    • (2012) Can J Gastroenterol , vol.26 , Issue.6 , pp. 359-375
    • Myers, R.P.1    Ramji, A.2    Bilodeau, M.3    Wong, S.4    Feld, J.J.5
  • 8
    • 65449136656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C: An update
    • Ghany MG, Strader DB, Thomas DL, Seeff LB,. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C: an update. Hepatology 2009; 49 (4): 1335-1374.
    • (2009) Hepatology , vol.49 , Issue.4 , pp. 1335-1374
    • Ghany, M.G.1    Strader, D.B.2    Thomas, D.L.3    Seeff, L.B.4
  • 10
    • 63549098520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low uptake of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in a large community-based study of inner city residents
    • Grebely J, Raffa JD, Lai C, et al,. Low uptake of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in a large community-based study of inner city residents. J Viral Hepat 2009; 16 (5): 352-358.
    • (2009) J Viral Hepat , vol.16 , Issue.5 , pp. 352-358
    • Grebely, J.1    Raffa, J.D.2    Lai, C.3
  • 11
    • 43349090325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limited uptake of hepatitis C treatment among injection drug users
    • Mehta SH, Genberg BL, Astemborski J, et al,. Limited uptake of hepatitis C treatment among injection drug users. J Community Health 2008; 33 (3): 126-133.
    • (2008) J Community Health , vol.33 , Issue.3 , pp. 126-133
    • Mehta, S.H.1    Genberg, B.L.2    Astemborski, J.3
  • 12
    • 77954196543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiviral therapy for hepatitis C: Why are so few patients being treated?
    • Volk ML,. Antiviral therapy for hepatitis C: why are so few patients being treated? J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65 (7): 1327-1329.
    • (2010) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.65 , Issue.7 , pp. 1327-1329
    • Volk, M.L.1
  • 13
    • 73149113990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Public health impact of antiviral therapy for hepatitis C in the United States
    • Volk ML, Tocco R, Saini S, Lok AS,. Public health impact of antiviral therapy for hepatitis C in the United States. Hepatology 2009; 50 (6): 1750-1755.
    • (2009) Hepatology , vol.50 , Issue.6 , pp. 1750-1755
    • Volk, M.L.1    Tocco, R.2    Saini, S.3    Lok, A.S.4
  • 15
    • 50549092907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Market uptake of new antiviral drugs for the treatment of hepatitis C
    • Lettmeier B, Muhlberger N, Schwarzer R, et al,. Market uptake of new antiviral drugs for the treatment of hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2008; 49 (4): 528-536.
    • (2008) J Hepatol , vol.49 , Issue.4 , pp. 528-536
    • Lettmeier, B.1    Muhlberger, N.2    Schwarzer, R.3
  • 16
    • 20144388125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with interest in initiating treatment for hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection among young HCV-infected injection drug users
    • Strathdee SA, Latka M, Campbell J, et al,. Factors associated with interest in initiating treatment for hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection among young HCV-infected injection drug users. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40 (Suppl 5): S304-S312.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.40 , Issue.SUPPL.5
    • Strathdee, S.A.1    Latka, M.2    Campbell, J.3
  • 17
    • 84865093812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The changing therapeutic landscape for hepatitis C
    • Dore GJ,. The changing therapeutic landscape for hepatitis C. Med J Aust 2012; 196 (10): 629-632.
    • (2012) Med J Aust , vol.196 , Issue.10 , pp. 629-632
    • Dore, G.J.1
  • 18
    • 84856188637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A watershed moment in the treatment of hepatitis C
    • Chung RT,. A watershed moment in the treatment of hepatitis C. N Engl J Med 2012; 366 (3): 273-275.
    • (2012) N Engl J Med , vol.366 , Issue.3 , pp. 273-275
    • Chung, R.T.1
  • 19
    • 17544394736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV prevalence and risk behaviour in needle exchange attenders: A national study, the collaboration of Australian needle exchanges
    • MacDonald M, Wodak AD, Ali R, et al,. HIV prevalence and risk behaviour in needle exchange attenders: a national study, The collaboration of Australian needle exchanges. Med J Aust 1997; 166 (5): 237-240.
    • (1997) Med J Aust , vol.166 , Issue.5 , pp. 237-240
    • Macdonald, M.1    Wodak, A.D.2    Ali, R.3
  • 20
    • 41149156885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Representativeness of injecting drug users who participate in HIV surveillance: Results from Australia's needle and syringe program survey
    • Topp L, Iversen J, Wand H, Day C, Kaldor J, Maher L,. Representativeness of injecting drug users who participate in HIV surveillance: results from Australia's needle and syringe program survey. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 47 (5): 632-638.
    • (2008) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , vol.47 , Issue.5 , pp. 632-638
    • Topp, L.1    Iversen, J.2    Wand, H.3    Day, C.4    Kaldor, J.5    Maher, L.6
  • 21
    • 0034676998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C virus antibody prevalence among injecting drug users at selected needle and syringe programs in Australia, 1995-1997. Collaboration of Australian NSPs
    • MacDonald MA, Wodak AD, Dolan KA, van BI, Cunningham PH, Kaldor JM,. Hepatitis C virus antibody prevalence among injecting drug users at selected needle and syringe programs in Australia, 1995-1997. Collaboration of Australian NSPs. Med J Aust 2000; 172 (2): 57-61.
    • (2000) Med J Aust , vol.172 , Issue.2 , pp. 57-61
    • Macdonald, M.A.1    Wodak, A.D.2    Dolan, K.A.3    Van, B.I.4    Cunningham, P.H.5    Kaldor, J.M.6
  • 22
    • 79952675044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with specialist assessment and treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in New South Wales, Australia
    • Grebely J, Bryant J, Hull P, et al,. Factors associated with specialist assessment and treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in New South Wales, Australia. J Viral Hepat 2011; 18 (4): e104-e116.
    • (2011) J Viral Hepat , vol.18 , Issue.4
    • Grebely, J.1    Bryant, J.2    Hull, P.3
  • 23
    • 79952362218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importance of patient, provider, and facility predictors of hepatitis C virus treatment in veterans: A national study
    • Kramer JR, Kanwal F, Richardson P, Giordano TP, Petersen LA, El-Serag HB,. Importance of patient, provider, and facility predictors of hepatitis C virus treatment in veterans: a national study. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106 (3): 483-491.
    • (2011) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.106 , Issue.3 , pp. 483-491
    • Kramer, J.R.1    Kanwal, F.2    Richardson, P.3    Giordano, T.P.4    Petersen, L.A.5    El-Serag, H.B.6
  • 24
    • 79955520725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of deferral of treatment for hepatitis C infection in Australian clinics
    • Gidding HF, Law MG, Amin J, et al,. Predictors of deferral of treatment for hepatitis C infection in Australian clinics. Med J Aust 2011; 194 (8): 398-402.
    • (2011) Med J Aust , vol.194 , Issue.8 , pp. 398-402
    • Gidding, H.F.1    Law, M.G.2    Amin, J.3
  • 25
    • 20844435650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic approach to the treatment of HIV and hepatitis C virus infection in the inner city: A Canadian perspective
    • Conway B, Grebely J, Tossonian H, Lefebvre D, de VS,. A systematic approach to the treatment of HIV and hepatitis C virus infection in the inner city: a Canadian perspective. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41 (Suppl 1): S73-S78.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.41 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Conway, B.1    Grebely, J.2    Tossonian, H.3    Lefebvre, D.4    De, V.S.5
  • 26
    • 25644443975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective multicenter study of eligibility for antiviral therapy among 4,084 US Veterans with chronic hepatitis C virus infection
    • Bini EJ, Brau N, Currie S, et al,. Prospective multicenter study of eligibility for antiviral therapy among 4,084 U.S. veterans with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100 (8): 1772-1779.
    • (2005) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.100 , Issue.8 , pp. 1772-1779
    • Bini, E.J.1    Brau, N.2    Currie, S.3
  • 27
    • 37749030473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection - Role of patient versus nonpatient factors
    • Kanwal F, Hoang T, Spiegel BM, et al,. Predictors of treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection-role of patient versus nonpatient factors. Hepatology 2007; 46 (6): 1741-1749.
    • (2007) Hepatology , vol.46 , Issue.6 , pp. 1741-1749
    • Kanwal, F.1    Hoang, T.2    Spiegel, B.M.3
  • 30
    • 77952407655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Establishment of a successful assessment and treatment service for Australian prison inmates with chronic hepatitis C
    • Boonwaat L, Haber PS, Levy MH, Lloyd AR,. Establishment of a successful assessment and treatment service for Australian prison inmates with chronic hepatitis C. Med J Aust 2010; 192 (9): 496-500.
    • (2010) Med J Aust , vol.192 , Issue.9 , pp. 496-500
    • Boonwaat, L.1    Haber, P.S.2    Levy, M.H.3    Lloyd, A.R.4
  • 31
    • 84875669416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and effectiveness of a nurse-led outreach program for assessment and treatment of chronic hepatitis C in the custodial setting
    • Lloyd AR, Clegg J, Lange J, et al,. Safety and effectiveness of a nurse-led outreach program for assessment and treatment of chronic hepatitis C in the custodial setting. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56 (8): 1078-1084.
    • (2013) Clin Infect Dis , vol.56 , Issue.8 , pp. 1078-1084
    • Lloyd, A.R.1    Clegg, J.2    Lange, J.3
  • 32
    • 84868151001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linkage into specialist hepatitis C treatment services of injecting drug users attending a needle syringe program-based primary healthcare centre
    • Islam MM, Topp L, Conigrave KM, et al,. Linkage into specialist hepatitis C treatment services of injecting drug users attending a needle syringe program-based primary healthcare centre. J Subst Abuse Treat 2012; 43 (4): 440-445.
    • (2012) J Subst Abuse Treat , vol.43 , Issue.4 , pp. 440-445
    • Islam, M.M.1    Topp, L.2    Conigrave, K.M.3
  • 33
    • 78649243992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uptake and delivery of hepatitis C treatment in opiate substitution treatment: Perceptions of clients and health professionals
    • Treloar C, Newland J, Rance J, Hopwood M,. Uptake and delivery of hepatitis C treatment in opiate substitution treatment: perceptions of clients and health professionals. J Viral Hepat 2010; 17 (12): 839-844.
    • (2010) J Viral Hepat , vol.17 , Issue.12 , pp. 839-844
    • Treloar, C.1    Newland, J.2    Rance, J.3    Hopwood, M.4
  • 34
    • 84873586783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breaking down the barriers to hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment among individuals with HCV/HIV coinfection: Action required at the system, provider, and patient levels
    • Grebely J, Oser M, Taylor LE, Dore GJ,. Breaking down the barriers to hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment among individuals with HCV/HIV coinfection: action required at the system, provider, and patient levels. J Infect Dis 2013; 207 (Suppl 1): S19-S25.
    • (2013) J Infect Dis , vol.207 , Issue.SUPPL.1
    • Grebely, J.1    Oser, M.2    Taylor, L.E.3    Dore, G.J.4
  • 35
  • 36
    • 23744484452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barriers to the treatment of hepatitis C, Patient, provider, and system factors
    • Morrill JA, Shrestha M, Grant RW,. Barriers to the treatment of hepatitis C, Patient, provider, and system factors. J Gen Intern Med 2005; 20 (8): 754-758.
    • (2005) J Gen Intern Med , vol.20 , Issue.8 , pp. 754-758
    • Morrill, J.A.1    Shrestha, M.2    Grant, R.W.3
  • 37
    • 84455184816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An expanding role for primary care providers in the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in the community
    • Grebely J, Dore GJ,. An expanding role for primary care providers in the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in the community. Hepatology 2011; 54 (6): 2258-2260.
    • (2011) Hepatology , vol.54 , Issue.6 , pp. 2258-2260
    • Grebely, J.1    Dore, G.J.2
  • 38
    • 16844384955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overcoming barriers to prevention, care, and treatment of hepatitis C in illicit drug users
    • Edlin BR, Kresina TF, Raymond DB, et al,. Overcoming barriers to prevention, care, and treatment of hepatitis C in illicit drug users. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40 (Suppl 5): S276-S285.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.40 , Issue.SUPPL.5
    • Edlin, B.R.1    Kresina, T.F.2    Raymond, D.B.3
  • 39
    • 79958195203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection by primary care providers
    • Arora S, Thornton K, Murata G, et al,. Outcomes of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection by primary care providers. N Engl J Med 2011; 364 (23): 2199-2207.
    • (2011) N Engl J Med , vol.364 , Issue.23 , pp. 2199-2207
    • Arora, S.1    Thornton, K.2    Murata, G.3
  • 40
    • 40749125643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Capacity enhancement of hepatitis C virus treatment through integrated, community-based care
    • Hill WD, Butt G, Alvarez M, Krajden M,. Capacity enhancement of hepatitis C virus treatment through integrated, community-based care. Can J Gastroenterol 2008; 22 (1): 27-32.
    • (2008) Can J Gastroenterol , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 27-32
    • Hill, W.D.1    Butt, G.2    Alvarez, M.3    Krajden, M.4
  • 41
    • 67349223905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Successful treatment of chronic hepatitis C with pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin in a methadone maintenance treatment program
    • Litwin AH, Harris KA Jr, Nahvi S, et al,. Successful treatment of chronic hepatitis C with pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin in a methadone maintenance treatment program. J Subst Abuse Treat 2009; 37 (1): 32-40.
    • (2009) J Subst Abuse Treat , vol.37 , Issue.1 , pp. 32-40
    • Litwin, A.H.1    Harris, Jr.K.A.2    Nahvi, S.3
  • 43
    • 17644410769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in Canadian prison inmates
    • Farley JD, Wong VK, Chung HV, et al,. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in Canadian prison inmates. Can J Gastroenterol 2005; 19 (3): 153-156.
    • (2005) Can J Gastroenterol , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 153-156
    • Farley, J.D.1    Wong, V.K.2    Chung, H.V.3
  • 44
    • 84857170853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C: The end of the beginning and possibly the beginning of the end
    • Alter HJ, Liang TJ,. Hepatitis C: the end of the beginning and possibly the beginning of the end. Ann Intern Med 2012; 156 (4): 317-318.
    • (2012) Ann Intern Med , vol.156 , Issue.4 , pp. 317-318
    • Alter, H.J.1    Liang, T.J.2
  • 45
    • 16844376498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opportunities to address the hepatitis C epidemic in the correctional setting
    • Boutwell AE, Allen SA, Rich JD,. Opportunities to address the hepatitis C epidemic in the correctional setting. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40 (Suppl 5): S367-S372.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.40 , Issue.SUPPL.5
    • Boutwell, A.E.1    Allen, S.A.2    Rich, J.D.3
  • 46
    • 34548159980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus among illicit drug users
    • Grebely J, Raffa JD, Lai C, Krajden M, Conway B, Tyndall MW,. Factors associated with spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus among illicit drug users. Can J Gastroenterol 2007; 21 (7): 447-451.
    • (2007) Can J Gastroenterol , vol.21 , Issue.7 , pp. 447-451
    • Grebely, J.1    Raffa, J.D.2    Lai, C.3    Krajden, M.4    Conway, B.5    Tyndall, M.W.6
  • 47
    • 33644875265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous viral clearance following acute hepatitis C infection: A systematic review of longitudinal studies
    • Micallef JM, Kaldor JM, Dore GJ,. Spontaneous viral clearance following acute hepatitis C infection: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. J Viral Hepat 2006; 13 (1): 34-41.
    • (2006) J Viral Hepat , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 34-41
    • Micallef, J.M.1    Kaldor, J.M.2    Dore, G.J.3
  • 48
    • 77957891701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is point of access to needles and syringes related to needle sharing? Comparing data collected from pharmacies and needle and syringe programs in south-east Sydney
    • Bryant J, Topp L, Hopwood M, Iversen J, Treloar C, Maher L,. Is point of access to needles and syringes related to needle sharing? Comparing data collected from pharmacies and needle and syringe programs in south-east Sydney. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010; 29 (4): 364-370.
    • (2010) Drug Alcohol Rev , vol.29 , Issue.4 , pp. 364-370
    • Bryant, J.1    Topp, L.2    Hopwood, M.3    Iversen, J.4    Treloar, C.5    Maher, L.6
  • 49
    • 84155180685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C virus antiviral treatment for injection drug user populations
    • Martin NK, Vickerman P, Miners A, et al,. Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C virus antiviral treatment for injection drug user populations. Hepatology 2012; 55 (1): 49-57.
    • (2012) Hepatology , vol.55 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-57
    • Martin, N.K.1    Vickerman, P.2    Miners, A.3
  • 50
    • 84865064725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling antiviral treatment to prevent hepatitis C infection among people who inject drugs in Victoria, Australia
    • Hellard ME, Jenkinson R, Higgs P, et al,. Modelling antiviral treatment to prevent hepatitis C infection among people who inject drugs in Victoria, Australia. Med J Aust 2012; 196 (10): 638-641.
    • (2012) Med J Aust , vol.196 , Issue.10 , pp. 638-641
    • Hellard, M.E.1    Jenkinson, R.2    Higgs, P.3
  • 51
    • 79251532744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mathematical modelling of hepatitis C treatment for injecting drug users
    • Martin NK, Vickerman P, Hickman M,. Mathematical modelling of hepatitis C treatment for injecting drug users. J Theor Biol 2011; 274 (1): 58-66.
    • (2011) J Theor Biol , vol.274 , Issue.1 , pp. 58-66
    • Martin, N.K.1    Vickerman, P.2    Hickman, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.