Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) for clinical and research applications: Recommendations of the international RDC/TMD consortium network and orofacial pain special interest group

Journal of Oral and Facial Pain and Headache

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 6-27

  Schiffman, Eric ^a   Ohrbach, Richard ^b   Truelove, Edmond ^c   Look, John ^a   Anderson, Gary ^a   Goulet, Jean Paul ^d   List, Thomas ^e   Svensson, Peter ^f,g   Gonzalez, Yoly ^b   Lobbezoo, Frank ^h   Michelotti, Ambra ⁱ   Brooks, Sharon L ^j   Ceusters, Werner ^b,k,l   Drangsholt, Mark ^c   Ettlin, Dominik ^m   Gaul, Charly ⁿ   Goldberg, Louis J ^b   Haythornthwaite, Jennifer A ^o   Hollender, Lars ^c   Jensen, Rigmor ^p   John, Mike T ^a   De Laat, Antoon ^q   de Leeuw, Reny ^r   Maixner, William ^s   van der Meulen, Marylee ^h   Murray, Greg M ^t   Nixdorf, Donald R ^a,x   Palla, Sandro ^m   Peterssonss, Arne ^e   Pionchon, Paul ^u   Smith, Barry ^b   Visscher, Corine M ^v   Zakrzewska, Joanna ^h   Dworkin, Samuel F ^c,w   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

^e MALMÖ UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^f AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^g AARHUS UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^h VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^j UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY   (United States)

^k UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

^l Institute for Healthcare Informatics   (United States)

^m UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

ⁿ Department Migraine and Headache Clinic ^*  (Germany)

^o JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^p UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^q UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^r UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY   (United States)

^s UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^t UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^u UNIVERSITÉ CLERMONT AUVERGNE   (France)

^v UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^w UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^x HEALTHPARTNERS INSTITUTE   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Diagnostic criteria; Diagnostic reliability; Diagnostic validity; Sensitivity; Specificity; Temporomandibular disorders

Indexed keywords

ARTHRALGIA; ARTICLE; CONSENSUS; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISLOCATION; EVIDENCE BASED DENTISTRY; FACE PAIN; HEADACHE; HUMAN; MASS SCREENING; MASTICATORY MUSCLE; METHODOLOGY; MYALGIA; NOMENCLATURE; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REFERRED PAIN; REPRODUCIBILITY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT; TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDER;

ARTHRALGIA; CONSENSUS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DISLOCATIONS; EVIDENCE-BASED DENTISTRY; FACIAL PAIN; HEADACHE; HUMANS; MASS SCREENING; MASTICATORY MUSCLES; MYALGIA; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PAIN, REFERRED; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISC; TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS; TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME; TERMINOLOGY AS TOPIC;

EID: 84892763577     PISSN: 23330384     EISSN: 23330376     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.11607/jop.1151     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. Facial Pain. http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/DataStatistics/FindDataByTopic/FacialPain/(accessed 7/28/2013)
2. Feinstein AR. Clinical judgment. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1967:414
3. Dworkin SF, LeResche L. Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: Review criteria, examinations and specifications, critique. J Craniomandib Disord 1992;6: 301-355
4. Loeser JD, Fordyce WE. Chronic pain. In: Carr JE, Dengerink HA (eds). Behavioral Science in the Practice of Medicine. New York: Elsevier, 1983:331-346
5. Merskey H. Introduction. In: Giamberardino MA, Jensen TS (eds). Pain Comorbidities: Understanding and Treating the Complex Patient. Seattle: IASP Press, 2012:1-20
6. Truelove EL, Sommers EE, LeResche L, Dworkin SF, Von Korff M. Clinical diagnostic criteria for TMD. New classification permits multiple diagnoses. J Am Dent Assoc 1992;123:47-54
7. John MT, Dworkin SF, Mancl LA. Reliability of clinical temporomandibular disorder diagnoses. Pain 2005;118:61-69
8. Truelove E, Pan W, Look JO, et al. The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. III: Validity of Axis I diagnoses. J Orofac Pain 2010;24:35-47
9. Turk DC, Rudy TE. Towards a comprehensive assessment of chronic pain patients. Behav Res Ther 1987;25:237-249
10. Von Korff M, Ormel J, Keefe FJ, Dworkin SF. Grading the severity of chronic pain. Pain 1992;50:133-149
11. Dworkin SF, Von KM, LeResche L. Multiple pains and psychiatric disturbance. An epidemiologic investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:239-244
12. Osterweis M, Kleinman A, Mechanic D. Institute of Medicine. Committee on Pain, Disability, and Chronic Illness Behavior. Pain and Disability: Clinical, Behavioral, and Public Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1987:306
13. Dworkin SF, von Korff MR, LeResche L. Epidemiologic studies of chronic pain: A dynamic-ecologic perspective. Ann Behav Med 1992;14:3-11
14. Marcusson A, List T, Paulin G, Dworkin S. Temporomandibular disorders in adults with repaired cleft lip and palate: A comparison with controls. Eur J Orthod 2001;23:193-204
15. Dworkin SF, Huggins KH, Wilson L, et al. A randomized clinical trial using Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders-Axis II to target clinic cases for a tailored self-care TMD treatment program. J Orofac Pain 2002;16:48-63
16. Dworkin SF, Turner J, Mancl L, et al. A randomized clinical trial of a tailored comprehensive care treatment program for temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain 2002;16:259-276
17. Epker J, Gatchel RJ. Prediction of treatment-seeking behavior in acute TMD patients: Practical application in clinical settings. J Orofac Pain 2000;14:303-309
18. Garofalo JP, Gatchel RJ, Wesley AL, Ellis E 3rd. Predicting chronicity in acute temporomandibular joint disorders using the research diagnostic criteria. J Am Dent Assoc 1998;129:438-447
19. Ballegaard V, Thede-Schmidt-Hansen P, Svensson P, Jensen R. Are headache and temporomandibular disorders related? A blinded study. Cephalalgia 2008;28:832-841
20. van der Meulen MJ, Lobbezoo F, Aartman IH, Naeije M. Ethnic background as a factor in temporomandibular disorder complaints. J Orofac Pain 2009;23:38-46
21. Epker J, Gatchel RJ, Ellis E 3rd. A model for predicting chronic TMD: Practical application in clinical settings. J Am Dent Assoc 1999;130:1470-1475
22. Brister H, Turner JA, Aaron LA, Mancl L. Self-efficacy is associated with pain, functioning, and coping in patients with chronic temporomandibular disorder pain. J Orofac Pain 2006; 20:115-124
23. Turner JA, Brister H, Huggins K, Mancl L, Aaron LA, Truelove EL. Catastrophizing is associated with clinical examination findings, activity interference, and health care use among patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain 2005;19:291-300
24. Palla S. Biopsychosocial pain model crippled? J Orofac Pain 2011;25:289-290
25. Schiffman EL, Truelove EL, Ohrbach R, et al. The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. I: Overview and methodology for assessment of validity. J Orofac Pain 2010;24:7-24
26. Look JO, John MT, Tai F, et al. The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. II: Reliability of Axis I diagnoses and selected clinical measures. J Orofac Pain 2010; 24:25-34
27. Schiffman EL, Ohrbach R, Truelove EL, et al. The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. V: Methods used to establish and validate revised Axis I diagnostic algorithms. J Orofac Pain 2010;24:63-78
28. Ohrbach R, Turner JA, Sherman JJ, et al. The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. IV: Evaluation of psychometric properties of the Axis II measures. J Orofac Pain 2010;24:48-62
29. Anderson GC, Gonzalez YM, Ohrbach R, et al. The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. VI: Future directions. J Orofac Pain 2010;24:79-88
30. List T, Greene CS. Moving forward with the RDC/TMD. J Oral Rehabil 2010;37:731-733
31. Stegenga B. Nomenclature and classification of temporomandibular joint disorders. J Oral Rehabil 2010;37:760-765
32. Lobbezoo F, Visscher CM, Naeije M. Some remarks on the RDC/TMD Validation Project: Report of an IADR/Toronto-2008 workshop discussion. J Oral Rehabil 2010;37:779-783
33. John MT. Improving TMD classification using the Delphi technique. J Oral Rehabil 2010;37:766-770
34. Haythornthwaite JA. IMMPACT recommendations for clinical trials: Opportunities for the RDC/TMD. J Oral Rehabil 2010;37:799-806
35. Dworkin SF. Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders: Current status and future relevance. J Oral Rehabil 2010;37:734-743
36. Look JO, Schiffman EL, Truelove EL, Ahmad M. Reliability and validity of Axis I of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) with proposed revisions. J Oral Rehabil 2010;37:744-759
37. Ohrbach R, List T, Goulet JP, Svensson P. Recommendations from the International Consensus Workshop: Convergence on an orofacial pain taxonomy. J Oral Rehabil 2010;37:807-812
38. http://www.rdc-tmdinternational.org/TMDAssessmentDiagnosis/DCTMD.aspx (accessed 7/28/2013)
39. History of development of the DC/TMD. http://www.rdc-tmdinternational.org/Portals/18/protocol_DC-TMD/Development%20of%20the%20DC-TMD_2013_05_29.pdf (accessed 7/28/2013)
40. De Leeuw R, American Academy of Orofacial Pain. Orofacial Pain: Guidelines for Assessment, Diagnosis, and Management. Chicago: Quintessence, 2008:316
41. Cairns B, List T, Michelotti A, Ohrbach R, Svensson P. JORCORE recommendations on rehabilitation of temporomandibular disorders. J Oral Rehabil 2010;37:481-489
42. Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD): Diagnostic Decision Tree. http://www.rdc-tmdinternational. org/Portals/18/protocol_DC-TMD/DC-TMD%20-%20Decision%20Trees_2013_06_08.pdf (accessed 7/28/2013)
43. Peck CC, Goulet JP, Lobbezoo F, et al. Expanding the taxonomy of the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). J Oral Rehabil 2014;41:2-23
44. Garofalo JP, Wesley AL. Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders: Reflection of the physicalpsychological interface. APS Bulletin 1997;May/June:4-16
45. TMD-Pain Screener. http://www.rdc-tmdinternational.org/Portals/18/protocol_DC-TMD/TMD%20Pain%20Screener_revised%2010Aug2011.pdf (accessed 7/28/2013)
46. Gonzalez YM, Schiffman EL, Gordon SM, et al. Development of a brief and effective TMD-pain screening questionnaire: Reliability and validity. J Am Dent Assoc 2011;24:1183-1191
47. Ohrbach R, Gonzalez YM, List T, Michelotti A, Schiffman EL. Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) Clinical Examination Protocol. http://www.rdc-tmdinternational. org/Portals/18/protocol_DC-TMD/DC-TMD%20Protocol%20-%202013_06_02.pdf (accessed 7/28/2013)
48. DC/TMD Diagnostic Criteria. http://www.rdc-tmdinternational. org/Portals/18/protocol_DC-TMD/DC-TMD%20-%20Diagnostic%20Criteria_2013_06_08.pdf (accessed 7/28/2013)
49. Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, ed 2. Cephalalgia 2004;24(suppl 1):9-160
50. Schiffman E, Ohrbach R, List T, et al. Diagnostic criteria for headache attributed to temporomandibular disorders. Cephalalgia 2012;32:683-692
51. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The International Classification of Headache Disorders, ed 3 (beta version). Cephalalgia 2013;33: 629-808
52. Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders: Clinical Protocol and Assessment Instruments. http://www. rdc-tmdinternational.org/Portals/18/protocol_DC-TMD/DCTMD%20Axis%20I%20&%20Axis%20II%20Protocol%20-%202013_06_08.pdf (accessed 7/27/2013)
53. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Lowe B. An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: The PHQ-4. Psychosomatics 2009;50:613-621
54. Margolis RB, Chibnall JT, Tait RC. Test-retest reliability of the pain drawing instrument. Pain 1988;33:49-51
55. DC/TMD Pain Drawing. http://www.rdc-tmdinternational. org/Portals/18/protocol_DC-TMD/DC-TMD%20Pain%20Drawing_2013_05_12.pdf (accessed 7/28/2013)
56. Ohrbach R, Larsson P, List T. The jaw functional limitation scale: Development, reliability, and validity of 8-item and 20-item versions. J Orofac Pain 2008;22:219-230
57. Ohrbach R, Granger C, List T, Dworkin S. Preliminary development and validation of the Jaw Functional Limitation Scale. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2008;36:228-236
58. Markiewicz MR, Ohrbach R, McCall WD Jr. Oral behaviors checklist: Reliability of performance in targeted waking-state behaviors. J Orofac Pain 2006;20:306-316
59. Ohrbach R, Markiewicz MR, McCall WD Jr. Waking-state oral parafunctional behaviors: Specificity and validity as assessed by electromyography. Eur J Oral Sci 2008;116:438-444
60. Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Farrar JT, et al. Core outcome measures for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain 2005;113:9-19
61. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001; 16:606-613
62. Lowe B, Decker O, Muller S, et al. Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population. Med Care 2008;46:266-274
63. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-15: Validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosom Med 2002;64:258-266
64. Fillingim RB, Ohrbach R, Greenspan JD, et al. Potential psychosocial risk factors for chronic TMD: Descriptive data and empirically identified domains from the OPPERA case-control study. J Pain 2011;12:T46-T60
65. DC/TMD Symptom Questionnaire. http://www.rdc-tmdinternational. org/Portals/18/protocol_DC-TMD/DC-TMD_SQ_shortform_2013-05-12.pdf (accessed 7/28/2013)
66. Solberg WK. Temporomandibular disorders: Data collection and examination. Br Dent J 1986;160:317-322
67. Greene CS. Validity of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders Axis I in clinical and research settings. J Orofac Pain 2009;23:20-23
68. Schwarzer AC, Derby R, Aprill CN, Fortin J, Kine G, Bogduk N. The value of the provocation response in lumbar zygapophyseal joint injections. Clin J Pain 1994;10:309-313
69. Thevenet P, Gosselin A, Bourdonnec C, et al. pHmetry and manometry of the esophagus in patients with pain of the angina type and a normal angiography. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1988;12:111-117
70. Janssens J, Vantrappen G, Ghillebert G. 24-hour recording of esophageal pressure and pH in patients with noncardiac chest pain. Gastroenterology 1986;90:1978-1984
71. Vaksmann G, Ducloux G, Caron C, Manouvrier J, Millaire A. The ergometrine test: Effects on esophageal motility in patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteries. Can J Cardiol 1987;3:168-172
72. Davies HA, Kaye MD, Rhodes J, Dart AM, Henderson AH. Diagnosis of oesophageal spasm by ergometrine provocation. Gut 1982;23:89-97
73. Wise CM, Semble EL, Dalton CB. Musculoskeletal chest wall syndromes in patients with noncardiac chest pain: A study of 100 patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992;73:147-149
74. Kokkonen SM, Kurunlahti M, Tervonen O, Ilkko E, Vanharanta H. Endplate degeneration observed on magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine: Correlation with pain provocation and disc changes observed on computed tomography diskography. Spine 2002;27:2274-2278
75. Goulet J, Palla S. The path to diagnosis. In: Sessle BJ, Lavigne GJ, Lund JP, Dubner R (eds). Orofacial Pain: From Basic Science to Clinical Management: The transfer of Knowledge in Pain Research to Education. Chicago: Quintessence, 2008: 135-144
76. Conti PC, Dos Santos Silva R, Rossetti LM, De Oliveira Ferreira Da Silva R, Do Valle AL, Gelmini M. Palpation of the lateral pterygoid area in the myofascial pain diagnosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008;105:e61-e66
77. Johnstone DR, Templeton M. The feasibility of palpating the lateral pterygoid muscle. J Prosthet Dent 1980;44:318-323
78. Turp JC, Minagi S. Palpation of the lateral pterygoid region in TMD-where is the evidence? J Dent 2001;29:475-483
79. Simons DG, Travell JG, Simons LS. Travell & Simons' Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1999:1064
80. Sessle BJ. Acute and chronic craniofacial pain: Brainstem mechanisms of nociceptive transmission and neuroplasticity, and their clinical correlates. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2000;11:57-91
81. Woolf CJ. Central sensitization: Implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain. Pain 2011;152:S2-S15
82. Schiffman EL, Ohrbach R, List T, et al. Diagnostic criteria for headache attributed to temporomandibular disorders. Cephalalgia 2012;32:683-692.
83. da Silva A Jr, Costa EC, Gomes JB, et al. Chronic headache and comorbidities: A two-phase, population-based, cross-sectional study. Headache 2010;50:1306-1312
84. Stuginski-Barbosa J, Macedo HR, Bigal ME, Speciali JG. Signs of temporomandibular disorders in migraine patients: A prospective, controlled study. Clin J Pain 2010;26:418-421
85. Wahlund K. Temporomandibular disorders in adolescents. Epidemiological and methodological studies and a randomized controlled trial. Swed Dent J Suppl 2003;164:2-64
86. Nilsson IM. Reliability, validity, incidence and impact of temporormandibular pain disorders in adolescents. Swed Dent J Suppl 2007;7-86
87. Haley D, Schiffman E, Baker C, Belgrade M. The comparison of patients suffering from temporomandibular disorders and a general headache population. Headache 1993;33:210-213
88. Schokker RP, Hansson TL, Ansink BJ. Craniomandibular disorders in patients with different types of headache. J Craniomandib Disord 1990;4:47-51
89. Glaros AG, Urban D, Locke J. Headache and temporomandibular disorders: Evidence for diagnostic and behavioural overlap. Cephalalgia 2007;27:542-549
90. Ciancaglini R, Radaelli G. The relationship between headache and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder in the general population. J Dent 2001;29:93-98
91. Svensson P. Muscle pain in the head: Overlap between temporomandibular disorders and tension-type headaches. Curr Opin Neurol 2007;20:320-325
92. Jensen R, Olesen J. Initiating mechanisms of experimentally induced tension-type headache. Cephalalgia 1996;16:175-182
93. Jensen R. Pathophysiological mechanisms of tension-type headache: A review of epidemiological and experimental studies. Cephalalgia 1999;19:602-621
94. Lim PF, Smith S, Bhalang K, Slade GD, Maixner W. Development of temporomandibular disorders is associated with greater bodily pain experience. Clin J Pain 2010;26:116-120
95. Marklund S, Wiesinger B, Wanman A. Reciprocal influence on the incidence of symptoms in trigeminally and spinally innervated areas. Eur J Pain 2010;14:366-371
96. Bergstrom I, List T, Magnusson T. A follow-up study of subjective symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in patients who received acupuncture and/or interocclusal appliance therapy 18-20 years earlier. Acta Odontol Scand 2008;66:88-92
97. Ekberg E, Vallon D, Nilner M. Treatment outcome of headache after occlusal appliance therapy in a randomised controlled trial among patients with temporomandibular disorders of mainly arthrogenous origin. Swed Dent J 2002;26:115-124
98. Ekberg EC, Nilner M. Treatment outcome of short-and long-term appliance therapy in patients with TMD of myogenous origin and tension-type headache. J Oral Rehabil 2006;33:713-721
99. Stewart WF, Wood GC, Manack A, Varon SF, Buse DC, Lipton RB. Employment and work impact of chronic migraine and episodic migraine. J Occup Environ Med 2010;52:8-14
100. Holroyd KA, Stensland M, Lipchik GL, Hill KR, O'Donnell FS, Cordingley G. Psychosocial correlates and impact of chronic tension-type headaches. Headache 2000;40:3-16
101. Rasmussen BK, Jensen R, Olesen J. Impact of headache on sickness absence and utilisation of medical services: A Danish population study. J Epidemiol Community Health 1992;46:443-446
102. Anderson GC, John MT, Ohrbach R, et al. Influence of headache frequency on clinical signs and symptoms of TMD in subjects with temple headache and TMD pain. Pain 2010;152:765-771
103. Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. Symptom Questionnaire, Long Form. http://www.rdc-tmdinternational.org/Portals/18/Research%20Protocols/DC-TMD%20 Symptom%20Questionnaire%20long%20form%20-%20Impact%20Study_2012.pdf (accessed 7/28/2013)
104. Kalaykova S, Naeije M, Huddleston Slater JJ, Lobbezoo F. Is condylar position a predictor for functional signs of TMJ hypermobility? J Oral Rehabil 2006;33:349-355
105. Okeson JP. Critical commentary 1: Evaluation of the research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders for the recognition of an anterior disc displacement with reduction. J Orofac Pain 2009;23:312-315
106. Ahmad M, Hollender L, Anderson Q, et al. Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD): Development of image analysis criteria and examiner reliability for image analysis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009;107:844-860
107. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Parameters of Care: Clinical Practice Guidelines for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (AAOMS ParCare 2012). J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012;70(suppl 3):e204-e231
108. Hasenbring M. Attentional control of pain and the process of chronification. Prog Brain Res 2000;129:525-534
109. Hasenbring M, Hallner D, Klasen B. Psychological mechanisms in the transition from acute to chronic pain: Over-or underrated? Schmerz 2001;15:442-447
110. Nicholas MK, Linton SJ, Watson PJ, Main CJ. "Decade of the Flags" Working Group. Early identification and management of psychological risk factors ("yellow flags") in patients with low back pain: A reappraisal. Phys Ther 2011;91:737-753
111. Galli U, Ettlin DA, Palla S, Ehlert U, Gaab J. Do illness perceptions predict pain-related disability and mood in chronic orofacial pain patients? A 6-month follow-up study. Eur J Pain 2010;14:550-558
112. Wright AR, Gatchel RJ, Wildenstein L, Riggs R, Buschang P, Ellis E 3rd. Biopsychosocial differences between high-risk and low-risk patients with acute TMD-related pain. J Am Dent Assoc 2004;135:474-483
113. Grossi ML, Goldberg MB, Locker D, Tenenbaum HC. Reduced neuropsychologic measures as predictors of treatment outcome in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain 2001;15:329-339
114. Litt MD, Shafer DM, Kreutzer DL. Brief cognitive-behavioral treatment for TMD pain: Long-term outcomes and moderators of treatment. Pain 2010;151:110-116
115. Hallner D, Hasenbring M. Classification of psychosocial risk factors (yellow flags) for the development of chronic low back and leg pain using artificial neural network. Neurosci Lett 2004;361:151-154
116. Ohrbach R, Fillingim RB, Mulkey F, et al. Clinical findings and pain symptoms as potential risk factors for chronic TMD: Descriptive data and empirically identified domains from the OPPERA case-control study. J Pain 2011;12:T27-T45
117. Ohrbach R, Bair E, Fillingim RB, et al. Clinical orofacial characteristics associated with risk of first-onset TMD: The OPPERA prospective cohort study. J Pain 2013;14(suppl 2):T33-T50
118. Fillingim RB, Ohrbach R, Greenspan JD, et al. Psychological factors associated with development of TMD: The OPPERA prospective cohort study. J Pain 2013;14(suppl 2):T75-T90
119. Turner JA, Dworkin SF. Screening for psychosocial risk factors in patients with chronic orofacial pain: Recent advances. J Am Dent Assoc 2004;135:1119-1125; quiz 1164-1165
120. Rugh JD, Ohrbach R. Occlusal parafunction. In: Mohl ND, Zarb GA, Carlsson GE, Rugh JD (eds). A Textbook of Occlusion. Chicago: Quintessence, 1988:249-261
121. Ohrbach R. Disability assessment in temporomandibular disorders and masticatory system rehabilitation. J Oral Rehabil 2010;37:452-480
122. Steenks MH, deWijer A, Lobbezoo-Scholte AM, Bosman F. Orthopedic diagnostic tests for temporomandibular and cervical spine disorders. In: Fricton J, Dubner R (eds). Advances in Pain Research and Therapy Orofacial Pain and Temporomandibular Disorders. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 325-350
123. Lobbezoo-Scholte AM, Steenks MH, Faber JA, Bosman F. Diagnostic value of orthopedic tests in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Dent Res 1993;72:1443-1453
124. Lobbezoo-Scholte AM, de Wijer A, Steenks MH, Bosman F. Interexaminer reliability of six orthopaedic tests in diagnostic subgroups of craniomandibular disorders. J Oral Rehabil 1994;21:273-285
125. Okeson JP. History and examination for temporomandibulars disorders. In: Okeson JP (ed). Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion. St Louis: Mosby, 2008:228-301
126. Visscher CM, Lobbezoo F, Naeije M. A reliability study of dynamic and static pain tests in temporomandibular disorder patients. J Orofac Pain 2007;21:39-45
127. Howard J. Clinical diagnosis of temporomandibular joint derangements. In: Moffett BC (ed). Diagnosis of Internal Derangements of the Temporomandibular Joint. Seattle: Continuing Dental Education, University of Washington, 1984: 13-19
128. Wright EF. Manual of Temporomandibular Disorders. Ames, IA: Blackwell Munksgaard, 2005:338
129. Visscher CM, Naeije M, De Laat A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of temporomandibular disorder pain tests: A multicenter study. J Orofac Pain 2009;23:108-114
130. McNamara JA Jr, Seligman DA, Okeson JP. Occlusion, orthodontic treatment, and temporomandibular disorders: A review. J Orofac Pain 1995;9:73-90
131. Gonzalez YM, Greene CS, Mohl ND. Technological devices in the diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2008;20:211-220
132. Greene CS, American Association for Dental Research. Diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorders: Emergence of a new care guidelines statement. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;110:137-139
133. Greene CS. Managing the care of patients with temporomandibular disorders: A new guideline for care. J Am Dent Assoc 2010;141:1086-1088
134. Müller L, van Waes H, Langerweger C, Molinari L, Kellenberger CJ, Saurenmann RK. Maximal mouth opening capacity: Percentiles for healthy children 4-17 years of age. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2013;22:17. [Epub ahead of print]
135. Bair E, Tibshirani R. Semi-supervised methods to predict patient survival from gene expression data. PLoS Biol 2004; 2:E108
136. Dworkin SF. The OPPERA study: Act One. J Pain 2011; 12:T1-T107