Biopsychosocial outcome after uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury

Journal of Neurotrauma

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 108-124

  Wäljas, Minna ^a,b   Lange, Rael T ^c,d,e   Hakulinen, Ullamari ^a,f   Huhtala, Heini ^f   Dastidar, Prasun ^a,b   Hartikainen, Kaisa ^g   Öhman, Juha ^a,b   Iverson, Grant L ^h,i  

^a TAMPERE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TAMPERE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Finland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^d Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center   (United States)

^e WALTER REED ARMY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^f TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Finland)

^g PIRKANMAA HOSPITAL DISTRICT   (Finland)

^h HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

ⁱ MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

cognition; diffusion tensor imaging; mild traumatic brain injury; postconcussion syndrome

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CALCULATION; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMOGRAPHY; DEPRESSION; DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT; DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING; EMERGENCY WARD; FATIGUE; FEMALE; FINLAND; FRACTIONAL ANISOTROPY; HUMAN; LEARNING; MALE; MEMORY; NEUROIMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SCANNER; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; POSTCONCUSSION SYNDROME; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RETURN TO WORK; SELF REPORT; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL; WHITE MATTER;

ADULT; BRAIN; BRAIN INJURIES; COGNITION DISORDERS; DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING; FEMALE; HUMANS; LEARNING; MALE; MEMORY; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; POST-CONCUSSION SYNDROME; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84892718215     PISSN: 08977151     EISSN: 15579042     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.2941     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Rutherford WH. (1977). Sequelae of concussion caused by minor head injuries. Lancet 1, 1-4.
2. Alves W, Macciocchi SN, and Barth JT. (1993). Postconcussive symptoms after uncomplicated mild head injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 8, 48-59.
3. Watson MR, Fenton GW, McClelland RJ, Lumsden J, Headley M, and Rutherford WH. (1995). The postconcussional state: Neuro-physiological aspects. Br J Psychiatry 167, 514-521.
4. Roe C, Sveen U, Alvsaker K, and Bautz-Holter E. (2009). Post-concussion symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury: Influence of demographic factors and injury severity in a 1-year cohort study. Disabil Rehabil 31, 1235-1243.
5. Meares S, Shores EA, Taylor AJ, et al. (2011). The prospective course of postconcussion syndrome: The role of mild traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology 25, 454-465.
6. Taylor HG, Dietrich A, Nuss K, et al. (2010). Post-concussive symptoms in children with mild traumatic brain injury. Neu-ropsychology 24, 148-159.
7. Kashluba S, Casey JE, and Paniak C. (2006). Evaluating the utility of ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for postconcussion syndrome following mild traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 12, 111-118.
8. McCauley SR, Boake C, Pedroza C, Brown SA, Levin HS, Goodman HS, and Merritt SG. (2005). Postconcussional disorder: Are the DSM-IV criteria an improvement over the ICD-10? J Nerv Ment Dis 193, 540-550.
9. Goldstein FC, Levin HS, Goldman WP, Clark AN, and Altonen TK. (2001). Cognitive and neurobehavioral functioning after mild versus moderate traumatic brain injury in older adults. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 7, 373-383.
10. Schneiderman AI, Braver ER, and Kang HK. (2008). Understanding sequelae of injury mechanisms and mild traumatic brain injury incurred during the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan: Persistent post-concussive symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Epidemiol 167, 1446-1452.
11. Mickeviciene D, Schrader H, Obelieniene D, Surkiene D, Kunickas R, Stovner LJ, and Sand T. (2004). A controlled prospective inception cohort study on the postconcussion syndrome outside the med-icolegal context. Eur J Neurol 11, 411-419.
12. Yang C-C, Hua M-S, Tu Y-K, and Huang S-J. (2009). Early clinical characteristics of patients with persistent postconcussion symptoms: A prospective study. Brain Inj 23, 299-306.
13. Lange RT, Iverson GL, and Rose A. (2011). Depression strongly influences postconcussion symptom reporting following mild traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 26, 127-137.
14. Iverson GL. (2006). Misdiagnosis of the persistent postconcussion syndrome in patients with depression. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 21, 303-310.
15. Smith-Seemiller L, Fow NR, Kant R, and Franzen MD. (2003). Presence of postconcussion syndrome symptoms in patients with chronic pain vs mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 17, 199-206.
16. Iverson GL, and McCracken LM. (1997). 'Postconcussive' symptoms in persons with chronic pain. Brain Inj 11, 783-790.
17. Gasquoine PG. (2000). Postconcussional symptoms in chronic back pain. Appl Neuropsychol 7, 83-89.
18. Foa EB, Cashman L, Jaycox L, and Perry K. (1997). The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychol Assess 9, 445-451.
19. Iverson GL, and Lange RT. (2003). Examination of "postconcussion- like" symptoms in a healthy sample. Appl Neuropsychol 10, 137-144.
20. Meares S, Shores EA, Taylor AJ, et al. (2008). Mild traumatic brain injury does not predict acute postconcussion syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79, 300-306.
21. Hou R, Moss-Morris R, Peveler R, Mogg K, Bradley BP, and Belli A. (2012). When a minor head injury results in enduring symptoms: A prospective investigation of risk factors for postconcussional syndrome after mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 83, 217-223.
22. Dischinger PC, Ryb GE, Kufera JA, and Auman KM. (2009). Early predictors of postconcussive syndrome in a population of trauma patients with mild traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 66, 289-296; discussion 296-287.
23. Suhr JA, and Gunstad J. (2002). "Diagnosis Threat": The effect of negative expectations on cognitive performance in head injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 24, 448-457.
24. Mittenberg W, DiGiulio DV, Perrin S, and Bass AE. (1992). Symptoms following mild head injury: Expectation as aetiology. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55, 200-204.
25. Gunstad J, and Suhr JA. (2001). "Expectation as etiology" versus "the good old days": Postconcussion syndrome symptom reporting in athletes, headache sufferers, and depressed individuals. J Int Neu-ropsychol Soc 7, 323-333.
26. Ferguson RJ, Mittenberg W, Barone DF, and Schneider B. (1999). Postconcussion syndrome following sports-related head injury: Expectation as etiology. Neuropsychology 13, 582-589.
27. Davis CH. (2002). Self-perception in mild traumatic brain injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 81, 609-621.
28. Gunstad J, and Suhr JA. (2004). Cognitive factors in Postconcussion Syndrome symptom report. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 19, 391-405.
29. Hilsabeck RC, Gouvier WD, and Bolter JF. (1998). Reconstructive memory bias in recall of neuropsychological symptomatology. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 20, 328-338.
30. Iverson GL, Lange RT, Brooks BL, and Rennison VL. (2010). "Good old days" bias following mild traumatic brain injury. Clin Neu-ropsychol 24, 17-37.
31. Iverson GL, Brooks BL, Ashton VL, and Lange RT. (2010). Interview vs. questionnaire symptom reporting in people with post-concussion syndrome. J Head Trauma Rehabil 25, 25-30.
32. Silverberg ND, and Iverson GL. (2011). Etiology of the post-concussion syndrome: Physiogenesis and psychogenesis revisited. Neuro Rehabil 29, 317-329.
33. Iverson GL. (2012). A biopsychosocial conceptualization of poor outcome from mild traumatic brain injury, in: PTSD and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. R. Bryant and T. Keane (eds). Guilford Press: New York, pps. 37-60.
34. Iverson GL, Zasler ND, and Lange RT. (2007). Post-concussive disorder, in: Brain Injury Medicine: Principles and Practice. ND Zasler, HT Katz, and RD Zafonte (eds). Demos Medical Publishing: New York, pps. 373-405.
35. Belanger HG, Curtiss G, Demery JA, Lebowitz BK, and Vander-ploeg RD. (2005). Factors moderating neuropsychological outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury: A meta-analysis. J Int Neu-ropsychol Soc 11, 215-227.
36. Belanger HG, and Vanderploeg RD. (2005). The neuropsychological impact of sports-related concussion: A meta-analysis. J Int Neu-ropsychol Soc 11, 345-357.
37. Binder LM. (1997). A review of mild head trauma. Part II: Clinical implications. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 19, 432-457.
38. Schretlen DJ, and Shapiro AM. (2003). A quantitative review of the effects of traumatic brain injury on cognitive functioning. Int Rev Psychiatry 15, 341-349.
39. McCrea M, Iverson GL, McAllister TW, Hammeke, T. A., Powell, M. R., Barr, W. B., and Kelly, J. P. et al. (2009). An integrated review of recovery after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI): Implications for clinical management. Clin Neuropsychol 23, 1368-1390.
40. Rohling ML, Larrabee GJ, and Millis S.R. (2012). The "Miserable Minority" following mild traumatic brain injury: Who are they and do meta-analyses hide them? Clin Neuropsychol 26, 197-213.
41. Rohling ML, Binder LM, Demakis GJ, Larrabee GJ, Ploetz DM, and Langhinrichsen-Rohling J. (2011). A meta-analysis of neu-ropsychological outcome after mild traumatic brain injury: Re-analyses and reconsiderations of Binder et al. (1997), Frencham et al. (2005), and Pertab et al. (2009). Clin Neuropsychol 25, 608-623.
42. Borgaro SR, Prigatano GP, Kwasnica C, and Rexer JL. (2003). Cognitive and affective sequelae in complicated and uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 17, 189-198.
43. Iverson GL. (2006). Complicated vs uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury: Acute neuropsychological outcome. Brain Inj 20, 1335-1344.
44. Kurca E, Sivak S, and Kucera P. (2006). Impaired cognitive functions in mild traumatic brain injury patients with normal and pathologic magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroradiology 48, 661-669.
45. Wilson JTL, Hadley DM, Scott LC, and Harper A. (1996). Neu-ropsychological significance of contusional lesions identified by MRI, in: Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury. B. P. Uzzell and H. H. Stonnington (eds). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahway, NJ, pps. 29-50.
46. Iverson GL, Lange RT, Waljas M, et al. (2012). Outcome from complicated versus uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury. Re-habil Res Pract 2012, 415740.
47. Hughes DG, Jackson A, Mason DL, Berry E, Hollis S, and Yates DW. (2004). Abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging seen acutely following mild traumatic brain injury: Correlation with neuropsychological tests and delayed recovery. Neuroradiology 46, 550-558.
48. Kashluba S, Hanks RA, Casey JE, and Millis S.R. (2008). Neu-ropsychologic and functional outcome after complicated mild traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89, 904-911.
49. Hofman PA, Stapert SZ, van Kroonenburgh MJ, Jolles J, de Kruijk J, and Wilmink JT. (2001). MR imaging, single-photon emission CT, and neurocognitive performance after mild traumatic brain injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22, 441-449.
50. Sadowski-Cron C, Schneider J, Senn P, Radanov BP, Ballinari P, and Zimmermann H. (2006). Patients with mild traumatic brain injury: Immediate and long-term outcome compared to intra-cranial injuries on CT scan. Brain Inj 20, 1131-1137.
51. de Guise E, Lepage JF, Tinawi S, LeBlanc J, Dagher J, Lamoureux J, and Feyz M. (2010). Comprehensive clinical picture of patients with complicated vs uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury. Clin Neuropsychol 24, 1113-1130.
52. Shenton ME, Hamoda HM, Schneiderman JS, et al. (2012). A review of magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging findings in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Imaging Behav 6, 137-192.
53. Niogi SN, and Mukherjee P. (2010). Diffusion tensor imaging of mild traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 25, 241-255.
54. Sharp DJ, and Ham TE. (2011). Investigating white matter injury after mild traumatic brain injury. Curr Opin Neurol 24, 558-563.
55. Arfanakis K, Haughton VM, Carew JD, Rogers BP, Dempsey RJ, and Meyerand ME. (2002). Diffusion tensor MR imaging in diffuse axonal injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23, 794-802.
56. Bazarian JJ, Zhong J, Blyth B, Zhu T, Kavcic V, and Peterson D. (2007). Diffusion tensor imaging detects clinically important axonal damage after mild traumatic brain injury: A pilot study. J Neuro-trauma 24, 1447-1459.
57. Chu Z, Wilde EA, Hunter JV, et al. (2010). Voxel-based analysis of diffusion tensor imaging in mild traumatic brain injury in adolescents. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 31, 340-346.
58. Inglese M, Makani S, Johnson G, et al. (2005). Diffuse axonal injury in mild traumatic brain injury: A diffusion tensor imaging study. J Neurosurg 103, 298-303.
59. Kraus MF, Susmaras T, Caughlin BP, Walker CJ, Sweeney JA. and Little DM. (2007). White matter integrity and cognition in chronic traumatic brain injury: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Brain 130, 2508-2519.
60. Wilde EA, McCauley SR, Hunter JV, et al. (2008). Diffusion tensor imaging of acute mild traumatic brain injury in adolescents. Neurology 70, 948-955.
61. Zhang K, Johnson B, Pennell D, Ray W, Sebastianelli W, and Slo-bounov S. (2010). Are functional deficits in concussed individuals consistent with white matter structural alterations: Combined FMRI & DTI study. Exp Brain Res 204, 57-70.
62. Lange RT, Iverson GL, Brubacher JR, Madler B, and Heran MK. (2012). Diffusion tensor imaging findings are not strongly associated with postconcussional disorder 2 months following mild traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 27, 188-198.
63. Aoki Y, Inokuchi R, Gunshin M, Yahagi N, and Suwa H. (2012). Diffusion tensor imaging studies of mild traumatic brain injury: A meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 83, 870-876.
64. Henry LC, Tremblay J, Tremblay S, et al. (2011). Acute and chronic changes in diffusivity measures after sports concussion. J Neuro-trauma 28, 2049-2059.
65. Mayer AR, Ling J, Mannell MV, et al. (2010). A prospective diffusion tensor imaging study in mild traumatic brain injury. Neurology 74, 643-650.
66. Lipton ML, Kim N, Park YK, et al. (2012). Robust detection of traumatic axonal injury in individual mild traumatic brain injury patients: Intersubject variation, change over time and bidirectional changes in anisotropy. Brain Imaging Behav 6, 329-342.
67. Lo C, Shifteh K, Gold T, Bello JA, and Lipton ML. (2009). Diffusion tensor imaging abnormalities in patients with mild traumatic brain injury and neurocognitive impairment. J Comput Assist Tomogr 33, 293-297.
68. Toth A, Kovacs N, Perlaki G, et al. (2013). Multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging in the acute and sub-acute phase of mild traumatic brain injury: Can we see the difference? J Neurotrauma 30, 2-10.
69. Garnett MR, Blamire AM, Rajagopalan B, Styles P, and Cadoux-Hudson TA. (2000). Evidence for cellular damage in normal-appearing white matter correlates with injury severity in patients following traumatic brain injury: A magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Brain 123, 1403-1409.
70. Lipton ML, Gulko E, Zimmerman ME, et al. (2009). Diffusion-tensor imaging implicates prefrontal axonal injury in executive function impairment following very mild traumatic brain injury. Radiology 252, 816-824.
71. Niogi SN, Mukherjee P, Ghajar J, et al. (2008). Structural dissociation of attentional control and memory in adults with and without mild traumatic brain injury. Brain 131, 3209-3221.
72. Gardner A, Kay-Lambkin F, Stanwell P, et al. (2012). A systematic review of diffusion tensor imaging findings in sports-related concussion. J Neurotrauma 29, 2521-2538.
73. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Committee, A. C. o. R. M., Head Injury Interdisciplinary Special Interest Group. (1993). Definition of mild traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 8, 86-87.
74. Carroll LJ, Cassidy JD, Holm L, Kraus J, and Coronado VG. (2004). Methodological issues and research recommendations for mild traumatic brain injury: The WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Rehabil Med 43, 113-125.
75. Hakulinen UK, Brander A, Ryymin P, et al. (2012). Repeatability and variation of region-of-interest methods using quantitative diffusion tensor MR imaging of the brain. BMC Med Imaging 12, 30.
76. Borgaro SR, Gierok S, Caples H, and Kwasnica C. (2004). Fatigue after brain injury: Initial reliability study of the BNI Fatigue Scale. Brain Inj 18, 685-690.
77. Fisk JD, Ritvo PG, Ross L, Haase DA, Marrie TJ, and Schlech WF. (1994). Measuring the functional impact of fatigue: Initial validation of the fatigue impact scale. Clin Infect Dis 18, S79-83.
78. King NS, Crawford S, Wenden FJ, Moss NE, and Wade DT. (1995). The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire: A measure of symptoms commonly experienced after head injury and its reliability. J Neurol 242, 587-592.
79. Beck AT, Steer RA, and Brown GK. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II (Finnish version). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation
80. EuroQol. (1990). EuroQol-A new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. The EuroQol Group. Health Policy 16, 199-208.
81. Lezak MD, Howieson DB, and Loring DW. (2004). Neuropsycho-logical Assessment (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
82. Morrow LA, and Ryan C. (2002). Normative data for a working memory test: The four word short-term memory test. Clin Neu-ropsychol 16, 373-380.
83. Rey A. (1941). Psychological examination of traumatic encepha-lopathy. Translated by Corwin J, Bylsma FW. Clin Neuropsychol 7, 3-21.
84. Wechsler D. (1997). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Manual-Third Edition. New York: Psychological Corporation. [Finnish edition: Wechslerin aikuisten älykkyysasteikko, käsikirja Psykologien Kus-tannus Oy, Helsinki, 2005].
85. Army Individual Test Battery. (1944). Manual of directions and scoring. Washington, DC: War Department, Adjutant General's Office.
86. Strauss E, Sherman EMS, and Spreen O. (2006). A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
87. Iverson GL, Hakulinen U, Waljas M, Dastidar P, Lange RT, Soi-makallio S, and Ohman J. (2011). To exclude or not to exclude: White matter hyperintensities in diffusion tensor imaging research. Brain Inj 25, 1325-1332.
88. Ghaffar O, McCullagh S, Ouchterlony D, and Feinstein A. (2006). Randomized treatment trial in mild traumatic brain injury. J Psy-chosom Res 61, 153-160.
89. Kashluba S, Paniak C, and Casey JE. (2008). Persistent symptoms associated with factors identified by the WHO Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Clin Neuropsychol 22, 195-208.
90. Ponsford J, Cameron P, Fitzgerald M, Grant M, Mikocka-Walus A, and Schonberger M. (2012). Predictors of postconcussive symptoms 3 months after mild traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology 26, 304-313.
91. Temkin NR, Machamer JE, and Dikmen SS. (2003). Correlates of functional status 3-5 years after traumatic brain injury with CT abnormalities. J Neurotrauma 20, 229-241.
92. Bryant RA. (2008). Disentangling mild traumatic brain injury and stress reactions. N Engl J Med 358, 525-527.
93. Binder LM, and Rohling ML. (1996). Money matters: A meta-analytic review of the effects of financial incentives on recovery after closed-head injury. Am J Psychiatry 153, 7-10.
94. Hoge CW, McGurk D, Thomas JL, Cox AL, Engel CC, and Castro CA. (2008). Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. soldiers returning from Iraq. N Engl J Med 358, 453-463.
95. Stulemeijer M, Vos PE, Bleijenberg G, and van der Werf SP. (2007). Cognitive complaints after mild traumatic brain injury: Things are not always what they seem. J Psychosom Res 63, 637-645.
96. Stalnacke BM. (2012). Postconcussion symptoms in patients with injury-related chronic pain. Rehabil Res Pract 2012, 528265.
97. Salmond CH, Menon DK, Chatfield DA, et al. (2006). Diffusion tensor imaging in chronic head injury survivors: Correlations with learning and memory indices. Neuroimage 29, 117-124.
98. Lipton ML, Gellella E, Lo C, et al. (2008). Multifocal white matter ultrastructural abnormalities in mild traumatic brain injury with cognitive disability: A voxel-wise analysis of diffusion tensor imaging. J Neurotrauma 25, 1335-1342.
99. Miles L, Grossman RI, Johnson G, Babb JS, Diller L, and Inglese M. (2008). Short-term DTI predictors of cognitive dysfunction in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 22, 115-122.
100. Niogi SN, Mukherjee P, Ghajar J, et al. (2008). Extent of micro-structural white matter injury in postconcussive syndrome correlates with impaired cognitive reaction time: A 3T diffusion tensor imaging study of mild traumatic brain injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29, 967-973.
101. Rutgers DR, Toulgoat F, Cazejust J, Fillard P, Lasjaunias P, and Ducreux D. (2008). White matter abnormalities in mild traumatic brain injury: A diffusion tensor imaging study. AJNR Am J Neu-roradiol 29, 514-519.
102. Kumar R, Gupta RK, Husain M, Chaudhry C, Srivastava A, Saksena S, and Rathore RK. (2009). Comparative evaluation of corpus callosum DTI metrics in acute mild and moderate traumatic brain injury: Its correlation with neuropsychometric tests. Brain Inj 23, 675-685.
103. Geary EK, Kraus MF, Pliskin NH, and Little DM. (2010). Verbal learning differences in chronic mild traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 16, 506-516.
104. Holli KK, Waljas M, Harrison L, et al. (2010). Mild traumatic brain injury: Tissue texture analysis correlated to neuropsychological and DTI findings. Acad Radiol 17, 1096-1102.
105. Little DM, Kraus MF, Joseph J, et al. (2010). Thalamic integrity underlies executive dysfunction in traumatic brain injury. Neurology 74, 558-564.
106. Maruta J, Suh M, Niogi SN, Mukherjee P, and Ghajar J. (2010). Visual tracking synchronization as a metric for concussion screening. J Head Trauma Rehabil 25, 293-305.
107. Warner MA, Marquez de la Plata C, Spence J, et al. (2010). Assessing spatial relationships between axonal integrity, regional brain volumes, and neuropsychological outcomes after traumatic axonal injury. J Neurotrauma 27, 2121-2130.
108. Cubon VA, Putukian M, Boyer C, and Dettwiler A. (2011). A diffusion tensor imaging study on the white matter skeleton in individuals with sports-related concussion. J Neurotrauma 28, 189-201.
109. Grossman EJ, Ge Y, Jensen JH, et al. (2012). Thalamus and cognitive impairment in mild traumatic brain injury: A diffusional kurtosis imaging study. J. Neurotrauma 29, 2318-2327.
110. Matsushita M, Hosoda K, Naitoh Y, Yamashita H, and Kohmura E. (2011). Utility of diffusion tensor imaging in the acute stage of mild to moderate traumatic brain injury for detecting white matter lesions and predicting long-term cognitive function in adults. J Neurosurg 115, 130-139.
111. Sponheim SR, McGuire KA, Kang SS, et al. (2011). Evidence of disrupted functional connectivity in the brain after combat-related blast injury. Neuroimage 54, S21-29.
112. Smits M, Houston GC, Dippel DW, et al. (2011). Microstructural brain injury in postconcussion syndrome after minor head injury. Neuroradiology 53, 553-563.
113. Hartikainen KM, Waljas M, Isoviita T, et al. (2010). Persistent symptoms in mild to moderate traumatic brain injury associated with executive dysfunction. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 32, 767-774.
114. Levin HS, Wilde E, Troyanskaya M, et al. (2010). Diffusion tensor imaging of mild to moderate blast-related traumatic brain injury and its sequelae. J Neurotrauma 27, 683-694.
115. Messe A, Caplain S, Paradot G, et al. (2011). Diffusion tensor imaging and white matter lesions at the subacute stage in mild traumatic brain injury with persistent neurobehavioral impairment. Hum Brain Mapp 32, 999-1011.
116. Bazarian JJ, Zhu T, Blyth B, Borrino A, and Zhong J. (2012). Subject-specific changes in brain white matter on diffusion tensor imaging after sports-related concussion. Magn Reson Imaging 30, 171-180.
117. Frencham KA, Fox AM, and Maybery MT. (2005). Neuropsycho-logical studies of mild traumatic brain injury: A meta-analytic review of research since 1995. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 27, 334-351.
118. Pertab JL, James KM, and Bigler ED. (2009). Limitations of mild traumatic brain injury meta-analyses. Brain Inj 23, 498-508.
119. Ponsford J, Willmott C, Rothwell A, et al. (2000). Factors influencing outcome following mild traumatic brain injury in adults. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 6, 568-579.
120. Bohnen N, Twijnstra A, and Jolles J. (1993). Persistence of post-concussional symptoms in uncomplicated, mildly head-injured patients: A prospective cohort study. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 6, 193-200.
121. Hugenholtz H, Stuss DT, Stethem LL, and Richard MT. (1988). How long does it take to recover from a mild concussion? Neurosurgery 22, 853-858.
122. Rutgers DR, Fillard P, Paradot G, Tadie M, Lasjaunias P, and Du-creux D. (2008). Diffusion tensor imaging characteristics of the corpus callosum in mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29, 1730-1735.
123. Maugans TA, Farley C, Altaye M, Leach J, and Cecil KM. (2012). Pediatric sports-related concussion produces cerebral blood flow alterations. Pediatrics 129, 28-37.
124. Arenth PM, Russell KC, Scanlon JM, Kessler LJ, and Ricker JH. (2013). Corpus callosum integrity and neuropsychological performance after traumatic brain injury: A diffusion tensor imaging study. J Head Trauma Rehabil [Epub ahead of print].
125. Benson RR, Meda SA, Vasudevan S, et al. (2007). Global white matter analysis of diffusion tensor images is predictive of injury severity in traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 24, 446-459.
126. Davenport ND, Lim KO, Armstrong MT, and Sponheim SR. (2012). Diffuse and spatially variable white matter disruptions are associated with blast-related mild traumatic brain injury. Neuroimage 59, 2017-2024.
127. Huang MX, Theilmann RJ, Robb A, et al. (2009). Integrated imaging approach with MEG and DTI to detect mild traumatic brain injury in military and civilian patients. J Neurotrauma 26, 1213-1226.
128. Jorge RE, Acion L, White T, et al. (2012). White matter abnormalities in veterans with mild traumatic brain injury. Am J Psychiatry 169, 1284-1291.
129. McAllister TW, Ford JC, et al. (2012). Maximum principal strain and strain rate associated with concussion diagnosis correlates with changes in corpus callosum white matter indices. Ann Biomed Eng 40, 127-140.
130. Mac Donald CL, Johnson AM, Cooper D, et al. (2011). Detection of blast-related traumatic brain injury in U.S. military personnel. N Engl J Med 364, 2091-2100.
131. Matthews SC, Strigo IA, Simmons AN, O'Connell RM, Reinhardt LE, and Moseley SA. (2011). A multimodal imaging study in U.S. veterans of Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom with and without major depression after blast-related concussion. Neuroimage 54, S69-75.
132. Matthews SC, Spadoni AD, Lohr JB, Strigo IA, and Simmons AN. (2012). Diffusion tensor imaging evidence of white matter disruption associated with loss versus alteration of consciousness in warfighters exposed to combat in Operations Enduring and Iraqi Freedom. Psychiatry Res 204, 149-154.
133. Sorg SF, Delano-Wood L, Luc N, et al. (2013). White matter integrity in veterans with mild traumatic brain injury: Associations with executive function and loss of consciousness. J. Head Trauma Rehabil [Epub ahead of print].
134. Spitz G, Maller JJ, O'Sullivan R, and Ponsford JL. (2013). White matter integrity following traumatic brain injury: The association with severity of injury and cognitive functioning. Brain Topogr 26, 648-660.
135. Virji-Babul N, Borich MR, Makan N, Moore T, Frew K, Emery CA, and Boyd LA. (2013). Diffusion tensor imaging of sports-related concussion in adolescents. Pediatr Neurol 48, 24-29.
136. Wilde EA, McCauley SR, Barnes A, et al. (2012). Serial measurement of memory and diffusion tensor imaging changes within the first week following uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Imaging Behav 6, 319-328.