Neurological complications of tick borne encephalitis: The experience of 89 patients studied and literature review

Neurological Sciences

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 15-21

  Zambito Marsala, Sandro ^a   Pistacchi, Michele ^b   Gioulis, Manuela ^a   Mel, Rosanna ^a   Marchini, Corrado ^a   Francavilla, Ermenegildo ^a  

^a SAN MARTINO HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^b Santorso Hospital   (Italy)

Author keywords

Biphasic fever; Flavivirus; Myeloradiculitis syndrome; Polio like paralysis; Tick borne encephalitis; Viral meningitis

Indexed keywords

CORTICOSTEROID; ENCEVIR; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN 1; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN 2; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN 3; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN 4; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN 5; TICK BORNE ENCEPHALITIS VACCINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BORRELIA BURGDORFERI; CRANIAL NERVE PARALYSIS; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENCEPHALITIS; FEVER; HEADACHE; HUMAN; IXODES RICINUS; LEUKOPENIA; MENINGITIS; NAUSEA; NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATION; PLASMAPHERESIS; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TICK BORNE ENCEPHALITIS; VACCINATION; VERTIGO; VIRUS REPLICATION; VOMITING;

ENCEPHALITIS, TICK-BORNE; HUMANS; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES;

EID: 84892675968     PISSN: 15901874     EISSN: 15903478     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10072-013-1565-8     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. Schneider H (1931) Uber epidemische acute Meningite serosa. Wien Klin Wochenschr 44:350-352
2. Kunz C, Heinz FX (2003) Tick borne encephalitis. Vaccine 21:S1-S2
3. Lindquist L, Vapalahti O (2009) Tick-borne encephalitis. Lancet 371:1861-1871 (Pubitemid 351753031)
4. WHO/EURO (2004) WHO regional office for Europe: their distribution and burden on public health. WHO regional office for Europe (WHO/EURO), Copenhagen, Denmark, pp 37-53. http://www.euro.who.int/document/e82481.pdf. Accessed 8 Dec 2007
5. Heinz FX, Allison SL (2003) Flavivirus structure and membrane fusion. Adv Virus Res 59:63-97 (Pubitemid 137639364)
6. Suss J (2003) Epidemiology and ecology of TBE relevant to the production of effective vaccines. Vaccine 21:S19-S35 (Pubitemid 36288523)
7. Gritsun TS, Nuttall PA, Gould EA (2003) Tick borne flaviviruses. Adv Virus Res 59:63-97
8. Parola P, Raoult D (2001) Ticks and tick-borne bacterial diseases in humans: an emerging infectious threat. Clin Infect Dis 32:897-928 (Pubitemid 32524824)
9. Krausler J (1981) 23 years of TBE in district of Neunkirchen (Austria). In: Kunz C (ed) Tick borne encephalitis. Faculats, Wien, pp 6-12
10. Suss J, Schrader C, Falk U, Wohanka N (2004) Tick borne encephalitis (TBE) in Germany: epidemiological data, development of risk areas and virus prevalence in field collected ticks removed from humans. Int J Med Microbiol 293:S69-S79
11. Alekseev AN, Chunikhin SP (1990) Transmission of the tick-borne encephalitis virus by ixodid ticks in the experiment (mechanisms, terms, species and sexual distinctions. Parazitologiia 24:177-185
12. Kaiser R (1999) The clinical and epidemiological profile of tick-borne encephalitis in southern Germany 1994-98: a prospective study of 656 patients. Brain 122(Pt 11):2067-2078
13. Fauser S, Stich O, Rauer S (2007) Unusual case of tick borne encephalitis with isolated myeloradiculitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78:909-910 (Pubitemid 47204610)
14. Gunther G, Haglund M, Linquist L, Forsgren M, Skoldenberg B (1997) Tick borne encephalitis in Sweden in relation to aseptic meningoencephalitis of other etiology: a prospective study of clinical course and outcome. J Neurol 244:230-238 (Pubitemid 27156472)
15. Mickiene A, Laiskonis A, Günther G, Vene S, Lundkvist A, Lindquist L (2002) Tick borne encephalitis in an area of high endemicity in Lithuania: disease severity and long term prognosis. Clin Infect Dis 35:650-658 (Pubitemid 35024723)
16. Furlan SL, Strle F (1995) Thrombocytopenia a common finding in the initial phase of tick borne encephalitis. Infection 23:203-206
17. Kaiser R, Vollmer H, Schmidtke K, Rauer S, Berger W, Gores D (1997) Follow-up and prognosis of early summer meningoencephalitis. Nervenarzt 68:324-330 (Pubitemid 27246014)
18. Schellinger PD, Schmutzhard E, Fiebach JB, Pfausler B, Maier H, Schwab S (2000) Poliomyelitic-like illness in central European encephalitis. Neurology 55:299-302 (Pubitemid 30604637)
19. Pikelj F, Tomaciz M, Maticic M, Socan M, Muzlovic I (1995) Severe form of tick borne meningoencephalitis in Slovenia. J Infect 31:83-85
20. Kleiter I, Steinbrcher A, Flugel D et al (2006) Autonomic involvement in tick borne encephalitis (TBE): report of five cases. Eur J Med Res 11:261-265 (Pubitemid 44082571)
21. Beer S, Brune N, Kesserling J (1999) Detection of anterior horn lesions by MRI in Central European tick-borne encephalomyelitis. J Neurol 246(12):1169-1171 (Pubitemid 30021242)
22. Zambito Marsala S, Francavilla E, Gioulis M, Candeago RM, Mondardini V, Gentile M et al (2012) Isolated polio-like syndrome after tick-borne encephalitis presenting with acute hyperckemia. Neurol Sci 33(3):669-672. doi: 10.1007/s10072-011-0834-7
23. Kaiser R (1996) Tick-borne encephalitis in south western Germany. Infection 24:398-399 (Pubitemid 26356510)
24. Tomazic J, Pikelj F, Schwartz B et al (1996) The clinical features of tick-borne encephalitis in Slovenia. A study of 492 cases in 1994. Antibiot Monit 12:115-120
25. Haglund M, Forsgren M, Lindh G, Lindquist L (1996) A 10-year follow-up study of tick-borne encephalitis in the Stockholm area and a review of the literature: need for a vaccination strategy. Scand J Infect Dis 28:217-224 (Pubitemid 26290182)
26. Duniewicz M, Mertenova J, Moravcova E et al (1975) Central European tick-borne encephalitis from 1969 to 1972 in Central Bohemia. Infection 3:223-228
27. Falisevac J, Beus I (1981) Clinical manifestations of tick-borne encephalitis in Croatia. In: Kunz C (ed) Tick-borne encephalitis. Facultas, Vienna, Austria, pp 13-19
28. Jezyna C, Zajac W, Pancewicz S (1984) Epidemiologic and clinical studies of patients with tick-borne encephalitis from northeastern Poland. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg 178:510-521 (Pubitemid 14170415)
29. Wahlberg P, Carlsson SA, Granlund H et al (2006) TBE in Aland Islands 1959-2005: Kumlinge disease. Scand J Infect Dis 38:1057-1062 (Pubitemid 44869280)
30. Ackermann R, Kruger K, Roggendorf M et al (1986) Spread of early-summer meningoencephalitis in the Federal Republic of Germany. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 111:927-933 (Pubitemid 16055719)
31. Holmgren B, Forsgren M (1990) Epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden 1956-1989: a study of 1116 cases. Scand J Infect Dis 22:287-295
32. Grubbauer H, Dornbusch H, Spork D, Zobel G, Trop M, Zenz W (1992) Tick-borne encephalitis in a 3-month-old child. Eur J Pediatr 151:743-744
33. Harasek G (1974) Tick-borne encephalitis in children. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 99:1965-1970
34. Oksi J, Viljanen MK, Kalimo H, Peltonen R, Martilla R, Salomaa P et al (1993) Fatal encephalitis caused by concomitant infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus and Borrelia burgdorferi. Clin Infect Dis 16:392-396 (Pubitemid 23066948)
35. Puchhammer-Stockl E, Kunz C, Mandl CW, Heinz FX (1995) Identification of tick-borne encephalitis virus ribonucleic acid in tick suspensions and in clinical specimens by a reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction assay. Clin Diagn Virol 4:321-326 (Pubitemid 26014895)
36. Holzmann H (2003) Diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis. Vaccine 21:S36-S40 (Pubitemid 36288524)
37. Kaiser R (1999) The clinical and epidemiological profile of tick-borne encephalitis in southern Germany 1994-98. A prospective study of 656 patients. Brain 122:2067-2078
38. Grygorczuck S, Mierzynska D, Zdrodowoska A et al (2006) Tick borne encephalitis in north-eastern Poland in 1997-2001: a retrospective study. Scand J Infect Dis 38:904-909 (Pubitemid 44499425)
39. Lorenzl S, Pfister H, Padovan C, Yousry T (1996) MRI abnormalities in tick-borne encephalitis. Lancet 347:698-699 (Pubitemid 26076162)
40. Marjelund S, Tikkakoski T, Tuieku S et al (2004) Magnetic resonance imaging findings and outcome in severe tick-borne encephalitis. Report of four cases and review of literature. Acta Radiol 45:88-94
41. Alkadhi H, Kollias SS (2000) MRI in tick-borne encephalitis. Neuroradiology 42:753-755
42. Kalita J, Misra UK (2000) Comparison of CT scan and MRI findings in the diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis. J Neurol Sci 174:3-8 (Pubitemid 30110541)
43. Cerna F, Mehrad B, Luby JP et al (1999) St Louis encephalitis and the substantia nigra: MR imaging evaluation. Am J Neuroradiol 20:1281-1283 (Pubitemid 29400540)
44. Bender A, Schulte-Altedorneburg G, Walther EU, Pfister H-W (2005) Severe tick-borne encephalitis with simultaneous brain stem, bithalamic, and spinal cord involvement documented by MRI. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76:135-137 (Pubitemid 40013510)
45. Enzinger C, Melish B, Reischl A, Simbrunner J, Fazekas F (2009) Polyradiculitis as a predominant symptom of tick-borne encephalitis virus infection. Arch Neurol 66(7):904-905
46. Jeren T, Vince A (1988) Cytologic and immunoenzymatic findings in CSF from patients with tick-borne encephalitis. Acta Cytol 42:330-334
47. Gunther G, Haglund M, Lindquist L, Skoldenberg B, Forsgren M (1997) Intrathecal IgM, IgA and IgG antibody response in tick-borne encephalitis. Long term follow-up related to clinical course and outcome. Clin Diagn Virol 8:17-29 (Pubitemid 27283261)
48. Venturi G, Mel R, Marchi A et al (2006) Humoral immunity and correlation between ELISA, haemagglutination inhibition and neutralization tests after vaccination against TBE virus in children. J Virol Methods 134(1-2):136-139
49. Baldovin T, Mel R, Bertoncello C, Carpenè G, Soppelsa F, Giliberti A, Baldo V (2012) Persistence of immunity to tick-borne encephalitis after vaccination and natural infection. J Med Virol 84(8):1274-1278
50. World Health Organization (WHO) (2011) Vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 86:241-256
51. Prevention of TBE, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/tick-borne-diseases/tick-borne- encephalitis/key-messages/Pages/prevention.aspx. Accessed 3 Jan 2013
52. Amicizia D, Domnich A, Panatto D, Lai PL, Cristina ML, Avio U, Gasparini R (2013) Epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe and its prevention by available vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 9(5):1163-1171
53. Hofmann H (1995) After vaccination for tick-borne encephalitis must onset of neurologic disorders be expected? Wien Klin Wochenschr 107:509-515
54. Scholz E, Wietholter H (1987) Postvaccinal neuritis following prophylactic vaccination against early-summer meningo-encephalitis. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 112:544-546 (Pubitemid 17065288)
55. Hainz U, Jenewein B, Asch E, Pfeiffer KP, Berger P, Grubeck-Loebenstein B (2005) Insufficient protection for healthy elderly adults by tetanus and TBE vaccines. Vaccine 23:3232-3235 (Pubitemid 40523114)
56. Ehrlich HJ, Pavlova BG, Fritsch S et al (2003) Randomized, phase II dose-finding studies of a modified tick-borne encephalitis vaccine: evaluation of safety and immunogenicity. Vaccine 22:217-223 (Pubitemid 37412265)
57. Zent O, Banzhoff A, Hilbert AK, Meriste S, Sluzewski W, Wittermann Ch (2003) Safety, immunogenicity and tolerability of a new pediatric tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccine, free of protein-derived stabilizer. Vaccine 21:3584-3592 (Pubitemid 37338182)
58. Pavlova BG, Loew-Baselli A, Fritsch S et al (2003) Tolerability of modified tick-borne encephalitis vaccine FSME-IMMUN "NEW" in children: results of post-marketing surveillance. Vaccine 21:742-745 (Pubitemid 36091991)