Beliefs about Penis Size: Validation of a Scale for Men Ashamed about Their Penis Size

Journal of Sexual Medicine

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 84-92

  Veale, David ^a   Eshkevari, Ertimiss ^a   Read, Julie ^a   Miles, Sarah ^a   Troglia, Andrea ^a   Phillips, Rachael ^a   Echeverria, Lina Maria Carmona ^b   Fiorito, Chiara ^b   Wylie, Kevan ^c   Muir, Gordon ^b  

^a SOUTH LONDON AND MAUDSLEY NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b KING S COLLEGE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c Porterbrook Clinic   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Assessment; Body Image; Penile Anatomy; Penis Size Shame; Small Penis Syndrome

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; BELIEFS ABOUT PENIS SIZE SCALE; BODY IMAGE; CONCURRENT VALIDITY; DEPRESSION; EXPLORATORY RESEARCH; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; HEALTH BELIEF; HUMAN; INTERNAL CONSISTENCY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MASCULINITY; NAMED INVENTORIES, QUESTIONNAIRES AND RATING SCALES; PENIS; PENIS ERECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; QUESTIONNAIRE; SELF EVALUATION; SEXUAL ORIENTATION; SEXUAL SATISFACTION; SOCIAL PHOBIA; TREATMENT PLANNING; UROLOGIST; YOUNG ADULT;

ASSESSMENT; BODY IMAGE; PENILE ANATOMY; PENIS SIZE SHAME; SMALL PENIS SYNDROME;

ADULT; ANXIETY; BODY IMAGE; DEPRESSION; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; HUMAN BODY; HUMANS; MALE; ORGAN SIZE; PENILE ERECTION; PENIS; PERSONAL SATISFACTION; QUESTIONNAIRES; SIZE PERCEPTION;

EID: 84892675794     PISSN: 17436095     EISSN: 17436109     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12294     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Wylie KR, Eardley I. Penile size and the "small penis syndrome". BJU Int 2007;99:1449-1455.
2. Wessells H, Lue TF, McAninch JW. Penile length in the flaccid and erect states: Guidelines for penile augmentation. J Urol 1996;156:995-997.
3. Lever J, Frederick DA, Peplau LA. Does size matter? Men's and women's views on penis size across the lifespan. Psychol Men Masc 2006;7:129-143.
4. Tiggemann M, Martins Y, Churchett L. Beyond muscles: Unexplored parts of men's body image. J Health Psychol 2008;13:1163-1172.
5. Gilbert P, Andrews B. Shame: Interpersonal behavior, psychopathology, and culture. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998.
6. Gilbert P. Body shame: A biopsychosocial conceptualisation and overview, with treatment implications. In: Gilbert P, Miles J, eds. Body shame: Conceptualisation, research and treatment. London: Brunner-Routledge; 2002:3-54.
7. Nugteren HM, Balkema G, Pascal A, Schultz WCMW, Nijman J, van Driel M. 18-year experience in the management of men with a complaint of a small penis. J Sex Marital Ther 2010;36:109-117.
8. Veale DM, Lambrou C. The importance of aesthetics in body dysmorphic disorder. CNS Spectr 2002;7:429-431.
9. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic & statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th edition. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
10. Phillips KA, Menard W, Fay C, Weisberg R. Demographic characteristics, phenomenology, comorbidity, and family history in 200 individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics 2005;46:317.
11. Veale D, Boocock A, Gournay K, Dryden W, Shah F, Willson R, Walburn J. Body dysmorphic disorder. A survey of fifty cases. Br J Psychiatry 1996;169:196-201.
12. Li C, Kayes O, Kell PD, Christopher N, Minhas S, Ralph DJ. Penile suspensory ligament division for penile augmentation: Indications and results. Eur Urol 2006;49:729-733.
13. Perovic SV, Byun J-S, Scheplev P, Djordjevic ML, Kim J-H, Bubanj T. New perspectives of penile enhancement surgery: Tissue engineering with biodegradable scaffolds. Eur Urol 2006;49:139-147.
14. Ghanem H, Glina S, Assalian P, Buvat J. Position paper: Management of men complaining of a small penis despite an actually normal size. J Sex Med 2013;10:294-303.
15. Shamloul R. Treatment of men complaining of short penis. Urology 2005;65:1183-1185.
16. Davis S, Paterson L, Binik Y. Male genital image: Measurement and implications for medical conditions and surgical practice. Sexologies 2011;21:43-47.
17. Veale D, Gournay K, Dryden W, Boocock A, Shah F, Willson R, Walburn J. Body dysmorphic disorder: A cognitive behavioural model and pilot randomised controlled trial. Behav Res Ther 1996;34:717-729.
18. Gontero P, Di Marco M, Giubilei G, Bartoletti R, Pappagallo G, Tizzani A, Mondaini N. A pilot phase-II prospective study to test the "efficacy"and tolerability of a penile-extender device in the treatment of "short penis". BJU Int 2008;103:793-797.
19. Spyropoulos E, Christoforidis C, Borousas D, Mavrikos S, Bourounis M, Athanasiadis S. Augmentation phalloplasty surgery for penile dysmorphophobia in young adults: Considerations regarding patient selection, outcome evaluation and techniques applied. Eur Urol 2005;48:121-128.
20. Zigmond A, Snaith RP. The hospital depression and anxiety scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983;67:361-370.
21. Connor KM, Davidson JRT, Churchill LE, Sherwood A, Weisler RH, Foa E. Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) New self-rating scale. Br J Psychiatry 2000;176:379-386.
22. Cash TF, Fleming EC. The impact of body-image experiences: Development of the body image quality of life inventory. Int J Eat Disord 2002;31:455-460.
23. Hrabosky JI, Cash TF, Veale D, Neziroglu F, Soll EA, Garner DM, Strachan-Kinser M, Bakke B, Clauss LJ, Phillips KA. Multidimensional body image comparisons among patients with eating disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, and clinical controls: A multisite study. Body Image 2009;6:155-163.
24. Rosen RC, Riley A, Wagner G, Osterloh IH, Kirkpatrick J, Mishra A. The international index of erectile function (IIEF): A multidimensional scale for assessment of erectile dysfunction. Urology 1997;49:822.
25. Horn J. A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika 1965;30:179-185.
26. Lorenzo-Seva U, Ferrando PJ. FACTOR: A computer programme to fit the exploratory factor analysis model. Behav Res Methods 2006;38:88-91.
27. Zwick WR, Velicer WF. Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain. Psychol Bull 1986;99:432-442.
28. Wilson P, Cooper C. Finding the magic number. Psychologist 2008;21:866-867.
29. Schröder A, Heider J, Zaby A, Göllner R. Cognitive behavioral therapy versus progressive muscle relaxation training for multiple somatoform symptoms: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Cognit Ther Res 2013;37:296-306.
30. Siever MD. Sexual orientation and gender as factors in socioculturally acquired vulnerability to body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol 1994;62:252.
31. Beren SE, Hayden HA, Wilfley DE, Grilo CM. The influence of sexual orientation on body dissatisfaction in adult men and women. Int J Eat Disord 1996;20:135-141.
32. Grov C, Parsons JT, Bimbi DS. The association between penis size and sexual health among men who have sex with men. Arch Sex Behav 2010;39:788-797.
33. Drummond MJN, Filiault SM. The long and the short of it: Gay men's perceptions of penis size. Gay Lesb Issues Psychol Rev 2007;3:121-129.
34. Grov C, Wells BE, Parsons JT. Self-reported penis size and experiences with condoms among gay and bisexual men. Arch Sex Behav 2013;42:313-322.
35. Moss TP. The relationships between objective and subjective ratings of disfigurement severity, and psychological adjustment. Body Image 2005;2:151-159.
36. Ong J, Clarke A, White P, Johnson M, Withey S, Butler PEM. Does severity predict distress? The relationship between subjective and objective measures of appearance and psychological adjustment, during treatment for facial lipoatrophy. Body Image 2007;4:239-248.
37. Davis S, Paterson L, Binik Y. Male genital image: Measurement and implications for medical conditions and surgical practice. Sexologies 2012;21:43-47.
38. Costa RM, Miller GF, Brody S. Women who prefer longer penises are more likely to have vaginal orgasms (but not clitoral orgasms): Implications for an evolutionary theory of vaginal orgasm. J Sex Med 2012;9:3079-3088.
39. Wincze J, Barlow D. Enhancing sexuality: A problem solving approach. Client work-book. Santo Antonio, TX: Graywind Publications; 1997.
40. Nobre P, Gouveia JP, Gomes FA. Sexual dysfunctional beliefs questionnaire: An instrument to assess sexual dysfunctional beliefs as vulnerability factors to sexual problems. Sex Relat Ther 2003;18:171-204.
41. Adams SG Jr, Dubbert PM, Chupurdia KM, Jones A Jr, Lofland KR, Leermakers E. Assessment of sexual beliefs and information in aging couples with sexual dysfunction. Arch Sex Behav 1996;25:249-260.
42. Andersen BL, Cyranowski JM, Espindle D. Men's sexual self-schema. J Pers Soc Psychol 1999;76:645-661.