메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 8, Issue 12, 2013, Pages

Molecular epidemiology of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae causing community-acquired pneumonia in adults

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; AMPICILLIN; ASPARAGINE; AZITHROMYCIN; BETA LACTAMASE TEM 1; CEFOTAXIME; CEFTRIAXONE; CEFUROXIME; CHLORAMPHENICOL; COTRIMOXAZOLE; LEVOFLOXACIN; LYSINE; PENICILLIN BINDING PROTEIN; PENICILLIN BINDING PROTEIN 3; TETRACYCLINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 84892631659     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082515     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (35)

References (44)
  • 1
    • 80355141578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haemophilus influenzae infections in the H. influenzae type b conjugate vaccine era
    • Agrawal A, Murphy TF (2011) Haemophilus influenzae infections in the H. influenzae type b conjugate vaccine era. J Clin Microbiol 49: 3728-3732.
    • (2011) J Clin Microbiol , vol.49 , pp. 3728-3732
    • Agrawal, A.1    Murphy, T.F.2
  • 2
    • 33748669853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in exacerbations and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Eldika N, Sethi S (2006) Role of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in exacerbations and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med 12: 118-124.
    • (2006) Curr Opin Pulm Med , vol.12 , pp. 118-124
    • Eldika, N.1    Sethi, S.2
  • 3
    • 34547192712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: Understanding virulence and commensal behavior
    • Erwin AL, Smith AL (2007) Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: understanding virulence and commensal behavior. Trends Microbiol 15: 355-362.
    • (2007) Trends Microbiol , vol.15 , pp. 355-362
    • Erwin, A.L.1    Smith, A.L.2
  • 5
    • 33646449793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective multicenter study of the causative organisms of community-acquired pneumonia in adults in Japan
    • Saito A, Kohno S, Matsushima T, Watanabe A, Oizumi K, et al. (2006) Prospective multicenter study of the causative organisms of community-acquired pneumonia in adults in Japan. J Infect Chemother 12: 63-69.
    • (2006) J Infect Chemother , vol.12 , pp. 63-69
    • Saito, A.1    Kohno, S.2    Matsushima, T.3    Watanabe, A.4    Oizumi, K.5
  • 6
    • 79952448437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia in patients with liver cirrhosis: Clinical features, outcomes, and usefulness of severity scores
    • Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Castellote J, Adamuz J, Verdaguer R, et al. (2011) Community-acquired pneumonia in patients with liver cirrhosis: clinical features, outcomes, and usefulness of severity scores. Medicine (Baltimore) 90: 110-118.
    • (2011) Medicine (Baltimore) , vol.90 , pp. 110-118
    • Viasus, D.1    Garcia-Vidal, C.2    Castellote, J.3    Adamuz, J.4    Verdaguer, R.5
  • 7
    • 73649093453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: Increased microbiological yield with new diagnostic methods
    • Johansson N, Kalin M, Tiveljung-Lindell A, Giske CG, Hedlund J (2010) Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: increased microbiological yield with new diagnostic methods. Clin Infect Dis 50: 202-209.
    • (2010) Clin Infect Dis , vol.50 , pp. 202-209
    • Johansson, N.1    Kalin, M.2    Tiveljung-Lindell, A.3    Giske, C.G.4    Hedlund, J.5
  • 9
    • 0018919058 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of ampicillin resistance in Haemophilus influenzae from respiratory tract
    • Bell SM, Plowman D (1980) Mechanisms of ampicillin resistance in Haemophilus influenzae from respiratory tract. Lancet 1: 279-280.
    • (1980) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 279-280
    • Bell, S.M.1    Plowman, D.2
  • 10
    • 34447256788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae in Spain: Recent emergence of clonal isolates with increased resistance to cefotaxime and cefixime
    • Garcia-Cobos S, Campos J, Lazaro E, Roman F, Cercenado E, et al. (2007) Ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae in Spain: recent emergence of clonal isolates with increased resistance to cefotaxime and cefixime. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51: 2564-2573.
    • (2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.51 , pp. 2564-2573
    • Garcia-Cobos, S.1    Campos, J.2    Lazaro, E.3    Roman, F.4    Cercenado, E.5
  • 12
    • 0028301107 scopus 로고
    • Determination of antimicrobial susceptibilities of Canadian isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and characterization of their beta-lactamases
    • Canadian Haemophilus Study Group
    • Scriver SR, Walmsley SL, Kau CL, Hoban DJ, Brunton J, et al. (1994) Determination of antimicrobial susceptibilities of Canadian isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and characterization of their beta-lactamases. Canadian Haemophilus Study Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38: 1678-1680.
    • (1994) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.38 , pp. 1678-1680
    • Scriver, S.R.1    Walmsley, S.L.2    Kau, C.L.3    Hoban, D.J.4    Brunton, J.5
  • 14
    • 0021243863 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of resistance of an ampicillin-resistant, beta-lactamase- negative clinical isolate of Haemophilus influenzae type b to beta-lactam antibiotics
    • Parr TR Jr., Bryan LE (1984) Mechanism of resistance of an ampicillin-resistant, beta-lactamase-negative clinical isolate of Haemophilus influenzae type b to beta-lactam antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 25: 747-753.
    • (1984) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.25 , pp. 747-753
    • Parr Jr., T.R.1    Bryan, L.E.2
  • 15
    • 0034997881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of amino acid substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 with beta-lactam resistance in beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae
    • Ubukata K, Shibasaki Y, Yamamoto K, Chiba N, Hasegawa K, et al. (2001) Association of amino acid substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 with beta-lactam resistance in beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45: 1693-1699.
    • (2001) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.45 , pp. 1693-1699
    • Ubukata, K.1    Shibasaki, Y.2    Yamamoto, K.3    Chiba, N.4    Hasegawa, K.5
  • 16
    • 77953798234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens in Spain: Latest data and changes over 11 years (1996-1997 to 2006-2007)
    • Perez-Trallero E, Martin-Herrero JE, Mazon A, Garcia-Delafuente C, Robles P, et al. (2010) Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens in Spain: latest data and changes over 11 years (1996-1997 to 2006-2007). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54: 2953-2959.
    • (2010) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.54 , pp. 2953-2959
    • Perez-Trallero, E.1    Martin-Herrero, J.E.2    Mazon, A.3    Garcia-Delafuente, C.4    Robles, P.5
  • 17
    • 0034450704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of the usefulness of sputum Gram stain in the initial approach to community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization
    • Roson B, Carratala J, Verdaguer R, Dorca J, Manresa F, et al. (2000) Prospective study of the usefulness of sputum Gram stain in the initial approach to community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Clin Infect Dis 31: 869-874.
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.31 , pp. 869-874
    • Roson, B.1    Carratala, J.2    Verdaguer, R.3    Dorca, J.4    Manresa, F.5
  • 18
    • 84859089597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular surveillance of true nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: An evaluation of PCR screening assays
    • Binks MJ, Temple B, Kirkham LA, Wiertsema SP, Dunne EM, et al. (2012) Molecular surveillance of true nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: an evaluation of PCR screening assays. PLoS One 7: e34083.
    • (2012) PLoS One , vol.7
    • Binks, M.J.1    Temple, B.2    Kirkham, L.A.3    Wiertsema, S.P.4    Dunne, E.M.5
  • 19
    • 0017253675 scopus 로고
    • A taxonomic study of the genus Haemophilus, with the proposal of a new species
    • Kilian M (1976) A taxonomic study of the genus Haemophilus, with the proposal of a new species. J Gen Microbiol 93: 9-62.
    • (1976) J Gen Microbiol , vol.93 , pp. 9-62
    • Kilian, M.1
  • 23
    • 0028063426 scopus 로고
    • Development of PCR assays to detect ampicillin resistance genes in cerebrospinal fluid samples containing Haemophilus influenzae
    • Tenover FC, Huang MB, Rasheed JK, Persing DH (1994) Development of PCR assays to detect ampicillin resistance genes in cerebrospinal fluid samples containing Haemophilus influenzae. J Clin Microbiol 32: 2729-2737.
    • (1994) J Clin Microbiol , vol.32 , pp. 2729-2737
    • Tenover, F.C.1    Huang, M.B.2    Rasheed, J.K.3    Persing, D.H.4
  • 24
    • 0035984795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity of beta-lactam resistance-conferring amino acid substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 of Haemophilus influenzae
    • Dabernat H, Delmas C, Seguy M, Pelissier R, Faucon G, et al. (2002) Diversity of beta-lactam resistance-conferring amino acid substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 of Haemophilus influenzae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46: 2208-2218.
    • (2002) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.46 , pp. 2208-2218
    • Dabernat, H.1    Delmas, C.2    Seguy, M.3    Pelissier, R.4    Faucon, G.5
  • 25
    • 48749113948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic resistance in Haemophilus influenzae decreased, except for beta-lactamase-negative amoxicillin-resistant isolates, in parallel with community antibiotic consumption in Spain from 1997 to 2007
    • Garcia-Cobos S, Campos J, Cercenado E, Roman F, Lazaro E, et al. (2008) Antibiotic resistance in Haemophilus influenzae decreased, except for beta-lactamase-negative amoxicillin-resistant isolates, in parallel with community antibiotic consumption in Spain from 1997 to 2007. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52: 2760-2766.
    • (2008) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.52 , pp. 2760-2766
    • Garcia-Cobos, S.1    Campos, J.2    Cercenado, E.3    Roman, F.4    Lazaro, E.5
  • 26
    • 33846636800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity of ampicillin resistance genes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated in Korea
    • Kim IS, Ki CS, Kim S, Oh WS, Peck KR, et al. (2007) Diversity of ampicillin resistance genes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated in Korea. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51: 453-460.
    • (2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.51 , pp. 453-460
    • Kim, I.S.1    Ki, C.S.2    Kim, S.3    Oh, W.S.4    Peck, K.R.5
  • 27
    • 77952741683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus haemolyticus in tonsillar cultures of adults with acute pharyngotonsillitis
    • Hotomi M, Kono M, Togawa A, Arai J, Takei S, et al. (2010) Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus haemolyticus in tonsillar cultures of adults with acute pharyngotonsillitis. Auris Nasus Larynx 37: 594-600.
    • (2010) Auris Nasus Larynx , vol.37 , pp. 594-600
    • Hotomi, M.1    Kono, M.2    Togawa, A.3    Arai, J.4    Takei, S.5
  • 28
    • 12444303202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of encapsulated and noncapsulated Haemophilus influenzae and determination of phylogenetic relationships by multilocus sequence typing
    • Meats E, Feil EJ, Stringer S, Cody AJ, Goldstein R, et al. (2003) Characterization of encapsulated and noncapsulated Haemophilus influenzae and determination of phylogenetic relationships by multilocus sequence typing. J Clin Microbiol 41: 1623-1636.
    • (2003) J Clin Microbiol , vol.41 , pp. 1623-1636
    • Meats, E.1    Feil, E.J.2    Stringer, S.3    Cody, A.J.4    Goldstein, R.5
  • 29
    • 33847155159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults
    • Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, et al. (2007) Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 44 Suppl 2: S27-S72.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.44 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Mandell, L.A.1    Wunderink, R.G.2    Anzueto, A.3    Bartlett, J.G.4    Campbell, G.D.5
  • 30
    • 79958146840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbiology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in children with acute nonresponding or recurrent community-acquired pneumonia: Identification of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae as a major pathogen
    • De Schutter I, De Wachter E, Crokaert F, Verhaegen J, Soetens O, et al. (2011) Microbiology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in children with acute nonresponding or recurrent community-acquired pneumonia: identification of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae as a major pathogen. Clin Infect Dis 52: 1437-1444.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.52 , pp. 1437-1444
    • De Schutter, I.1    De Wachter, E.2    Crokaert, F.3    Verhaegen, J.4    Soetens, O.5
  • 31
    • 0037870383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial susceptibility of 840 clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae collected in four European countries in 2000-2001
    • Blosser-Middleton R, Sahm DF, Thornsberry C, Jones ME, Hogan PA, et al. (2003) Antimicrobial susceptibility of 840 clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae collected in four European countries in 2000-2001. Clin Microbiol Infect 9: 431-436.
    • (2003) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.9 , pp. 431-436
    • Blosser-Middleton, R.1    Sahm, D.F.2    Thornsberry, C.3    Jones, M.E.4    Hogan, P.A.5
  • 32
    • 54349102795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-susceptibility trends among Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis from community-acquired respiratory tract infections in the UK and Ireland, 1999-2007
    • Morrissey I, Maher K, Williams L, Shackcloth J, Felmingham D, et al. (2008) Non-susceptibility trends among Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis from community-acquired respiratory tract infections in the UK and Ireland, 1999-2007. J Antimicrob Chemother 62 Suppl 2: ii97-103.
    • (2008) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.62 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Morrissey, I.1    Maher, K.2    Williams, L.3    Shackcloth, J.4    Felmingham, D.5
  • 33
    • 36749072042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study
    • Critchley IA, Brown SD, Traczewski MM, Tillotson GS, Janjic N (2007) National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51: 4382-4389.
    • (2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.51 , pp. 4382-4389
    • Critchley, I.A.1    Brown, S.D.2    Traczewski, M.M.3    Tillotson, G.S.4    Janjic, N.5
  • 34
    • 24044504090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility of European beta-lactamase-positive and -negative Haemophilus influenzae isolates from the periods 1997/1998 and 2002/2003
    • Fluit AC, Florijn A, Verhoef J, Milatovic D (2005) Susceptibility of European beta-lactamase-positive and -negative Haemophilus influenzae isolates from the periods 1997/1998 and 2002/2003. J Antimicrob Chemother 56: 133-138.
    • (2005) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.56 , pp. 133-138
    • Fluit, A.C.1    Florijn, A.2    Verhoef, J.3    Milatovic, D.4
  • 35
    • 80053367332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens associated with community-acquired respiratory tract infections in Asia: Report from the Community-Acquired Respiratory Tract Infection Pathogen Surveillance (CARTIPS) study, 2009-2010
    • Wang H, Chen M, Xu Y, Sun H, Yang Q, et al. (2011) Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens associated with community-acquired respiratory tract infections in Asia: report from the Community-Acquired Respiratory Tract Infection Pathogen Surveillance (CARTIPS) study, 2009-2010. Int J Antimicrob Agents 38: 376-383.
    • (2011) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.38 , pp. 376-383
    • Wang, H.1    Chen, M.2    Xu, Y.3    Sun, H.4    Yang, Q.5
  • 36
    • 19544375409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreasing prevalence of beta-lactamase production among respiratory tract isolates of Haemophilus influenzae in the United States
    • Heilmann KP, Rice CL, Miller AL, Miller NJ, Beekmann SE, et al. (2005) Decreasing prevalence of beta-lactamase production among respiratory tract isolates of Haemophilus influenzae in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49: 2561-2564.
    • (2005) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.49 , pp. 2561-2564
    • Heilmann, K.P.1    Rice, C.L.2    Miller, A.L.3    Miller, N.J.4    Beekmann, S.E.5
  • 37
    • 33748687374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal European surveillance study of antibiotic resistance of Haemophilus influenzae
    • Jansen WT, Verel A, Beitsma M, Verhoef J, Milatovic D (2006) Longitudinal European surveillance study of antibiotic resistance of Haemophilus influenzae. J Antimicrob Chemother 58: 873-877.
    • (2006) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.58 , pp. 873-877
    • Jansen, W.T.1    Verel, A.2    Beitsma, M.3    Verhoef, J.4    Milatovic, D.5
  • 38
    • 68849103692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic prescribing over the last 16 years: Fewer antibiotics but the spectrum is broadening
    • Llor C, Cots JM, Gaspar MJ, Alay M, Rams N (2009) Antibiotic prescribing over the last 16 years: fewer antibiotics but the spectrum is broadening. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 28: 893-897.
    • (2009) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.28 , pp. 893-897
    • Llor, C.1    Cots, J.M.2    Gaspar, M.J.3    Alay, M.4    Rams, N.5
  • 39
    • 0033027956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subtyping of Haemophilus influenzae strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
    • Saito M, Umeda A, Yoshida S (1999) Subtyping of Haemophilus influenzae strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol 37: 2142-2147.
    • (1999) J Clin Microbiol , vol.37 , pp. 2142-2147
    • Saito, M.1    Umeda, A.2    Yoshida, S.3
  • 40
    • 76349121766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae collected from respiratory infections and invasive disease cases in Manitoba, Canada
    • Shuel M, Law D, Skinner S, Wylie J, Karlowsky J, et al. (2010) Characterization of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae collected from respiratory infections and invasive disease cases in Manitoba, Canada. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 58: 277-284.
    • (2010) FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol , vol.58 , pp. 277-284
    • Shuel, M.1    Law, D.2    Skinner, S.3    Wylie, J.4    Karlowsky, J.5
  • 41
    • 0031753481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular epidemiology of ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase- producing Haemophilus influenzae
    • Gazagne L, Delmas C, Bingen E, Dabernat H (1998) Molecular epidemiology of ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae. J Clin Microbiol 36: 3629-3635.
    • (1998) J Clin Microbiol , vol.36 , pp. 3629-3635
    • Gazagne, L.1    Delmas, C.2    Bingen, E.3    Dabernat, H.4
  • 42
    • 0023637284 scopus 로고
    • Genetic and phenotypic diversity among ampicillin-resistant, non-beta-lactamase-producing, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae isolates
    • Mendelman PM, Chaffin DO, Musser JM, De GR, Serfass DA, et al. (1987) Genetic and phenotypic diversity among ampicillin-resistant, non-beta-lactamase-producing, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae isolates. Infect Immun 55: 2585-2589.
    • (1987) Infect Immun , vol.55 , pp. 2585-2589
    • Mendelman, P.M.1    Chaffin, D.O.2    Musser, J.M.3    De, G.R.4    Serfass, D.A.5
  • 43
    • 79952803282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polymorphism in ftsI gene and {beta}-lactam susceptibility in Portuguese Haemophilus influenzae strains: Clonal dissemination of beta-lactamase-positive isolates with decreased susceptibility to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
    • Barbosa AR, Giufre M, Cerquetti M, Bajanca-Lavado MP (2011) Polymorphism in ftsI gene and {beta}-lactam susceptibility in Portuguese Haemophilus influenzae strains: clonal dissemination of beta-lactamase-positive isolates with decreased susceptibility to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. J Antimicrob Chemother 66: 788-796.
    • (2011) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.66 , pp. 788-796
    • Barbosa, A.R.1    Giufre, M.2    Cerquetti, M.3    Bajanca-Lavado, M.P.4
  • 44
    • 84864387279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increase of beta-Lactam-Resistant Invasive Haemophilus influenzae in Sweden, 1997 to 2010
    • Resman F, Ristovski M, Forsgren A, Kaijser B, Kronvall G, et al. (2012) Increase of beta-Lactam-Resistant Invasive Haemophilus influenzae in Sweden, 1997 to 2010. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56: 4408-4415.
    • (2012) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.56 , pp. 4408-4415
    • Resman, F.1    Ristovski, M.2    Forsgren, A.3    Kaijser, B.4    Kronvall, G.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.