Mechanisms of global-mean steric sea level change

Journal of Climate

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 824-834

  Piecuch, Christopher G ^a   Ponte, Rui M ^a  

^a ATMOSPHERIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC FORCING; FRESHWATER CONTENTS; LARGE-SCALE ADVECTION; NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS; OCEAN GENERAL CIRCULATION MODELS; POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE; REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION; VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION;

EQUATIONS OF STATE; WATER;

SEA LEVEL;

ADVECTION-DIFFUSION EQUATION; ATMOSPHERIC FORCING; EQUATION OF STATE; OCEANIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE; SALINITY; SEA LEVEL CHANGE; SEAWATER;

EID: 84892497051     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00373.1     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Abraham, J. P., and Coauthors, 2013: A review of global ocean temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change. Rev. Geophys., 51, 450-483, doi:10.1002/rog.20022.
2. Adcroft, A., and Coauthors, 2013: MITgcm User Manual. MIT/ EAPS, 464 pp.
3. Bindoff, N. L., and Coauthors, 2007: Observations: Oceanic climate change and sea level. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, S. Solomon et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 385-432.
4. Campin, J.-M., A. Adcroft, C. Hill, and J. Marshall, 2004: Conservation of properties in a free-surface model. Ocean Modell., 6, 221-244.
5. Cazenave, A., and W. Llovel, 2010: Contemporary sea level rise. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 2, 145-173, doi:10.1146/ annurev-marine-120308-081105.
6. Church, J. A., and Coauthors, 2011: Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L18601, doi:10.1029/2011GL048794.
7. Dunne, J. P., and Coauthors, 2012: GFDL's ESM2 global coupled climate-carbon Earth system models. Part I: Physical formulation and baseline simulation characteristics. J. Climate, 25, 6646-6665.
8. Fukumori, I., and O. Wang, 2013: Origins of heat and freshwater anomalies underlying regional decadal sea level trends. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 563-567, doi:10.1002/grl.50164.
9. Gent, P. R., and J. C. McWilliams, 1990: Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150-155.
10. Gill, A. E., and P. P. Niiler, 1973: The theory of the seasonal variability in the ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 20, 141-177.
11. Gille, S. T., 2004: How nonlinearities in the equation of state of seawater can confound estimates of steric sea level change. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C03005, doi:10.1029/2003JC002012.
12. Greatbatch, R. J., 1994: A note on the representation of steric sea level in models that conserve volume rather than mass. J. Geophys. Res., 99 (C6), 12767-12771.
13. Griffies, S. M., 1998: The Gent-McWilliams skew flux. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 831-841.
14. Griffies, S. M.,and R. J. Greatbatch, 2012: Physical processes that impact the evolution of global mean sea level in ocean climate models. Ocean Modell., 51, 37-72, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2012.04.003.
15. Griffies, S. M., and Coauthors, 2009: Sampling physical ocean fields inWCRP CMIP5 simulations. ICPO Publ. Series 137, WCRP Informal Rep. 3/2009, 55 pp.
16. Hallberg, R., A. Adcroft, J. P. Dunne, J. P. Krasting, and R. J. Stouffer, 2013: Sensitivity of twenty-first-century global-mean steric sea level rise to ocean model formulation. J. Climate, 26, 2947-2956.
17. Jackett, D. R., and T. J. McDougall, 1995: Minimal adjustment of hydrographic profiles to achieve static stability. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 381-389.
18. Kadko, D., J. Baross, and J. Alt, 1995: The magnitude and global implications of hydrothermal flux. Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions, Geophys. Monogr., Vol. 91, Amer. Geophys. Union, 446-466.
19. Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-471.
20. Large, W. G., J. C. McWilliams, and S. C. Doney, 1994: Oceanic vertical mixing: A review and a model with nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Rev. Geophys., 32, 363-403, doi:10.1029/ 94RG01872.
21. Leuliette, E.W., and J.K.Willis, 2011: Balancing the sea level budget. Oceanography, 24, 122-129, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2011.32.
22. Levitus, S., 2005: Warming of the world ocean, 1955-2003. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L02604, doi:10.1029/2004GL021592.
23. Levitus, S., and Coauthors, 2012: World ocean heat content and thermosteric sea level change (0-2000 m), 1955-2010. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L10603, doi:10.1029/2012GL051106.
24. Lyman, J. M., S. A. Good, V. V. Gouretski,M. Ishii, G. C. Johnson, M. D. Palmer, D. M. Smith, and J. K. Willis, 2010: Robust warming of the global upper ocean. Nature, 465, 334-337, doi:10.1038/nature09043.
25. Marshall, J., A. Adcroft, C. Hill, L. Perelman, and C. Heisey, 1997: A finite-volume, incompressible Navier Stokes model for studies of the ocean on parallel computers. J. Geophys. Res., 102 (C3), 5753-5766.
26. McDougall, T. J., and C. J. R. Garrett, 1992: Scalar conservation equations in a turbulent ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 39, 1953- 1966.
27. McGregor, S., A. Sen Gupta, and M. H. England, 2012: Constraining wind stress products with sea surface height observations and implications for Pacific Ocean sea level trend attribution. J. Climate, 25, 8164-8176.
28. Merrifield, M. A., and M. E. Maltrud, 2011: Regional sea level trends due to a Pacific trade wind intensification. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L21605, doi:10.1029/2011GL049576.
29. Milne, G. A., W. R. Gehrels, C. W. Hughes, and M. E. Tamisiea, 2009: Identifying the causes of sea-level change. Nat. Geosci., 2, 471-478.
30. Piecuch, C. G., and R. M. Ponte, 2011: Mechanisms of interannual steric sea level variability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L15605, doi:10.1029/2011GL048440.
31. Redi, M. H., 1982: Oceanic isopycnal mixing by coordinate rotation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 1154-1158.
32. Schanze, J. J., and R. W. Schmitt, 2013: Estimates of cabbeling in the global ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 698-705.
33. von Schuckmann, K., and P.-Y. Le Traon, 2011: How well can we derive Global ocean indicators from Argo data? Ocean Sci., 7, 783-791, doi:10.5194/os-7-783-2011.
34. Weaver, A. J., and E. C. Wiebe, 1999: On the sensitivity of projected oceanic thermal expansion to the parameterisation of sub-grid scale ocean mixing. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26 (23), 3461-3464.
35. Wiebe, E. C., and A. J. Weaver, 1999: On the sensitivity of global warming experiments to the parameterisation of sub-grid scale ocean mixing. Climate Dyn., 15, 875-893.
36. Willis, J. K., D. Roemmich, and B. Cornuelle, 2004: Interannual variability in upper ocean heat content, temperature, and thermosteric expansion on global scales. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C12036, doi:10.1029/2003JC002260.
37. Wunsch, C., and R. Ferrari, 2004: Vertical mixing, energy, and the general circulation of the oceans. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 36, 281-314.
38. Wunsch, C., and P. Heimbach, 2007: Practical global oceanic state estimation. Physica D, 230, 197-208.
39. Wunsch, C., R. M. Ponte, and P. Heimbach, 2007: Decadal trends in sea level patterns: 1993-2004. J. Climate, 20, 5889-5911.
40. Yin, J., 2012: Century to multi-century sea level rise projections from CMIP5 models. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L17709, doi:10.1029/2012GL052947.
41. Yin, J., S. M. Griffies, and R. J. Stouffer, 2010: Spatial Variability of sea level rise in twenty-first century projections. J. Climate, 23, 4585-4607.