Community views: Balancing the public health benefits of earlier antiretroviral treatment with the implications for individual patients - Perspectives from the community

Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 4-10

  Collins, Simon ^a   Geffen, Nathan ^b  

^a c o HIV i Base   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

community; HIV positive; risk:benefit ratio; when to start HIV treatment

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; STAVUDINE; ZIDOVUDINE;

CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CONDOM USE; FOLLOW UP; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN; META ANALYSIS; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PREGNANT WOMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEXUAL TRANSMISSION;

ANTI-RETROVIRAL AGENTS; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; PUBLIC HEALTH; QUALITY OF LIFE; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 84892367632     PISSN: 1746630X     EISSN: 17466318     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000024     Document Type: Review

References (55)

1. Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) study. http: //insight. ccbr.umn.edu/start/
2. ANRS. Early antiretroviral treatment and/or early isoniazid prophylaxis against tuberculosis in HIV-infected adults (ANRS 12136 TEMPRANO). Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2000-2013; ClinicalTrials.gov http: //clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00495651. NLM Identifier: NCT00495651
3. Neuhaus J, Jacobs DR, Baker JV, et al. Markers of inflammation, coagulation, and renal function are elevated in adults with HIV infection. J Infect Dis 2010; 201: 1788-1795
4. Duprez DA, Neuhaus J, Kuller LH, et al. Inflammation, coagulation and cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected individuals. PLoS One 2013; 7: E44454; http: //www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone. 0044454
5. McDonald B, Moyo S, Gabaitiri L, et al. Persistently elevated serum interleukin-6 predicts mortality among adults receiving combination antiretroviral therapy in Botswana: Results from a clinical trial. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29: 993-999
6. Mocroft A, Reiss P, Gasiorowski J, et al. Serious fatal and nonfatal non-AIDSdefining illnesses in Europe. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 55: 262-270
7. Wester CW, Koethe JR, Shepherd BE, et al. Non-AIDS-defining events among HIV-1-infected adults receiving combination antiretroviral therapy in resource-replete versus resource-limited urban setting. AIDS 2011; 25: 1471-1479
8. Sabin CA, Cooper DA, Collins S, et al. Rating evidence in treatment guidelines: A case example of when to initiate combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in HIV-positive asymptomatic persons. AIDS 2013; 27: 1839-1846
9. US Department for Health and Human Services (DHHS). Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. US Department for Health and Human Services (DHHS); 2013; http: //aidsinfo. nih.gov/guidelines/USN. Guidelines recommending earlier treatment
10. US Department for Health and Human Services (DHHS). Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents. US Department for Health and Human Services (DHHS); 1998-2013; Online and archived guidelines. http: //aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/
11. World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. Recommendations for a public health approach. World Health Organization; 2013; http: //www.who. int/hiv/pub/guidelines/arv2013/en/
12. British HIV Association (BHIVA). Guidelines for the treatment of HIV-1 positive adults with antiretroviral therapy 2012. HIV Med 2012; 13 (Suppl. 2): 1-85
13. European AIDS clinical Society (EACS). European Guidelines for treatment of HIV infected adults in Europe. Version 6.1 (November 2012). http: //www.eur opeanaidsclinicalsociety.org
14. Kitahata MM, Gange SJ, Abraham AG, et al. Effect of early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy for HIV on survival. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1815-1826
15. When to Start Consortium. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy in AIDSfree HIV-1-infected patients: A collaborative analysis of 18 HIV cohort studies. Lancet 2009; 373: 1352-1363
16. Writing Committee for the CASCADE collaboration. Timing of HAART initiation and clinical outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seroconverters. Arch Int Med 2011; 171: 1560-1569
17. HIV-CAUSAL Collaboration. When to initiate combined antiretroviral therapy to reduce mortality and AIDS-defining illness in HIV-infected persons in developed countries: An observational study. Ann Int Med 2011; 154: 509-515
18. BBC news. Dreaper J. HIV/Aids drugs: WHO to recommend earlier treatment. http: //www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-23053218 [Accessed 30 June 2013
19. CBS News. Castillo M. World Health Organization: Start treatment for HIV earlier. http: //www.cbsnews.com/8301-204-162-57591779/world-healthorganization- start-Treatment-for-hiv-earlier/ [Accessed 1 July 2013
20. Young J, Psichogiou M, Meyer L, et al. CD4 cell count and the risk of AIDS or death in HIV-Infected adults on combination antiretroviral therapy with a suppressed viral load: A longitudinal cohort study from COHERE. PLoS Med 2012; 9: E1001194; http: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22448150
21. Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Causes of death in HIV-1-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy, 1996-2006: Collaborative analysis of 13 HIV cohort studies. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50: 1387-1396
22. Lewden C, Bouteloup V, De Wit S, et al. All-cause mortality in treated HIVinfected adults with CD4-500/mm3 compared with the general population: Evidence from a large European observational cohort collaboration. Int J Epidemiol 2012; 41: 433-445
23. Fumiyoa N, Lodwick RK, Smith CJ, et al. Projected life expectancy of people with HIV according to timing of diagnosis. AIDS 2012; 26: 335-343
24. van Sighem A, Luuka G, Reiss P, et al. Life expectancy of recently diagnosed asymptomatic HIV-infected patients approaches that of uninfected individuals. AIDS 2010; 24: 1527-1535
25. The Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: A collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies. Lancet 2008; 372: 293-299
26. START study. Open Report 8th Review by the Data and Safety Monitoring Board. http: //insight.ccbr.umn.edu/index.php (Accessed16 May 2013
27. Gallant JE, Mehta SH, Sugarman J. Universal antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: Should U.S. treatment guidelines be applied to resource-limited settings? Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57: 884-887
28. Lundgren J, Wood R. Universal antiretroviral therapy for HIV infectioñClin Infect Dis 2013; 57: 888-890
29. UNITAID press release. UNITAID to provide USD 77 million for better HIV medicines. http: //www.unitaid.eu/en/resources/press-centre/releases/1226- unitaid-To-provide-usd-77-million-for-better-hiv-medicines [Accessed 11 June 2013
30. Sued O, Schreiber C, Girón N, et al. HIV drug and supply stock-outs in Latin America. Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11: 810-811
31. Pasquet A, Messou E, Gabillard D, et al. Impact of drug stock-outs on death and retention to care among HIV-infected patients on combination antiretroviral therapy in Abidjan, Cô te d'Ivoire. PLoS One 2010; 5: E13414; http: //www.plosone.org/article/info: Doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0013414
32. Bangsberg D. The Achilles' heel of HIV treatment in resource-limited settings. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 47: 266-267
33. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 493-505
34. Quinn TC, Wawer MD, Sewankambo N, et al. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of HIV type 1. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 921-929
35. Donnell D, Baeten JM, Kiarie J, et al. Heterosexual HIV-1 transmission after initiation of antiretroviral therapy: A prospective cohort analysis. Lancet 2010; 375: 2092-2098
36. Attia S, Egger M, Müller M, et al. Sexual transmission of HIV according to viral load and antiretroviral therapy: Systematic review and meta-Analysis. AIDS 2009; 23: 1397-1404
37. DHHS Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents: Table III. Risks and benefits of early initiation of antiretroviral therapy in the asymptomatic HIV-infected patient. (1 December 1998). http: // aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adultandadolescentgl. pdf
38. Rodger AJ, Bruun T, Vernazza P, et al. Further research needed to support a policy of antiretroviral therapy as an HIV prevention initiative. Antivir Ther 2013; 18: 285-287
39. Vallabhaneni S, Li X, Vittinghoff E, et al. Seroadaptive practices: Association with HIV acquisition among HIV-negative men who have sex with men. PLoS One 2012; 7: E45718; http: //www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi% 2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045718
40. Bogart LM, Collins RL, Kanouse DE, et al. Patterns and correlates of deliberate abstinence among men and women with HIV/AIDS. Am J Public Health 2006; 96: 1078-1084
41. Pearson CR, Cassels S, Kurth AE, et al. Change in sexual activity 12 months after ART initiation among HIV-positive Mozambicans. AIDS Behav 2011; 15: 778-787
42. Marks G, Crepaz N, Senterfitt JW, et al. Meta-Analysis of high-risk sexual behavior in persons aware and unaware they are infected with HIV in the United States: Implications for HIV prevention programs. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 39: 446-453
43. Gray R, Ssempiija V, Shelton J, et al. The contribution of HIV-discordant relationships to newHIVinfections in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS2011; 25: 863-865
44. Lauby JL, Millett GA, LaPollo AB, et al. Sexual risk behaviors of HIV-positive, HIV-negative, and serostatus-unknown Black men who have sex with men and women. Arch Sex Behav 2008; 37: 708-719
45. BHIVA. UK guideline for the use of postexposure prophylaxis for HIV following sexual exposure (2011). http: //www.bhiva.org/PEPSE.aspx
46. Cohen MS, Shaw GM, McMichael AJ, Haynes BF. Acute HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 1943-1954
47. Brown AE, Gill ON, Delpech VC. HIV treatment as prevention among men who have sex with men in the UK: Is transmission controlled by universal access to HIV treatment and care? HIV Med 2013; 14: 563-570
48. Birrell PJ, Gill ON, Delpech VC, et al. HIV incidence in men who have sex with men in England and Wales 2001-10: A nationwide population study. Lancet Infect Dis 2013; 13: 313-318
49. Gabillard D, Lewden C, Ndoye I, et al. Mortality, AIDS-morbidity, and loss to follow-up by current CD4 cell count among HIV-1-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy in Africa and Asia: Data from the ANRS 12222 collaboration. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 62: 555-561
50. Suthar AB, Lawn SD, del Amo J, et al. Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of tuberculosis in adults with HIV: A systematic review and meta-Analysis. PLoS Med 2012; 9: E1001270; http: //www.plosmedicine.org/article/ info%3A doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001270
51. ANRS. (2011) Impact of immediate versus WHO recommendations guided ART initiation on HIV incidence-feasibility phase (TasP). Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2000-2013; NLM Identifier: NCT01509508. ClinicalTrials.gov. http: //www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/ NCT01509508
52. HPTN. (2013) Population effects of antiretroviral therapy to reduce HIV transmission (PopART). Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2000-2013; ClinicalTrials.gov. NLM Identifier: NCT01900977. http: //clini caltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01900977
53. MSF. (2013). MSF Projects in South Africa: Increasing access to testing and treatment in KwaZulu Natal. http: //www.msf.org.za/msf-projects-south-Africa
54. Kowalska JD, Reekie J, Mocroft A, et al., for the EuroSIDA study group. Longterm exposure to combination antiretroviral therapy and risk of death from specific causes: No evidence for any previously unidentified increased risk due to antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2012; 26: 315-323
55. Kovari H, Sabin CA, Ledergerber B, et al. Antiretroviral drug-related liver mortality among HIV-positive persons in the absence of hepatitis B or C virus coinfection: The data collection on adverse events of anti-HIV drugs study. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56: 870-879