High-temperature samarium cobalt permanent magnets

Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Applications

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 337-372

  Gutfleisch, Oliver ^a  

^a IFW DRESDEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84892325884     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-85600-1_12     Document Type: Chapter

References (115)

1. 0.6magnets. Physica B: Cond. Matter 321: 107-111.
2. Barthem, V.M.T.S., D. Givord, M.F. Rossignol and P. Tenaud. (2002). An approach to coercivity relating coercive field and activation volume. Physica B 319: 127-132.
3. Buschow, K.H.J. and A.S. van der Goot. (1968). Intermetallic compounds in the system samarium-cobalt. J. Less-Common Met. 14: 323-328.
4. Buschow, K.H.J. and A.S. van der Goot. (1971). Composition and crystal structure of hexagonal Cu-rich rare earth-copper compounds. Acta Cryst. B 27: 1085-1088.
5. Buschow, K.H.J., (1989). Chapter 1, Permanent magnet materials based on 3d-rich ternary compounds. In: Ferromagnetic Materials, vol. 4, E. P.Wohlfarth and K.H.J. Buschow (eds.), North-Holland Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
6. Buschow, K.H.J. (1997). Chapter 4, Magnetism and processing of permanent magnet materials. In: Handbook of Magnetic Materials, vol. 10, K.H.J. Buschow (ed.), North Holland Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
7. Cataldo, L., A. Lefevre, F. Ducret, M.Th. Cohen-Adat, C.H. Allibert and N. Valignat. (1996). Binary system Sm-Co: revision of the phase diagram in the Co rich field. J. Alloys Comp. 241: 216-223.
8. Chen, C., M.S. Walmer, M.H. Walmer, S. Liu, G.E. Kuhl and G. Simon. (1998). Sm2(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)17 magnets for use at temperature ≥ 400°C. J. Appl. Phys. 83: 6706-6708.
9. Chen, C., M.S. Walmer, M.H. Walmer, S. Liu, G.E. Kuhl and G.K. Simon. (1999). New series of Sm2TM17 magnet materials for application at temperatures up to 550?C. In: MRS Symp. Proc. Advanced Hard and Soft Magnets, vol. 577, J. Fidler, M. Coey et al. (eds.), Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, USA, pp. 277-287.
10. Chen, C., M.H. Walmer, E.H. Kottcamp and W. Gong. (2001). Surface reaction and Sm depletion at 550?C for high temperature Sm-TM magnets. IEEE Trans. Mag. 37: 2531-2533.
11. Chikazumi, S. (1997). Physics of Ferromagnetism, 2nd ed. Oxford Science Publications, Oxford, p. 276.
12. Coey, J.M.D. (ed.). (1996) Rare Earth Iron Permanent Magnets.Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.
13. Craik, D.J. and E.D. Isaac. (1960).Magnetic interaction domains. Proc. Phys. Soc. (Research Notes) 76.
14. Cullity, B.D. (1972). Introduction to Magnetic Materials. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, MA.
15. 7.2alloys for permanent magnets I: identification of the phases by transmission electron microscopy. J. Less-Common Met. 134: 249-262.
16. 7.2alloys for permanent magnet. Micron Microscopica Acta 18: 243.
17. 7.2alloys for permanent magnets II: composition and lattice constants of the phases in heat-treated materials. J. Less-Common Met. 136: 75-86.
18. Derkaoui, S. and C.H. Allibert. (1989). Redetermination of the phase equilibria in the system Sm-Co-Cu for Sm content 0-20 at.% at 850?C. J. Less-Common Met. 154: 309-315.
19. Derkaoui, S., N. Valignat and C.H. Allibert. (1996a). Co corner of the system Sm-Co-Zr: decomposition of the phase 1:7 and equilibria at 850?C. J. Alloys Comp. 235: 112-119.
20. Derkaoui, S., N. Valignat and C.H. Allibert. (1996b). Phase equilibria at 1150?C in the Corich alloys Sm-Co-Zr and structure of the 1:7 phase. J. Alloys Comp. 232: 296-301.
21. 87prepared by mechanical alloying. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 135: 200-204.
22. 7.6permanent magnets. Proc. 4th Int. Symp. Magn. Anisotropy and Coercivity in RETM Alloys, Dayton, USA, pp. 725-735.
23. 5 permanent magnets. Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 95: 213-219.
24. 7.6permanent magnet - I Determination of intrinsic magnetic material parameters. Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 108: 403-416.
25. 7.6permanent magnet - II The coercivity mechanism. Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 108: 705-719.
26. Ervens, W. (1979). Rare earth-transition metal 2:17 permanent magnet alloys, state and trends. Goldschmidt Informiert 48: 3-9.
27. Fidler, J. and P. Skalicky. (1982a). Coercivity of precipitation hardened cobalt rare earth 17:2 permanent magnets. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 30: 58-70.
28. Fidler, J. and P. Skalicky (1982b, September). Domain wall pinning in REPM. In: Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. Magnetic Anisotropy and Coercivity in Rare Earth-Transition Metal Alloys, J. Fidler(ed.), Baden, Austria, pp. 585-597.
29. Gavigan, J.P. and D. Givord. (1990). Intrinsic and extrinsic properties of rare earth-transition metal compounds and permanent magnets. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 84: 288-298.
30. Givord, D., A. Lienard, P. Tenaud and T. Viadieu. (1987). Magnetic viscosity in Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 67: L281-L285.
31. 5, Nd-Fe-B). IEEE Trans. Magn. 24: 1921- 1923.
32. Givord, D., M. Rossignol and V.M.T.S. Barthem. (2003). The physics of coercivity. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 258-259: 1-5.
33. 17 magnets with abnormal temperature dependence of coercivity. Appl. Phys. Lett. 76: 1054-1056.
34. Goll, D. and H. Kronmüller. (2002). Micromagnetic analysis of pinning-hardened nanostructured, nanocrystalline Sm2Co17 based alloys. Scripta Mat. 47: 545-550.
35. Goll, D., H. Kronmüller and H.H. Stadelmaier. (2004).Micromagnetism and the microstructure of high-temperature permanent magnets. J. Appl. Phys. 96: 6534-6545.
36. 7.4ribbons, Scripta. Mat. 60: 764-767.
37. Gutfleisch, O. and I.R. Harris. (1996). Fundamental and practical aspects of the hydrogenation, disproportionation, desorption and recombination process. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 29: 2255-2265.
38. Gutfleisch, O., M. Kubis, A. Handstein, K.H. Müller and L. Schultz. (1998). Hydrogenation disproportionation desorption recombination in Sm-Co alloys by means of reactive milling. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73: 3001-3003.
39. Gutfleisch, O. (2000). Controlling the properties of high energy density permanent magnetic materials by different processing routes. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 33: R157-R172.
40. 17. J . Magn. Magn. Mat. 272-276: 647-649.
41. Gutfleisch, O., K.-H. Müller, K. Khlopkov, M. Wolf, A. Yan, R. Schafer, T. Gemming and L. Schültz. (2006). Evolution of magnetic domain structures and coercivity in highperformance SmCo 2:17 type permanent magnets. Acta Mat. 54: 997-1008.
42. Hadjipanayis, G.C. (1996). Microstructure and magnetic domains. In: Rare-Earth Iron Permanent Magnets, J.M.D. Coey (ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 286-335.
43. Hadjipanayis, G.C., W. Tang, Y. Zhang, S.T. Chui, J.F. Liu, C. Chen and H. Kronmüller. (2000). High temperature 2:17 magnets: relationship of magnetic properties to microstructure and processing. IEEE Trans. Magn. 36: 3382-3387.
44. Handstein, A., M. Kubis, O. Gutfleisch, B. Gebel and K.H.Muller. (1999). HDDR of Sm-Co alloys using high hydrogen pressures. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 192: 73-76.
45. 17-type magnets at operating temperatures larger than 400°C. IEEE Trans. Magn. 39: 2923-2925.
46. 5 alloys. IEEE Trans. Magn. 6: 221-224.
47. Hubert, A. and R. Schäfer (1998). Magnetic Domains - The Analysis of Magnetic Microstructures. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
48. Kardelky, S., A. Gebert, O. Gutfleisch, A. Handstein, G. Martinek and L. Schultz. (2004). Corrosion behavior of Sm-Co based permanent magnets in oxidizing environments. IEEE Trans. Magn. 40: 2931-2933.
49. 17 magnets. IEEE Trans. Magn. 32: 4815-4817.
50. 17 magnets. J. Appl. Phys. 83: 6721-6723.
51. 2.5) determined in pulse fields up to 48 T. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 290- 291(part 1): 420-423.
52. 17 intermetallic compounds. Acta Crystall. Section B 29: 2502-2507.
53. Khlopkov, K., O. Gutfleisch, D. Eckert, D. Hinz, B.Wall, W. Rodewald, K.-H.Müller, and L. Schultz. (2004). Local texture in Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets with maximised energy density. J. Alloys Comp. 365: 259-265.
54. Kronmuller, H., K.-D. Durst, W. Ervens and W. Fernengel. (1984). Micromagnetic analysis of precipitation hardened permanent magnets. IEEE Trans. Magn. 20: 1569-1571.
55. Kronmüller, H. and D. Goll. (2002). Micromagnetic theory of the pinning of domain walls at phase boundaries. Physica B 319: 122-126.
56. 5 magnets prepared by a modified hydrogenation-disproportionationdesorption- recombination process. J. Appl. Phys. 85: 5666-5668.
57. Kumar, K. (1988). RETM5 and RE2TM17 permanent magnets development. J. Appl. Phys. 63: R13-R57.
58. 5 phases. J. Appl. Phys. 75: 6277-6279.
59. Lefevre, A., L. Cataldo, M.Th. Cohen-Adad, and B.F. Mentzen. (1997). A representation of the Sm-Co-Zr-Cu-Fe quinary system: A tool for optimisation of 2/17 permanent magnets. J. Alloys Comp. 262-263: 129-133.
60. Li, D. and K.J. Strnat. (1984). Domain structures of two Sm-Co-Cu-Fe-Zr "2-17" magnets during magnetization reversal. J. Appl. Phys. 55: 2103-2105.
61. Liu, J.F., T. Chui, D. Dimitrov and G.C. Hadjipanayis. (1998a). Abnormal temperature dependence of intrinsic coercivity in Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)z powder materials. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73: 3007-3009.
62. Liu, J.F., Y. Zhang, Y. Ding, D. Dimitrov, and G.C. Hadjipanayis (1998b). Rare earth permanent magnets for high temperature applications. In: Proc. of 15th Int. Workshop on Rare Earth Magnets and their Appl., Dresden, Germany, vol. 2, pp. 607-622.
63. z (z = 6.7-9.1) permanent magnets. J. Appl. Phys. 85: 2800-2804.
64. Livingston, J.D. and M.D. McConnell. (1972). Domain-wall energy in cobalt-rare-earth compounds. J. Appl. Phys. 43: 4756-4762.
65. Livingston, J.D. (1975). Domains in sintered Co-Cu-Fe-Sm magnets. J. Appl. Phys. 46: 5259-5262.
66. Livingston, J.D. and D.L. Martin. (1977). Microstructure of aged (Co, Cu, Fe)7Sm magnets. J. Appl. Phys. 48: 1350-1354.
67. z magnets for high-temperature applications. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 242-245: 1353-1355.
68. Maury, C., L. Rabenberg and C.H. Allibert. (1993). Genesis of the cell microstructure in the Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr) permanent magnets with 2:17 type. Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 140: 57-72.
69. 5 with R ≡ Sm, Y, Ce. J. Less- Common Met. 127: 231-242.
70. 7-9magnet alloys. IEEE Trans. Magn. 23: 2702-2704.
71. 7.8. J. Appl. Phys. 50: 1026-1030.
72. Nesbitt, E.A., R.H. Willens, R.C. Sherwood and E. Bühler. (1968). New permanent magnet materials. Appl. Phys. Lett. 12: 361-362.
73. 5-xCux. J. Appl. Phys. 50: 4273-4278.
74. Ojima, T., S. Tomizawa, T. Yoneyama and T. Hori. (1977). Magnetic properties of new type of rare-earth cobalt magnets. IEEE Trans. Magn. 13: 1317-1319.
75. Z magnets. J. Appl. Phys. 92: 7693-7695.
76. 17. IEEE Trans. Magn. 11: 1431-1433.
77. 17 compounds. I. Magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Phys. Rev. B 15: 477- 489;.
78. 17 compounds. II. Magnetization. Phys. Rev. B 15: 490-495.
79. z. IEEE Trans. Magn. 11: 1423-1425.
80. Perry, A.J. (1977). The constitution of copper-hardened samarium-cobalt permanent magnets. J. Less-Common Met. 51: 153-162.
81. 7.3alloys. Phys. Met. Metall. 69: 100-106.
82. Rabenberg, L., R.K. Mishra, and G. Thomas. (1982a). Microstructure of precipitation hardened SmCo permanent magnets. J. Appl. Phys. 53: 2389-2391.
83. 7.4-type magnets. In: Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. Magnetic Anisotropy and Coercivity in Rare Earth-Transition Metal Alloys, J. Fidler (ed.), Baden, Austria, pp. 599-608.
84. z alloys. J. Appl. Phys. 55: 2094-2096.
85. Ray, A.E. and S. Liu. (1992). Recent progress in 2:17 type permanent magnets. Proc. 12th Int. Workshop on RE Magnets and their Appl., Canberra, Australia, pp. 552-573.
86. Schobinger, D., O. Gutfleisch, D. Hinz, K.H. Müller, L. Schultz and G. Martinek. (2002). High temperature magnetic properties of 2:17 Sm-Co magnets. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 242- 245: 1347-1349.
87. Schultz, L., K. Schnitzke, J.Wecker, M. Katter and C. Kuhrt. (1991). Permanent magnets by mechanical alloying. J. Appl. Phys. 70: 6339-6344.
88. Skomski, R. (1997). Domain-wall curvature and coercivity in pinning type Sm-Co magnets. J. Appl. Phys. 81: 6527-5629.
89. Skomski, R. and J.M.D. Coey. (1999). Permanent Magnetism. Institute of Physics, Bristol.
90. Skomski, R., A. Kashyap, Y. Qiang, and D.J. Sellmyer. (2003). Exchange through nonmagnetic insulating matrix. J. Appl. Phys. 93: 6477-6479.
91. 2. Z. Metallkd. 79: 313-316.
92. Stadelmaier, H.H., B. Reinsch, and G. Petzow. (1998). Samarium-cobalt phase equilibria revisited; relevance to permanent magnets. Z. Metallkd. 89: 114-118.
93. Stadelmaier, H.H., D. Goll, H. Kronmüller. (2005). Permanent magnet alloys based on Sm2Co17; phase evolution in the quinary system Sm-Zr-Fe-Co-Cu. Z. Metallkd. 96: 17-23.
94. 7-8magnets. J. Appl. Phys. 87: 4765-4767.
95. Strnat, K.J., G. Hoffer, J. Olson, W. Ostertag and J.J. Becker. (1967). A family of new cobaltbase permanent magnetic materials. J. Appl. Phys. 38: 1001-1002.
96. Strnat, K.J. (1988). Chapter 2, Rare earth-cobalt permanent magnets. In: Ferromagnetic Materials, vol. 4, E.P. Wohlfarth, K.H.J. Buschow (eds.), North-Holland, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
97. Strnat, K.J. and R.M.W. Strnat. (1991). Rare earth-cobalt permanent magnets. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 100: 38-56.
98. 87.5magnets: synthesis and magnetic properties. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 241: 345-356.
99. 8.5magnets. J. Appl. Phys. 87: 399-403.
100. 7.0magnets. IEEE Trans. Magn. 37: 2515-2517.
101. Walmer, M.S., C.H. Chen and M.H. Walmer. (2000). A new class of Sm-TM magnets for operating temperatures up to 550?C. IEEE Trans. Magn. 36: 3376-3381.
102. Wecker, J., M. Katter and L. Schultz. (1991). Mechanically alloyed Sm-Co materials. J. Appl. Phys. 69: 6058-6060.
103. 7.5permanent magnet studied by atom probe. Acta Mat. 52: 737-748.
104. 5 ribbons with high permanent performance. J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 210: 10-14.
105. 17 magnets. J. Appl. Phys. 91: 2192-2196.
106. z magnets. Appl. Phys. Lett. 80: 1243-1245, .
107. Yan, A., A. Bollero, K.H. M̈uller and O. Gutfleisch. (2002c). Influence of Fe, Zr and Cu on microstructure and crystallographic texture of melt-spun 2:17 SmCo ribbons. J. Appl. Phys. 91: 8825-8827.
108. z magnets prepared by simple processing. IEEE Trans. Magn. 38: 2937-2939.
109. Yan, A., O. Gutfleisch, T. Gemming and K.-H.Muller. (2003a). Microchemistry and reversal mechanism in 2:17-type Sm-Co magnets. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83: 2208-2210.
110. Yan, A., O. Gutfleisch, A. Handstein, T. Gemming and K.-H. Muller. (2003b). Microstructure, microchemistry, and magnetic properties of melt-spun Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)y magnets. J. Appl. Phys. 93: 7975-7977.
111. z magnets, Mat. Sci. Eng. A375-377: 1169-1172.
112. Yang, W., W. Ping, S. Zhenhua and Z. Shouzeng. (1992). 2:17 type temperature compensated magnets with high coercivity. In: Proc. of the 12th Int. Workshop on RE Magnets and their Appl., Canberra, Australia, pp. 249-257.
113. Zhang, Y., W. Tang. G.C. Hadjipanayis, C. Chen, C. Nelson and K. Krishnan. (2000). Evolution of microstructure, microchemistry and coercivity in 2:17 type Sm-Co magnets with heat treatment. IEEE Trans. Magn. 37: 2525-2527.
114. 7-type structure. J. Appl. Phys. 87: 5299-5301.
115. Zhou, J., R. Skomski, and D.J. Sellmyer. (2003). Magnetic hysteresis of mechanically alloyed Sm-Co nanocrystalline powders. J. Appl. Phys. 93: 6495-6497.