Stroking parameters during competition

World Book of Swimming: From Science to Performance

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 443-458

  Sidney, Michel ^a   Alberty, Morgan ^a   Leblanc, Hugues ^b   Chollet, Didier ^b  

^a UNIV LILLE   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE ROUEN   (France)

Author keywords

Competitive events analysis; Stroke length; Stroke rate; Stroking parameters

Indexed keywords

EID: 84892285977     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (38)

1. Bainbridge R. (1958) The speed of swimming of fish as related to size and the frequency and amplitude of the tail beat. Journal of Experimental Biology, 35, 109-133.
2. Bainbridge R. (1960) Speed and stamina in three fish. Journal of Experimental Biology, 37, 129-153.
3. Bainbridge R. (1962) Training, speed and stamina in trout. Journal of Experimental Biology, 39, 537-555.
4. Ballreich R., Gabel H. (1975) Einfluss der Schrittlänge und Scrittfrequenz auf die Laufzeit [Effect of stride length and stride frequency on running time in sprint distances]. Leitungssport, 5, 5.
5. Chatard, J.C., Girold, S., Caudal, N., Cossor, J., & Mason, B. (2003). Analysis of the 200 m events at the Sidney Olympic games. In J.C. Chatard (Ed), Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming IX, Saint Etienne, France: Université de St Etienne, 261-264.
6. Chatard, J.C., Padilla, S., Cazorla, G., & Lacour J.R. (1985). Influence of body height, weight, hydrostatic lift and training on the energy cost of the front crawl. New Zealand J Sports Med, 13(3), 82-84.
7. Chollet D., Pelayo P. (1999). Effects of different methodologies in calculating stroke length in swimming. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 36, 127-136.
8. Chollet D., Pelayo P., Delaplace C., Tourny C., Sidney M. (1997) Stroking characteristic variations in the 100-m freestyle for male swimmers of differing skill. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 85, 167-177.
9. Chollet D., Pelayo P., Tourny C. Sidney, M. (1996). Comparative analysis of 100m and 200m events in the four strokes in top level swimmers. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 31, 25-37.
10. Craig A.B., & Pendergast D.R. (1979) Relationships of stroke rate, distance per stroke and velocity in competitive swimming. Medicine and Science in Sports and exercise, 11, 3, 278-283.
11. Craig A.B., Skehan P.L., Pawelczyk J.A., & Boomer W.L. (1985). Velocity, stroke rate, and distance per stroke during elite swimming competition, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 17, 6, 625-634
12. Delaplace C., & Chollet D. (2001). Characteristic stroking variation in long-distance freestyle for male and female swimmers with different skill capacities. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 41, 347-368.
13. East DJ (1970) Swimming: An analysis of stroke frequency, stroke length and performance. New Zealand Journal of health, Physical Education and Recreation, 3, 16-27.
14. Grimston, S.K., & Hay J.G. (1986). Relationships among anthropometric and stroking characteristics of college swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 18, 60-68.
15. Haljand, R. (2009). Evaluation of Swimming Technique. Methods of Evaluation for competition Analysis and Technique in Swimming. http://www.swim-city.com/library.php3?id=39
16. Hay J.G. (1987) Swimming biomechanics: a brief review. Swimming Technique, 23, 3, 15-21.
17. Hellard P., Dekerle J., Avalos M., Caudal N., Knopp K., & Hausswirth C. (2008). Kinematic measures and stroke rate variability in elite female 200-m swimmers in the four swimming technique: Athens 2004 Olympic semi-finalists and French National 2004 Championship semi-finalists. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26, 1, 35-46
18. Huot-Marchand F., Nesi X., Sidney M., Alberty M., & Pelayo P. (2005) Variations of stroking parameters associated with 200 m competitive performance improvement in top-standard front crawl swimmers. Sports Biomech.;4(1):89-99.
19. Katch, V.L., & Michael, E.D. (1973). The relationship between segmental leg measurement, leg strength, and relative endurance performance of college females. Human Biology, 45, 371-383.
20. Keskinen O.P., Keskinen K.L., & Mero A.A. (2007). Effect of pool length on blood lactate, heart rate International Journal Sports Medicine. 28, 407-13
21. Kjendlie P.L., Haljand R., Fjørtoft O., & Stallman R.K. (2006). Stroke frequency strategies of international and national swimmers in 100 m races. In In Vilas-Boas, J.P., Alves, F. and Marques, A. (Eds), Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming X, Portuguese Journal of Sport Sciences, 6,2, Porto: Universidade do Porto, 52-54
22. Lang T.G. & Norris K.S. (1966) Swimming speed of a Pacific bottle nose porpoise. Science, 151, 588-590.
23. Letzelter, H., Freitag, W. (1982) Speed and stroke characteristics in 200-m free style swimming of top level European men and women. Leistungssport 6, 442-452.
24. Maglischo, E.W. (2003) Swimming fastest. Human Kinetics Publishers, 791 pages.
25. Mason B., Fowlie J. (2009). Competition analysis for high performance swimming. http://www.swim-city.com/library.php3?id=26
26. Miller D.I. - 1975 - Biomechanics of swimming. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 3: 219-248.
27. Pai, Y.C., Hay, J.G., Wilson, B.D. (1984) Stroking techniques of elite swimmers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2, 225-239.
28. Pelayo P., Sidney M., Kherif T., Chollet D., Tourny C. (1996) Stroking characteristics in freestyle and relationships to anthropomorphic characteristics. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 12, 197-206.
29. Siders, W.A., Lukaski, H.C., & Bolonchuck W.W. (1993). Relationships among swimming performance, body composition and somatotype in competitive collegiate swimmers. The J. of Sports Med. and Physical Fitness, 33(2), 166-171.
30. Sidney M., Delhaye B., Baillon M., Pelayo P. (1999) Stroke frequency evolution during 100-m and 200-m events front crawl swimming Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming: Swimming Science VIII, Keskinen et al. (pp 71-76): Gummerus Printing, Jyväskylä, Finland.
31. Smith, L. (1978). Anthropometric measurements, and arm and leg speed performance of male and female swimmers as predictors of swim speed. J. of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 18, 153-168.
32. Takagi H., Sugimoto S., Nishijima N., & Wilson, B. (2004). Differences in stroke phases, Arm-leg coordination and velocity fluctuation due to event, gender and performance level in breaststroke. Sports Biomechanics, 3, 1, 15-27
33. Thompson K.G., Haljand R., & Mc Laren D.P. (2000). An analysis of selected kinematic variables in national and elite male and female 100 m and 200 m breaststroke swimmers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18, 421-431
34. Thompson K.G., Haljand R., & Lindley M. (2004). A comparison of selected kinematic variables between races in national to elite male 200 m breaststroke swimmers. Journal of Swimming Research, 16, 6-10
35. Toussaint, H.M., van der Helm, F.C.T., Elzerman, J.R., Hollander, P.A., de Groot, G., & van Ingen-Shenau, G.J. (1983). A power balance applied to swimming. In AP Hollander, PA Huijing &G de Groot (eds.) Biomechanics and medicine in swimming (pp. 165-172). Human Kinetics, Champaign, Illinois.
36. Toussaint H.M., Truijens M. (2005) Biomechanical aspects of peak performance in human swimming. Animal Biology; 55(1), 17-40.
37. Vereijken B., Whiting H.T. (1990). In defense of discovery learning. Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences, 15, 2, 99-106.
38. Von Loebbecke A., Mittal R, Fish F, Mark R. (2009) A comparison of the kinematics of the dolphin kick in humans ans cetaceans. Human Movement Science, 28, 1, 99-112.