Morphotectonic development of the southern Black Sea region and the Bosphorus channel

The Black Sea Flood Question: Changes in Coastline, Climate, and Human Settlement

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 537-569

  Yilmaz, Yücel ^a  

^a KADIR HAS UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Bosphorus; horst and graben; North Anatolian Fault; Pontides

Indexed keywords

EID: 84892242687     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5302-3_23     Document Type: Chapter

References (93)

1. Aksu, A.E., R.N. Hiscott, and D. Yaşar 1999 Oscillating Quaternary water levels of the Marmara Sea and vigorous outflow into the Aegean Sea from the Marmara Sea-Black Sea drainage corridor. Marine Geology 153:275-302.
2. Aksu, A.E., P.J. Mudie, A. Rochon, M.A. Kaminski, T. Abrajano, and D. Yaşar 2002 Persistant Holocene outflow from the Black Sea to the Eastern Mediterranean contradicts Noah's Flood HypothesisG. SA Today 12(5): 4-10.
3. Alavi, S.N., M. Okyar, and K. Timur 1989 Late Quaternary sedimentation in the Strait of Bosporus: High resolution seismic profiling. Marine Geology 89:185-205.
4. Algan, O., N. Çaǧatay, A. Tchepalyga, D. Ongan, C. Eastoe, and E. Gökaşan 2001 Stratigraphy of the sediment fill in Bosphorus Strait: water exchange between the Black and Mediterranean Seas during the last glacial Holocene. Geo-Marine Letters 20:209-218.
5. Algan, O., E. Gökaşan, C. Gazioǧlu, Z.Y. Yücel, B. Alpar, C. Güneysu, E. Kirci, S. Demirel, E. Sari, and D. Ongan 2002 A high-resolution seismic study in Sakarya Delta and submarine Canyon, southern Black Sea shelf. Continental Shelf Research 22(10):1511-1527.
6. Andrusov, N. 1900 Bosphor i Dardanell. Ezhegodnik po geologii i mineralogii Rossii. Annuaire géologique et minéralogique de la Russie 4:3-10. (In Russian)
7. Ardel, A. 1968 Samsun ile Hopa arasindaki kiyi bölgesinde coǧrafi müşahedeler [Some geographic observations along the coastal zones thoef Black Sea between Samsun and Hopa]. Istanbul Üniversitesi Cografya Enstitüsü Dergisi 13:36-49.
8. Aytaç, A. 2003 Karadeniz kiyilarmizda radyometrik yaŞ tayinlerine dayali denizel taraçalarn korelasyonu ve neotektonik yorumu [Correlations of the Sea Terraces of the Black Sea Coastal Zone Depending on Radiometric Age Data and their Tectonic Interpretations]. Istanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Cografya Anabilim Dali (Unpublished M. Sc. Thesis).
9. Banks, C.J., and A.G. Robinson 1997 Mesozoic strike-slip back-arc basins of the Western Black Sea region. In Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region, A.G. Robinson, ed., pp. 53-62. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 68. Tulsa, Oklahoma.
10. Barka, A., and K. Kadinsky-Cade 1988 Strike-slip fault geometry in Turkey and its influence on earthquake activity. Tectonics 7:663-684.
11. Çagatay M.N., N. Görür, O. Algan, C. Eastoe, A. Tchapalyga, D. Ongan, T. Kuhn, and I. Kujcu 2000 Late Glacial-Holocene palaeoceanography of the Sea of Marmara: timing of connections with the Mediterranean and the Black Seas. Marine Geology 167:191-206.
12. Demirbag, E., E. Gökajan, F.Y. Oktay, M. ŞimŞek, and H. Yüce 1999 The last sea level changes in the Black Sea: Evidence from seismic data. Marine Geology 157:249-265.
13. Demirbag, E., C. Rangin, X. LePichon, and A.M.C. Şengör 2003 Investigation of the tectonics of the Main Marmara Fault by means of deep-towed seismic data. Tectonophysics 361:1-19.
14. DiIorio, D., and H. Yüce 1999 Observations of Mediterranean flow into the Black Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research 104(C2):3091-3108.
15. Dibblee, T.W. 1984 Strike-slip tectonics of the San Andreas fault and its role in Cenozoic basin evolvement. In Wrench Fault Tectonics, A.G. Sylvester, ed., pp. 159-172. AAPG Reprint Series 28. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
16. Reprinted from Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sedimentation and Tectonics in California: San Joaquin Geological Society Short Course. T.H. Nilsen, ed., pp. 26-52. Bakersfield, California, 1977.
17. Emre, Ö., T. Erkal, A. Tchepalyga, N. Kazanci, M. Kecer, and E. Unay 1998 Dogu Marmara bölgesinin Neojen-Kuvaternerdeki evrimi [The Neogene-Quaternary evolution of the eastern Marmara region]. MTA Dergisi 120:289-314.
18. Erinç, S. 1940 Bogaziçi Ejiginde Morfoloji Arajtirmalari [Morphological study of the Bosphorus]. Istanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi. (Unpublished Thesis).
19. 1953 Karadeniz ve çevresinin morfolojik tekamülü ile Pleistosen iklim tehavülleri arasindaki münasebetler [Relationship between Pleistocene climatic changes and the morphological development of the Black Sea and surroundings]. Istanbul Üniversitesi Cografya Enstitüsü Dergisi 3:46-49.
20. 1982 Jeomorfoloji I. Istanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yaynlar No. 2391.
21. Erol, O. 1979 Dördüncü çag (Kuvaterner) jeoloji ve jeomorfolojisinin ana çizgileri [Outlines of the Quaternary geology and morphology]. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil Tarih ve Cografya Fakültesi Cografya AragtirmalariEnstitüsü Yaymlari∼No. 22.
22. Ertek, T.A. 1995 Kocaeli Yarimadasmm Kuzeydogu Kesiminin Jeomorfolojisi [Geomorphology of the Northeastern Part of the Kocaeli Peninsula]. Çantay Kitabevi, Laleli, Istanbul.
23. Fedorov, P.V. 1971 Postglacial transgression of the Black Sea. International Geology Review 14:160-164.
24. Gattinger, T.E., C. Erentöz, and I. Ketin 1962 1:500 000 Ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritasi [1:500, 000 Scale Geological Map of Turkey]. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü Yayinlarndan. Ankara.
25. Gazioglu, C, E. Gökajan, O. Algan, Z. Yücel, B. Tok, and E. Dogan 2002 Morphological features of the Marmara Sea from multi-beam data. Marine Geology 190:397-420.
26. GökaŞan, E. 1996 Anadolunun Karadeniz kiyilarinn neotektonigine bir yaklajim [An approach to the neotectonics of the Anatolian coasts of the Black Sea]. Geosound-Yerbilimleri 29:99-109.
27. GökaŞan, E., E. Demirbag, F.Y. Oktay, B. Ecevitoglu, M. ŞimŞek, and H. Yüce 1997 On the origin of the Bosphorus. Marine Geology 140:183-199.
28. GökaŞan, E., T. Ustaömer, C. Gazioglu, Z.Y. Yücel, K. Öztürk, H. Tur, B. Ecevitoglu, and B. Tok 2003 Morpho-tectonic evolution of the Marmara Sea inferred from multi-beam bathymetric and seismic data. Geo-Marine Letters 23:19-33.
29. Görür, N. 1988 Timing of opening of the Black Sea basin. Tectonophysics 147:247-262.
30. Görür, N., M.N. Çagatay, Ö. Emre, B. Alpar, M. Sakinç, Y. Islamoglu, O. Algan, T. Erkal, M. Keçer, R. Akkök, and G. Karlik 2001 Is the abrupt drowning of the Black Sea shelf at 7150 yr BP a myth? Marine Geology 176:65-73.
31. Hamilton, W.J. 1842 Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia: with Some Account of their Antiquities and Geology. J. Murray, London.
32. Hochstatter, F. 1870 Die Geologischen Verhaltnisse des Östlichen Teiles der Europaischen Türkei. Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geologischen Reichs-Anstalt 20(1):365-461.
33. Inandik, H. 1955 Sinop-Terme arasndaki kiyilarrn morfolojik etüdü [Morphological studies of the coasts between Sinop and Terme]. Türkiye Cografya Dergisi 15-16:21-42.
34. Jones, R.W., and M.D. Simmons 1997 A review of the stratigraphy of eastern Paratethys (Oligocene-Holocene), with particular emphasis on the Black Sea. In Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region, A.G. Robinson, ed, pp. 39-52. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 68. Tulsa, Oklahoma.
35. Ketin, I., and F. Kiran 1989 Explanation of the Geological map of Istanbul region and its surrounding area on a scale of 1:50, 000. Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Mines (Unpublished Map and explanations).
36. Lane-Serff, G.F., E.L. Rohling, H.L. Bryden, and H. Charnole 1997 Postglacial connection of the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and its relation to the timing of sapropel formation. Paleoceanography 12:169-174.
37. Le Pichon, X., A.M.C. Şengör, E. Demirbag, E. Rangin, C. imren, R. Armijo, N. Görür, N. Çagatay, B. Mercier de Lepinay, B. Meyer, R. Saatçilar, and B. Tok 2001 The active main Marmara fault. Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters 192(4):595-616.
38. Maucher, A., H.H. Schultze-Westrum, and H. Zankl 1962 Geologisch-lagerstättenkundliche Untersuchungen im Ostpontischen Gebirge. Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. Abhandlungen. Heft 109. München.
39. McKenzie, D.P. 1972 Active tectonics of the Mediterranean region. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 30:109-185.
40. 1976 The East Anatolian fault: a major structure in Eastern Turkey. Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters 29:189-193.
41. Meriç, E. 1990 Late Quaternary (Holocene) bottom sediments of the Southern Bosphorus and Golden Horn. In Istanbul Bogazi Güneyi ve Haliç'in geç kuvaterner (Holosen) dip tortullari, E. Meriç, ed., pp. 113-114. AŞ Ijlem Uzaydan Algilama, Yenijehir, Ankara.
42. 1995 Evidence of Inter-connection between the Sea of Marmara and Black Sea Gulf of Izmit-Lake Sapanca and the Sakarya Valley and the Bosphorus in Quaternary sequence. In Izmit Körfezi'nin kuvaterner Istifi-Quaternary sequence in the Gulf of Izmit, E. Meriç, ed., pp. 295-302. Kocaeli Valiligi Çevre Koruma Vakfi.
43. Meriç, E., P.E. Kerey, N. Avjar, C. Tunoglu, G. Taner, K.Y. Sevinç, I. Ünsal, and A. Ross 2000 New findings on late Quaternary (Holocene) Marmara Sea-Black Sea connection via the Bosphorus sea way. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 43(1):73-118.
44. Neprochov, Yu.P., A.F. Neprochnova, and Ye.G. Mirlin 1974 Deep structure of the Black sea basin. In The Black Sea-Geology, Chemistry, and Biology, E.T. Degens and D.A. Ross, eds, pp. 35-49. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 20. Tulsa, Oklahoma.
45. Nur, A., O. Scott, and H. Ron 1989 Mechanics of distributed fault and block rotation. In Paleomagnetic Rotations and Continental Deformation, C. Kissel and C. Laj, eds, pp. 209-228. NATO ASI Series 254. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
46. Oguz, T., E. Özsoy, M.A. Latif, H.I. Sur, and U. Ünlüata 1990 Modeling of hydraulically controlled exchange flow in the Bosphorus Strait. Journal of Physical Oceanography 20:945-965.
47. Oktay, F.Y., and R.H. Eren 1995 The geological map (1/50, 000) of Istanbul metropolitan area. Istanbul Municipality.
48. Oktay, F.Y., and M. Sakinç 1993 Geç Kuvaterner'de Istanbul Bogazi'nn oluŞumuna neden olan tektonik hareketler [Tectonic activities causing development of the Bosphorus during the Late Quaternary]. Türkiye Kuvaterneri Workshop Bildiri Özleri 31.
49. Oktay, F.Y., E. GökaŞan, M. Sakinç, C. Yaltirak, C. Imren, and E. Demirbag 2002 The effects of the North Anatolian Fault Zone on the latest connection between Black Sea and Sea of Marmara. Marine Geology 190:367-382.
50. Oswald, F. 1912 Armenien. Handbuch der regionalen Geologie Bd. 5, Abt. 3. C. Winter, Heidelberg.
51. Pamir, H.N. 1938 Istanbul Bogazi'nn Tejekkülü Meselesi [The problem of the formation of the Bosphorus]. MTA Dergisi 3-4:61-69.
52. Peacock, D.C.P., M.W. Anderson, A. Morris, and D.E. Randall 1998 Evidence for the importance of 'small' faults on block rotation. Tectonophysics 299:1-13.
53. Philippson, A. 1898 Bosporus und Hellespont. Geographische Zeitschrift 4:16-26.
54. Reilenger, R.E., S.C. McClusky, M.B. Oral, R.W. King, M.N. Toksöz, A.A. Barka, I. Kinik, O. Lenk, and I. Sanli 1997 Global positioning system measurements of present-day crustal movements in the Arabia-Africa-Europa plate collision zone. Journal of Geophysical Research 102(5):9983-9999.
55. Robinson, A.G., C.J. Banks, M.M. Rutherford, and J.P.P. Hirst 1995 Stratigraphic and structural development of the Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society of London 152:861-872.
56. Robinson, A.G., E.T. Griffith, A.R. Gardiner, and A.K. Home 1997 Petroleum geology of the Georgian fold and thrust belts and foreland basins. In Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region, A.G. Robinson, ed., pp. 347-367. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 68. Tulsa, Oklahoma.
57. Rodier, G. 1890 La physique de Straton de Lampsaque. F. Alcan, Paris.
58. Ross, D.A., and E.T. Degens 1974 Recent sediments of the Black Sea. In The Black Sea-Geology, Chemistry, and Biology, E.T. Degens and D.A. Ross, eds, pp. 183-199. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 20. Tulsa, Oklahoma.
59. Ryan, W.B.F., and W.C. Pitman 1998 Noah's Flood: The New Scientific Discoveries About the Event That Changed History. Simon & Schuster, New York.
60. Ryan, W.B.F., W.C. Pitman III, C.O. Major, K. Shimkus, V. Moskalenko, G.A. Jones, P. Dimitrov, N. Gorür, M. Saknç, and H.Y. Seyir 1997 An abrupt drowning of the Black Sea shelf at 7.5 kyr BP. Geo-Eco-Marina 2:115-125.
61. Ryan, W.B.F., C.O. Major, G. Lericolais, and S.L. Goldstein 2003 Catastrophic flooding of the Black Sea. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 31:525-554.
62. Sayar, C. 1988 Istanbul ve Çevresi Neojen çökelleri ve Paratetis içindeki konumu [Neogene sediments of Istanbul and its surroundings and their relationship with the ParaTethys]. ITÜ Maden Fakültesi 35.Yil Yayini 27-35.
63. Shimkus, K.M., A.V. Komarov, and I.V. Grakova 1978 Stratigraphy of the Upper Quaternary deep sea sediments in the Black Sea. Oceanology 17:443-446.
64. Scholten, R. 1974 Role of the Bosporus in Black Sea chemistry and sedimentation. In The Black Sea-Geology, Chemistry, and Biology, E.T. Degens and D.A. Ross, eds, pp. 115-126. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 20. Tulsa, Oklahoma.
65. Stanley, D.J., and C. Blanpied 1980 Late Quaternary water exchange between the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Nature 265(5766):537-541.
66. Steininger, F.F., F. Rögl, and L.A. Nevesskaya 1985 Neogene of the Mediterranean Tethys and Paratethys: Stratigraphic Correlation Tables and Sediment Distribution Maps. International Geological Correlation Programme, Project No. 25, pp. 91-102. Institute of Paleontology, University of Vienna.
67. Stratil-Sauer, G. 1927 Der östliche Pontus. Geographische Zeitschrift 33(9):497-519.
68. Şaroǧlu, F., and Y. Yilmaz 1991 Geology of the Karliova region; intersection of the North Anatolian and East Anatolian Transform Faults. Bulletin of the Technical University of Istanbul. Special lssue on Tectonics 44(1-2):475-493.
69. 1986 Geological evolution and basin models during neotectonic episode in the Eastern Anatolia. Bulletin of the Mineral Resource and Exploration Institute of Turkey 107:61-83.
70. Şengör, A.M.C. 1980 Türkiye'nin Neotektoniginin Esaslari[Principles of the Neotectonics of Turkey]. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu. Konferans Serisi 2.
71. Şengör, A.M.C., and W.S.F. Kidd 1979 Post-collisional tectonics of the Turkish-Iranian plateau and comparison with Tibet. Tectonophysics 55:361-376.
72. Şengör, A.M.C., and Y. Yilmaz 1981 Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75:181-241.
73. Şengör, A.M.C., Y. Yilmaz, and I. Ketin 1980 Remnants of Pre-Late Jurassic ocean in northern Turkey: fragments of Permian-Triassic Paleo-Tethys? Geological Society of America Bulletin 91:599-609.
74. Tchepalyga A.L., A.M.C. Şengör, and Y. Islamoglu 1997 Late Pleistocene marine terraces on the Anatolian coast of the Black Sea. International Symposium on Late Quaternary in the Eastern Mediterranean (1-4 April 1997, Ankara), Programme and Abstracts, p. 115.
75. Von Hoff, K.E.A. 1822 Geschichte der durch Überlieferung nachgewiesenen natürlichen Veränderungen der Erdoberfläche, J. Perthes, Gotha
76. Yalçinlar, I. 1947 Istanbul Bogazi Civarnrn Vadileri Hakknda [On the valleys around the Bosphorus]. Dil Tarih Cografya Fakültesi Dergisi VI(1):69-72.
77. Yaltirak, C. 2002 Tectonic evolution of the Marmara Sea and its surroundings. Marine Geology 190:493-529.
78. Yaltirak, C, M. Sakinç, A.E. Aksu, R.N. Hiscott, B. Galleb, and H.B. Ülgen 2002 Late Pleistocene uplift history along the southwestern Marmara Sea determined from raised coastal deposits and global sea-level variations. Marine Geology 190:283-305.
79. Yanko-Hombach, V. 2003 "Noah's Flood" and the Late Quaternary history of the Black Sea and its adjacent basins: a critical overview of the Flood Hypotheses. Abstracts of the Geological Society of America Annual Meeting & Exposition (2-5 November 2003, Seattle), p. 460.
80. Yigitbaj, E., A. Elmas, and Y. Yilmaz 1999 Pre-Cenozoic tectono-stratigraphic components of the Western Pontides and their geological evolution. Geological Journal 34:55-74.
81. Yigitbaj, E., A. Elmas, A. Sefunç, and N. Özer 2004 Major neotectonic features of eastern Marmara Region, Turkey: development of the Adapazar-Karasu corridor and its tectonic significance. Geological Journal 39:179-198.
82. Yilmaz, Y. 1993 New evidence and model on the evolution of the Southeast Anatolian orogen. Geological Society of America Bulletin 105:251-271.
83. 1997 Geology of Western Anatolia. Active tectonics of northwestern Anatolia. In Active tectonics of northwestern Anatolia: the MARMARA Poly-Project: a multidisciplinary approach by space-geodesy, geology, hydrogeology, geothermics and seismology, C. Schindler, M. Pfister, and A. Aksoy, eds, p. 210. Vdf, Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH, Zurich.
84. 2002 Morphotectonic development of the Eastern Anatolia. International Workshop on the Tectonics of Eastern Turkey and Northern Arabian Plate (23-25 September 2002, Erzurum, Turkey). Bogaziçi Üniversitesi, Cornell University, Erzurum Atatürk Üniversitesi. Abstracts Book 32.
85. Yilmaz, Y., and M. Sakinç 1990 Istanbul Bogazinin jeolojik gelijimi üzerine düjünceler [Some thoughts on the geological development of the Bosphorus]. In Istanbul Bogazi Güneyi ve Haliç'in geç Kuvatener (Holosen) dip tortullari. E. Meriç, ed., pp. 99-105. AŞ Ijlem Uzaydan Algilama, Yenijehir, Ankara.
86. Yilmaz, Y., and O. Tüysüz 1984 Kastamonu-Boyabat- Vezirköprü-Tosya arasindaki bölgenin jeolojisi (Ilgaz-Kargi masiflerinin etüdü) [Geology of the Kastamonu-Boyabat- Vezirköprü-Tosya area (Studies of the Ilgaz-Kargi massif)]. Maden Tetkik Arama Enstitüsü Raporu 275 (unpublished report).
87. Yilmaz, Y., F. Şaroglu, and Y. Güner 1987 Initiation of neovolcanism in East Anatolia. Tectonophysics 134:177-199.
88. Yilmaz, Y., D. Tüysüz, E. YigitbaŞ, Ş.G. Genç, and A.M.C. Şengör 1997 Geology and tectonic evolution of the Pontides. In Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region, A.G. Robinson, ed., pp. 183-226. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 68. Tulsa, Oklahoma.
89. Yilmaz, Y., Y. Güner, and F. Şaroglu 1998 Geology of the Quaternary volcanic centres of the East Anatolia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 85:173-210.
90. Yilmaz, Y., Ş.C. Genç, F. Gürer, M. Bozcu, K. Yilmaz, Z. Karacik, Ş. Altunkaynak, A. Elmas 2000 When did the western Anatolian grabens begin to develop? In Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area, E. Bozkurt, J.D.A. Piper, and J.A. Winchester, eds, pp. 131-162. Geological Society of London Special Publication 173.
91. Zonenshain, L.P., and X. LePichon 1986 Deep basins of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea as remnants of Mesozoic back-arc basins. Tectonophysics 123:181-212.
92. Zor, E., E. Sandval, E. Gürbüz, D. Seber, and M. Barazangi 2002 The crustal structure beneath Eastern Turkey from receiver function. International Workshop on the Tectonics of Eastern Turkey and Northern Arabian Plate (23-25 September 2002, Erzurum, Turkey). Bogaziçi Üniversitesi, Cornell University, Erzurum Atatürk Üniversitesi. Abstracts Book 33.
93. Zubakov, V.A. 1988 Climatostratigraphic scheme of the Black Sea Pleistocene and its correlation with the oxygen-isotope scale and glacial events. Quaternary Research 29:1-24