Europe as home and host to multinational enterprise

The European Enterprise: Historical Investigation into a Future Species

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 37-50

  Wilkins, Mira ^a  

^a FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84892197273     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-74038-4_3     Document Type: Chapter

References (31)

1. Harm G. Schröter, Project Proposal (2004), "Has European Integration created a European Enterprise?"
2. See, for example, Lawrence G. Franko (1976), European Multinationals (Stamford, Conn.: Greylock), which never describes a "European"firm per se.
3. Schröter (2004), Project Proposal.
4. A number of these relationships are documented in Paul H. Emden (1937), Money Powers of Europe in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (London: S. Low, Marston). Was Lazard Frères "European"? The American partner was critical throughout most (albeit not all) of the firm's history.
5. Gianni Toniolo (1994), One Hundred Years, 1894-1994: A Short History of the Banca Commerciale Italiana (Milan: Banca Commerciale Italiana), 28 (on the parentage of BCI). On the parentage of Paribas
6. Marc Flandreau and François Gallice (2005), "Paris, London, and the International Money Market," Youssef Cassis and Eric Bussière, eds., London and Paris as International Financial Centres in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 79.
7. Irving Stone (1987), The Composition and Distribution of British Investment in Latin America, 1865 to 1913 (1962 diss. New York: Garland Publishing), 90.
8. On free standing companies, see Mira Wilkins and Harm Schröter, eds., (1998), Free-Standing Company in the World Economy, 1830-1996 (Oxford: Oxford University Press). On Cyprus, Andrea Goldstein (2005), " 'Emerging Multinationals' in the Global Economy: Data Trends, Policy Issues, and Research Questions," OECD Development Center, unpublished paper, 22.
9. Lutz Alt (1986), "The Photochemical Industry: Historical Essays in Business Strategy and Internalization," Ph.D. thesis, MIT, 113; for details on the 1964 AGFA-Gevaert merger and the reasons for it, ibid., Chap. 4. In this case, the 1920s "joint headquarters"was informal.
10. Alt (1986), "Photochemical Industry," 127; Agfa website, www.agfa.com, accessed July 30, 2005.
11. See Wall Street Journal, Sept. 18, 1998 (plans for the spin off), Agfa website, www.agfa.com., accessed July 30, 2005
12. Wall Street Journal, Mar. 16, 2001; and Hoovers' Company Records, "Agfa-Gevaert N.V.," July 26, 2005, accessed July 30, 2005.
13. Details are in Mira Wilkins (in process), "The History of Foreign Investment in the United States, since 1945."
14. Herman Van der Wee and Monique Verbreyt (1997), The Generale Bank, 1822-1997 (Tielt, Belgium: Lannoo), 394.
15. Herman Van der Wee and Monique Verbreyt Ibid. and European Association for Banking History (1994), Handbook on the History of European Banks, ed., Manfred Pohl (Aldershot: Edward Elgar), 31, 386.
16. See Wilkins (in process), "The History."
17. Ibid. For example, the European American Bank (the successor to the EABC and the EABTC) went in 1991 under full ownership by ABN AMRO. Mira Wilkins (Summer 2005), "Dutch Multinational Enterprises in the United States: A Historical Summary," Business History Review 79: 253-254. ABN AMRO would sell European American Bank to Citibank in 2001.
18. On the boom period, World Investment Report 1992, pp. 254-255; on the cutbacks, Financial Times, Feb. 5, 1999; New York Times, Jan. 18, 2003; and Business Week, July 4, 2005.
19. Based on MiraWilkins (1970), The Emergence of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from the Colonial Era to 1914 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press), 110.
20. The percentage is based on foreign direct investment stock figures, given in World Investment Report 2006, 303.
21. World Investment Report 1991, 33.
22. World Investment Report 2000, 35.
23. Wilkins (2005), "Dutch Multinational Enterprises." On the other hand, Keetie E. Sluyterman (2005), Dutch Enterprise in the Twentieth Century (London: Routledge), 225, found that after 1985, the main focus of Dutch investment shifted "back to Europe." The European share increased from 34 percent in 1985 to 50 percent in 2000.
24. World Investment Report 2006, 273.
25. Vassilis Pesmazoglou (1997), "The European Union and the Firm: Modes of Interaction," in Dritsas and Gourvish, eds., European Enterprise, 285.
26. Alan Rugman (2005), The Regional Multinationals (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 240.
27. See, for example, Stephen J. Kobrin (2005), "Multinational Corporations, the Protest Movement and the Future of Global Governance," in Chandler and Mazlish, eds., Leviathans, 221, and Kobrin's contribution to the Oxford Handbook of International Business, 184
28. This was the view of Charles Wilson, Charles Kindleberger, and Rondo Cameron. See citations in Wilkins (2005), "Multinational Enterprise to 1930," 47ns. 7-8.
29. Wilkins (1970), Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 3.
30. KarlMoore and David Lewis (1999). Birth of the Multinational: 2000 Years of Ancient Business History - From Ashur to Augustus (Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press).
31. The remarks, made at a conference in 1999, are quoted in Wilkins (2005), "Multinational Enterprise to 1930," 47n.5.