Measurement of ex vivo and in vivo tissue optical properties: Methods and theories

Optical-Thermal Response of Laser-Irradiated Tissue

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 267-319

  Kim, Anthony ^a   Wilson, Brian C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84892196482     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-8831-4_8     Document Type: Chapter

References (116)

1. Gebhart SC, Lin WC, and Mahadevan-Jansen A. In vitro determination of normal and neoplastic human brain tissue optical properties using inverse adding-doubling. Phys. Med. Biol., 51:2011-2027 (2006).
2. Prahl SA, Van Gemert M J C, and Welch AJ. Determining the optical properties of turbid media by using the adding-doubling method. Appl. Opt., 32:559-568 (1993).
3. Farrell TJ, Patterson MS, and Wilson BC. A diffusion theory model of spatially resolved, steady-state diffuse reluctance for the non-invasive determination of tissue optical properties in vivo. Med. Phys., 19:879-888 (1992).
4. Peters VG, Wyman DR, Patterson MS, and Frank GL. Optical properties of normal and diseased human breast tissues in the visible and near infrared. Phys. Med. Biol., 35:1317-1334 (1990).
5. Salomatina E, Jiang B, Novak J, and Yaroslavsky AN. Optical properties of normal and cancerous human skin in the visible and near-infrared spectral range. J. Biomed. Opt., 11:064026 (2006).
6. Yaroslavsky IV, Yaroslavsky AN, Goldbach T, and Schwarzmaier HJ. Inverse hybrid technique for determining the optical properties of turbid media from integrating-sphere measurements. Appl. Opt., 35:6797-6809 (1996).
7. Durduran T, Choe R, Culver JP, Zubkov L, Holboke MJ, Giammarco J, Chance B, and Yodh AG. Bulk optical properties of healthy female breast tissue. Phys. Med. Biol., 47:2847-2861 (2002).
8. Zhu TC, Finlay JC, and Hahn SM. Determination of the distribution of light, optical properties, drug concentration, and tissue oxygenation in-vivo in human prostate during motexafin lutetium-mediated photodynamic therapy. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 79:231-241 (2005).
9. Chin LC, Whelan WM, and Vitkin IA. Information content of point radiance measurements in turbid media: Implications for interstitial optical property quantification. Appl. Opt., 45:2101-2114 (2006).
10. Cuccia DJ, Bevilacqua F, Durkin AJ, and Tromberg BJ. Modulated imaging: Quantitative analysis and tomography of turbid media in the spatial-frequency domain. Opt. Lett., 30:1354-1356 (2005).
11. Svensson T, Andersson-Engels S, Einarsdóttír M, and Svanberg K. In vivo optical characterization of human prostate tissue using near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy. J. Biomed. Opt., 12:014022 (2007).
12. Tromberg BJ, Shah N, Lanning R, Cerussi A, Espinoza J, Pham T, Svaasand L, and Butler J. Non-invasive in vivo characterization of breast tumors using photon migration spectroscopy. Neoplasia 2:26-40 (2000).
13. Long FH, Anderson RR, and Deutsch TF. Pulsed photothermal radiometry for depth profiling of layered media. App. Phys. Lett., 51:2076-2078 (1987).
14. Nelson JS, Jacques SL, and Wright WH. Determination of thermal and physical properties of port wine stain lesions using pulsed photothermal radiometry. Proc. SPIE 1643:287-298 (1992).
15. Rosencwaig A. Photoacoustics and photoacoustic spectroscopy. Wiley, New York (1980).
16. Friebel M, Roggan A, Müller G, and Meinke MJ. Determination of optical properties of human blood in the spectral range 250 to 1100 nm using Monte Carlo simulations with hematocrit-dependent effective scattering phase functions. J. Biomed. Opt., 11:34021 (2006).
17. Jacques SL and Prahl SA. Modeling optical and thermal distributions in tissue during laser irradiation. Lasers Surg. Med., 6:494-503 (1987).
18. Karagiannis JL, Zhang Z, Grossweiner G, and Grossweiner LI. Applications of the 1-D diffusion approximation to the optics of tissues and tissue phantoms. Appl. Opt., 28:2311-2317 (1989).
19. Flock ST, Wilson BC, and Patterson MS. Total attenuation coefficients and scattering phase functions of tissues and phantom materials at 633 nm. Med. Phys 14:835-842 (1987).
20. Marchesini R, Bertoni A, Andreola S, Melloni E, and Sichirollo AE. Extinction and absorption coefficients and scattering phase functions of human tissues in vitro. Appl. Opt., 28:2318-2324 (1989).
21. Jacques SL, Alter CA, and Prahl SA. Angular dependence of HeNe laser light scattering by human dermis. Lasers Life Sci., 1:309-333 (1987).
22. Vogel A, Diugos G, Nuffer R, and Birngruber R. Optical properties of human sclera, and their consequences for transcleral laser applications. Lasers Surg. Med., 11:331-340 (1991).
23. Pickering JW, Prahl SA, Van Wieringen N, Beek JF, Moes C J M, Sterenborg H J C M, and Van Gemert M J C. Double integrating sphere system to measure optical properties of tissue. Appl. Opt., 32:399-410 (1993).
24. Star WM, Marijnissen J P A, and Van Gemert M J C. Light dosimetry in optical phantoms and in tissues: I. Multiple flux and transport theory. Phys. Med. Biol., 33:437-454 (1988).
25. Yoon G, Welch AJ, Motamedi M, and Van Gemert M J C. Development and application of three-dimensional light distribution model for laser irradiated tissue. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 23:1721-1732 (1987).
26. Dam JS, Dalgaard T, Fabricius PE, and Andersson-Engels S. Multiple polynomial regression method for determination of biomedical optical properties from integrating sphere measurements. Appl. Opt., 39:1202-1209 (2000).
27. Splinter R, Cheong W-F, Van Gemert M J C, and Welch AJ. In vitro optical properties of human and canine brain and urinary bladder tissues at 633 nm. Lasers Surg. Med., 9:37-41 (1989).
28. Profio AE. Radiation shielding and dosimetry. Wiley, New York (1979).
29. Profio AE and Sarnaik J. Fluorescence of HpD for tumor detection and dosimetry in photoradiation therapy. In: DR Doiron and CD Gomer (eds) Porphyrin localization and treatment of tumors. Liss, New York, pp. 163-175 (1984).
30. Madsen SJ, Patterson MS, and Wilson BC. The use of India ink as an optical absorber in tissue-simulating phantoms. Phys. Med. Biol., 37:985-993 (1992).
31. Chan E, Menovsky T, and Welch AJ. Effects of cryogenic grinding on soft-tissue optical properties. Appl. Opt., 35:4526-4532 (1996).
32. Bolin FP, Preuss LE, Taylor RC, and Ference RJ. Refractive index of some mammalian tissues using a fiber optic cladding method. Appl. Opt., 28:2297 (1989).
33. Bargo PR, Prahl SA, Goodell TT, Sleven RA, Koval G, Blair G, and Jacques SL. In vivo determination of optical properties of normal and tumour tissue with white light reflectance and an empirical light transport model during endoscopy. J. Biomed. Opt., 10:034018 (2005).
34. Fishkin JB, Coquoz O, Anderson ER, Brenner M, and Tromberg BJ. Frequency-domain photon migration measurements of normal and malignant tissue optical properties in a human subject. Appl. Opt., 36:10-20 (1997).
35. Ntziachristos V and Chance B. Probing physiology and molecular function using optical imaging: Applications to breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res., 3:41-46 (2001).
36. Palmer GM, Zhu C, Breslin TM, Xu F, Gilchrist KW, and Ramanujam N. Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties. Part II: Application to breast cancer diagnosis. Appl. Opt., 45:1072-1078 (2006).
37. Angell-Petersen E, Hirschberg H, and Madsen SJ. Determination of fluence rate and temperature distributions in the rat brain; implications for photodynamic therapy. J. Biomed. Opt., 12:014003 (2007).
38. Chen Q, Wilson BC, Shetty SD, Patterson MS, Cerny JC, and Hetzel FW. Changes in in vivo optical properties and light distributions in normal canine prostate during photodynamic therapy. Radiat. Res., 147:86-91 (1997).
39. Chen Q, Wilson BC, Dereski MO, Patterson MS, Chopp M, and Hetzel FW. Effects of light beam size on fluence distribution and depth of necrosis in superficially applied photodynamic therapy of normal rat brain. Photochem. Photobiol., 56:379-384 (1992).
40. Jankun J, Lilge L, Douplik A, Keck RW, Pestka M, Szkudlarek M, Stevens PJ, Lee RJ, and Selman SH. Optical characteristics of the canine prostate at 665 nm sensitized with tin etiopurpurin dichloride: Need for real-time monitoring of photodynamic therapy. J. Urol., 172:739-743 (2004).
41. Weersink RA, Bogaards A, Gertner M, Davidson SR, Zhang K, Netchev G, Trachtenberg J, and Wilson BC. Techniques for delivery and monitoring of TOOKAD (WST09)-mediated photodynamic therapy of the prostate: Clinical experience and practicalities. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B., 79:211-222 (2005).
42. Zhang Q, Müller MG, Wu J, and Feld MS. Turbidity-free fluorescence spectroscopy of biological tissue. Opt. Lett., 25:1451-1453 (2000).
43. Egan WG and Hilgeman TW. Optical properties of inhomogeneous materials. Academic, New York (1979).
44. Groenhuis F A J, Ferwerda HA, and Ten Bosch JJ. Scattering and absorption of turbid materials derived from reflection coefficients., 1: Theory. Appl. Opt., 22:2456-2462 (1983).
45. Flock ST, Patterson MS, Wilson BC, and Wyman DR. Monte Carlo modeling of light propagation in highly scattering tissue-I: Model predictions and comparison with diffusion theory. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 36:1162-1168 (1989).
46. Jacques SL, Gutsche A. Schwartz JA, Wang L, and Tittle FK. Video reflectometry to specify optical properties of tissue in vivo. Proc. SPIE IS11:211-226 (1993).
47. Kienle A, Lilge L, Patterson MS, Hibst R, Steiner R, and Wilson BC. Spatially resolved absolute diffuse reflectance measurements for noninvasive determination of the optical scattering and absorption coefficients of biological tissue. Appl. Opt., 35:2304-2314 (1996).
48. Patterson MS, Schwartz E, and Wilson BC. Quantitative reflectance spectrophotometry for the non-invasive measurement of photosensitizer concentration in tissue. Proc. SPIE 1065:115-122 (1989).
49. Allen V and McKenzie AL. The modified diffusion dipole model. Phys. Med. Biol., 36:1621-1638 (1991).
50. Patterson MS, Chance B, and Wilson BC. Time resolved reflectance and transmittance for the noninvasive measurement of tissue optical properties. Appl. Opt., 28:2331-2336 (1989).
51. Lin SP, Wang L, Jacques SL, and Tittel FK. Measurement of tissue optical properties by the use of oblique-incidence optical fiber reflectometry. Appl. Opt., 36:136-143 (1997).
52. Doornbos RM, Lang R, Aalders MC, Cross FW, and Sterenborg HJ. The determination of in vivo human tissue optical properties and absolute chromophore concentrations using spatially resolved steady-state diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Phys. Med. Biol., 44:967-981 (1999).
53. Pfefer TJ, Matchette LS, Bennett CL, Gall JA, Wilke JN, Durkin AJ, and Ediger MN. Reflectance-based determination of optical properties in highly attenuating tissue. J. Biomed. Opt., 8:206-215 (2003).
54. Arnfield MR, Tulip J, and McPhee MS. Optical propagation in tissue with anisotropic scattering. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 35:372-381 (1988).
55. Amelink A, Sterenborg HJ, Bard MP, and Burgers SA. In vivo measurement of the local optical properties of tissue by use of differential path-length spectroscopy. Opt. Lett., 29:1087-1089 (2004).
56. Alerstam E, Andersson-Engels S, and Svensson T. White Monte Carlo for time-resolved photon migration. J. Biomed. Opt., 13:041304 (2008).
57. Mourant JR, Fuselier T, Boyer J, Johnson TM, and Bigio IJ. Predictions and measurements of scattering and absorption over broad wavelength ranges in tissue phantoms. Appl. Opt., 36:949-957 (1997).
58. Reif R, A'amar O, and Bigio IJ. Analytical model of light reflectance for extraction of the optical properties in small volumes of turbid media. Appl. Opt., 46:7317-7328 (2007).
59. Amelink A and Sterenborg HJ. Measurement of the local optical properties of turbid media by differential path-length spectroscopy. Appl. Opt., 43:3048-3054 (2004).
60. Sun J, Fu K, Wang A, Lin A W H, Utzinger U, and Drezek R. Influence of fiber optic probe geometry on the applicability of inverse models of tissue reflectance spectroscopy: Computational models and experimental measurements. Appl. Opt., 45:8152-8162 (2006).
61. Landsman M L J, Kwant G, Mook GA, and Zijlstra WG. Light-absorbing properties, stability, and spectral stabilization of indocyanine green. J. Appl. Physiol., 40:575-583 (1976).
62. Srinivasan S, Pogue BW, Jiang S, Dehghani H, and Paulsen KD. Spectrally constrained chromophore and scattering near-infrared tomography provides quantitative and robust reconstruction. Appl. Opt., 44:1858-1869 (2005).
63. Bevilacqua F, Piguet D, Marquet P, Gross JD, Tromberg BJ, and Depeursinge C. In vivo local determination of tissue optical properties: Applications to human brain. Appl. Opt., 38:4939-4950 (1999).
64. Patterson MS, Moulton JD, Wilson BC, Berndt KW, and Lakowicz JR. Frequency-domain reflectance for the determination of the scattering and absorption properties of tissue. Appl. Opt., 30:4474-4476 (1991).
65. Madsen SJ, Wilson BC, Patterson MS, Park YD, Jacques SL, and Hefetz Y. Experimental tests of a simple diffusion model for the estimation of scattering and absorption coefficients of turbid media from time resolved diffuse reflectance measurements. Appl. Opt., 31:3509-3517 (1992).
66. Svensson T, Swartling J, Taroni P, Torricelli A, Lindblom P, Ingvar C, and Andersson-Engels S. Characterization of normal breast tissue heterogeneity using time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy. Phys. Med. Biol., 50:2559-2571 (2005).
67. Chernomordik V, Hattery DW, Grosenick D, Wabnitz H, Rinneberg H, Moesta KT, Schlag PM, and Gandjbakhche A. Quantification of optical properties of a breast tumor using random walk theory. J. Biomed. Opt., 7:80-87 (2002).
68. Martelli F, Del Bianco S, Zaccanti G, Pifferi A, Torricelli A, Bassi A, Taroni P, and Cubeddu R. Phantom validation and in vivo application of an inversion procedure for retrieving the optical properties of diffusive layered media from time-resolved reflectance measurements. Opt. Lett., 29:2037-2039 (2004).
69. Pifferi A, Swartling J, Chikoidze E, Torricelli A, Taroni P, Bassi A, Andersson-Engels S, and Cubeddu R. Spectroscopic time-resolved diffuse reflectance and transmittance measurements of the female breast at different interfiber distances. J. Biomed. Opt., 9:1143-1151 (2004).
70. Torricelli A, Pifferi A, Taroni P, Giambattistelli E, and Cubeddu R. In vivo optical characterization of human tissues from 610 to 1010 nm by time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy. Phys. Med. Biol., 46:2227-2237 (2001).
71. Martelli F, Sassaroli A, Del Bianco S, Yamada Y, and Zaccanti G. Solution of the timedependent diffusion equation for layered diffusive media by the eigenfunction method. Phys. Rev. E, 67:056623 (2003).
72. Kienle A and Glanzmann T. In vivo determination of the optical properties of muscle with time-resolved reflectance using a layered model. Phys. Med. Biol., 44:2689-2702 (1999).
73. Gurfinkel M, Pan T, and Sevick-Muraca EM. Determination of optical properties in semiinfinite turbid media using imaging measurements of frequency-domain photon migration obtained with an intensified charge-coupled device. J. Biomed. Opt., 9:1336-1346 (2004).
74. Bevilacqua F, Berger AJ, Cerussi AE, Jakubowski D, and Tromberg BJ. Broadband absorption spectroscopy in turbid media by combined frequency-domain and steady-state methods. Appl. Opt., 39:6498-6507 (2000).
75. Wilson BC, Patterson MS, and Pogue BW. Instrumentation for in-vivo tissue spectroscopy and imaging. Proc. SPIE 1892:132-147 (1993).
76. Pham TH, Spott T, Svaasand LO, and Tromberg BJ. Quantifying the properties of two-layer turbid media with frequency-domain diffuse reflectance. Appl. Opt., 39:4733-4745 (2000).
77. Fawzi YS, Youssef AB, El-Batanony MH, and Kadah YM. Determination of the optical properties of a two-layer tissue model by detecting photons migrating at progressively increasing depths. Appl. Opt., 42:6398-6411 (2003).
78. Dickey DJ, Moore RB, Rayner DC, and Tulip J. Light dosimetry using the P3 approximation. Phys. Med. Biol., 46:2359-2370 (2001).
79. Chin LC, Worthington AE, Whelan WM, and Vitkin IA. Determination of the optical properties of turbid media using relative interstitial radiance measurements: Monte Carlo study, experimental validation and sensitivity analysis. J. Biomed. Opt., 12:064027 (2007).
80. Arridge SR. Optical tomography in medical imaging. Inverse Problems 15:R41-R93 (1999).
81. Dehghani H, Pogue BW, Shudong J, Brooksby B, and Paulsen KD. Three-dimensional optical tomography: Resolution in small-object imaging. Appl. Opt., 42:3117-3128 (2003).
82. Yuan Z, Zhang Q, Sobel E, and Jiang H. Three-dimensional diffuse optical tomography of osteoarthritis: Initial results in the finger joints. J. Biomed. Opt., 12:034001 (2007).
83. Ntziachristos V, Ma X, and Chance B. Time-correlated single photon counting imager for simultaneous magnetic resonance and near-infrared mammography. Rev. Sci. Instr., 69:4221-4233 (1998).
84. McBride TO, Pogue BW, Jiang S, Osterberg UL, and Paulsen KD. A parallel-detection frequency-domain near-infrared tomography system for hemoglobin imaging of the breast in vivo. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72:1817-1824 (2001).
85. Hielscher AH. Optical tomographic imaging of small animals. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 16:79-88 (2005).
86. Van Veen RL, Amelink A, Menke-Pluymers M, Van Der Pol C, and Sterenborg HJ. Optical biopsy of breast tissue using differential path-length spectroscopy. Phys. Med. Biol., 50:2573-2581 (2005).
87. Van Staveren HG, Moes C J M, Van Marle J, Prahl SA, and Van Gemert M J C. Light scattering in Intralipid-10% in the wavelength range of 400-1100 nanometers. Appl. Opt., 30:4507-4514 (1991).
88. Dimofte A, Finlay JC, and Zhu TC. A method for determination of the absorption and scattering properties interstitially in turbid media. Phys. Med. Biol., 50:2291-311 (2005).
89. Bays R, Wagnieres G, Robert D, Braichotte D, Savary J-F, Monnier P, and Van Den Bergh H. Clinical determination of tissue optical properties by endoscopic spatially resolved reflectometry. Appl. Opt., 35:1756-1766 (1996).
90. Spinelli L, Torricelli A, Pifferi A, Taroni P, Danesini GM, and Cubeddu R. Bulk optical properties and tissue components in the female breast from multiwavelength time-resolved optical mammography. J. Biomed. Opt., 9:1137-1142 (2004).
91. Van Veen R L P, Sterenborg HJ, Marinelli, AW, and Menke-Pluymers M. Intraoperatively assessed optical properties of malignant and healthy breast tissue used to determine the optimum wavelength of contrast for optical mammography. J. Biomed. Opt., 9:1129-1136 (2004).
92. Zhu TC, Dimofte A, Finlay JC, Stripp D, Busch T, Miles J, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, Tochner Z, Glatstein E, and Hahn SM. Optical properties of human prostate at 732 nm measured in mediated photodynamic therapy. Photochem. Photobiol., 81:96-105 (2005).
93. Hornung R, Pham TH, Keefe KA, Berns MW, Tadir Y, and Tromberg BJ. Quantitative nearinfrared spectroscopy of cervical dysplasia in vivo. Hum. Reprod., 14:2908-2916 (1999).
94. Asgari S, Röhrborn HJ, Engelhorn T, and Stolke D. Intra-operative characterization of gliomas by near-infrared spectroscopy: Possible association with prognosis. Acta Neurochir. (Wien), 145:453-459 (2003).
95. Thueler P, Charvet I, Bevilacqua F, St Ghislain M, Ory G, Marquet P, Meda P, Vermeulen B, and Depeursinge C. In vivo endoscopic tissue diagnostics based on spectroscopic absorption, scattering, and phase function properties. J. Biomed. Opt., 8:495-503 (2003).
96. Prahl SA, Vitkin IA, Bruggemann U, and Wilson BC. Determination of optical properties of turbid media using pulsed photothermal radiometry. Phys. Med. Biol., 37:1203-1217 (1992).
97. Majaron B, Verkruysse W, Tanenbaum BS, Milner TE, and Nelson JS. Spectral variation of the infrared absorption coefficient in pulsed photothermal profiling of biological samples. Phys. Med. Biol., 47:1929-1946 (2002).
98. Anderson RR, Beck H, Bruggemann U, Farinelli W, Jacques SL, and Parrish JA. Pulsed photothermal radiometry in turbid media: Internal reflection of backscattered radiation strongly influences optical dosimetry. Appl. Opt., 28:2256-2262 (1989).
99. Nicolaides L, Chen Y, Mandelis A, and Vitkin IA. Theoretical, experimental, and computational aspects of optical property determination of turbid media by using frequency-domain laser infrared photothermal radiometry. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A Opt. Image. Sci. Vis., 18:2548-56 (2001).
100. Laufer JG, Beard PC, Walker SP, and Mills TN. Photothermal determination of optical coefficients of tissue phantoms using an optical fibre probe. Phys. Med. Biol., 46:2515-30 (2001).
101. Chen B. Experimental and modeling study of thermal response of skin and cornea to infrared wavelengths laser irradiation. Dissertation, University of Texas, Austin, December 2007.
102. Viator JA Choi B, Peavy GM, Kimel S, and Nelson JS. Spectra from 2.5-15 microm of tissue phantom materials, optical clearing agents and ex vivo human skin: Implications for depth profiling of human skin. Phys. Med. Biol., 48:N15-N24 (2003).
103. Huang YC, Ringold TL, Nelson JS, and Choi B. Noninvasive blood flow imaging for realtime feedback during laser therapy of port wine stain birthmarks. Lasers Surg. Med., 40:167-173 (2008).
104. Bernini U, Reccia R, Russo P, and Scala A. Quantitative photoacoustic spectroscopy of cateractous human lenses. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B4:407-417 (1990).
105. Helander P. Theoretical aspects of photoacoustic spectroscopy with light scattering samples. J. Appl. Phys., 54:3410-3414 (1987).
106. Zhao Z and Myllylä R. Measuring the optical parameters of weakly absorbing, highly turbid suspensions by a new technique: Photoacoustic detection of scattered light. Appl. Opt., 44:7845-7852 (2005).
107. Bernini U, Marotta M, Martino G, and Russo P. Spectrophotoacoustic method for quantitative estimation of haem protein content in wet tissue. Phys. Med. Biol., 36:391-396 (1991).
108. Gibson AP, Hebden JC, and Arridge SR. Recent advances in diffuse optical imaging. Phys. Med. Biol., 50:R1-R43 (2005).
109. Oraevsky AA, Jacques SL, and Tittel FK. Measurement of tissue optical properties by timeresolved detection of laser-induced transient stress. Appl. Opt., 36:402-415 (1997).
110. Esenaliev RO, Larin KV, Larina IV, Motamedi M, and Oraevsky AA. Optical properties of normal and coagulated tissues: Measurements using combination of optoacoustic and diffuse reflectance techniques. Proc. SPIE 3726:560-566 (1999).
111. Yang X and Wang LV. Photoacoustic tomography of a rat cerebral cortex with a ring-based ultrasonic virtual point detector. J. Biomed. Opt., 12:060507 (2007).
112. Song KH and Wang LV. Deep reflection-mode photoacoustic imaging of biological tissue. J. Biomed. Opt., 12:060503 (2007).
113. Wang X, Xie X, Ku G, and Wang LV. Noninvasive imaging of hemoglobin concentration and oxygenation in the rat brain using high-resolution photoacoustic tomography. J. Biomed. Opt., 11:024015 (2006).
114. Wang X, Pang Y, Ku G, Xie X, Stoica G, and Wang LV. Noninvasive laser-induced photoacoustic tomography for structural and functional in vivo imaging of the brain. Nat. Biotechnol., 21:803-806 (2003).
115. Zhang HF, Maslov K, and Sivaramakrishnan M. Imaging of hemoglobin oxygen saturation variations in single vessels in vivo using photoacoustic microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett., 90:053901 (2007).
116. Wilson BC. Measurement of tissue optical properties: Methods and theories. In: AJ Welch and MJC van Gemert (eds) Optical-thermal response of laser irradiated tissue. Plenum, New York (1995).