Principles of lasers

Principles of Lasers

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-620

  Svelto, Orazio ^a  

^a POLITECNICO DI MILANO   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84892193393     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1302-9     Document Type: Book

References (260)

1. R. Reiff, Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics, (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1965), Chap. 9
2. W. Heitler, The Quantum Theory of Radiation, 3rd edn.(Oxford University Press, London, 1953), Sect. II.9
3. J.A. Stratton, Electromagnetic Theory, 1st edn. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1941), pp. 431-438
4. R.H. Pantell and H.E. Puthoff, Fundamentals of Quantum Electronics, (Wiley, New York, 1964), Chap. 6
5. W. Louisell, Radiation and Noise in Quantum Electronics, (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1964), Chap. 6
6. H.A. Lorentz, The Theory of Electrons, 2nd edn. (Dover, New York 1952), Chap. III
7. A. Einstein, On the Quantum Theory of Radiation, Z. Phys. 18, 121 (1917)
8. Radiation and Noise in Quantum Electronics, (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1964), Chap. 5
9. H.G. Kuhn, Atomic Spectra, 2nd edn. (Longmans, Green, London 1969), Chap. VII
10. Radiationless Transitions, ed. by F.J. Fong (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1976) Chap. 4
11. C.K. Rhodes and A. Szoke, Gaseous Lasers: Atomic, Molecular, Ionic in Laser Handbook ed. by F.T. Arecchi and E.O. Schultz-DuBois (North Holland, Amsterdam 1972) Vol. 1 pp 265-324
12. J.B. Birks, Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules (Wiley-Interscience, New-York, 1970), Sect. 11.9
13. D.L. Dexter, J. Chem. Phys. 21, 836 (1953)
14. J.D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley, New York, 1975) Sect. 9.2
15. W.J. Miniscalco, Optical and Electronic Properties of Rare Earth Ions in Glasses, in Rare Earth Doped Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers ed. by M.J.F. Digonnet (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993), Chap. 2
16. T. Holstein, Imprisonment of Resonant Radiation in Gases, Phys. Rev. 72, 1212 (1947)
17. L.W. Casperson, Threshold Characteristics of Mirrorless Lasers, J. Appl. Phys. 48, 256 (1977)
18. R. Arrathoon, Helium-Neon Lasers and the Positive Column in Lasers ed. by A.K. Levine and A.J. DeMaria (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1976), Tab. 2
19. M.H. Dunn and J.N. Ross, The Argon Laser in Progress in Quantum Electronics, Vol. 4 ed. by J.H. Sanders and S. Stenholm (Pergamon Press, Oxford 1977), Tab. 2
20. W.F. Krupke, M.D. Shinn, J.E. Marion, J.A. Caird, S.E. Stokowski, Spectroscopic, Optical, and Thermomechanical Properties of Neodymium- and Chromium-Doped Gadolinium Scandium Gallium Garnet, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3, 102 (1986)
21. J.C. Walling, O.G. Peterson, J.P. Jennsen, R.C. Morris, and E.W. O'Dell, Tunable Alexandrite Lasers, IEEE J. Quant. Electr. QE-16, 1302 (1980)
22. G. Herzberg, Spectra of Diatomic Molecules (D. Van Nostrand Company, Princeton NJ, 1950).
23. G. Herzberg, Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure: Infrared and Raman Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules, (D. Van Nostrand Company, Princeton NJ, 1968), p. 122, Fig. 51.
24. G.B. Agrawal and N.K. Dutta, Long Wavelength Semiconductor Lasers (Chapman and Hall, New York, 1986).
25. C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Ed. (Wiley, New York, 1986)
26. R.H. Yan, S.W. Corzine, L.A. Coldren, and I Suemune, Correction for the Expression for Gain in GaAs, IEEE J. Quantum Electron QE-26, 213-216 (1990).
27. M.G. Bernard and G. Duraffourg, Laser Conditions in Semiconductors, Phys. Status Solidi 1, 699 (1961). 7. Ref. [3] Chap. 3
28. S.W. Corzine, R.H. Yan, and L.A. Coldren, Optical Gain in III-V Bulk and Quantum well Semiconductors, In: Quantum Well Lasers ed. by P.S. Zory (Academic, San Diego, CA, 1993) Chap. 1.
29. G.H.B. Thompson, Physics of Semiconductor Lasers Devices (Wiley, New York, 1980) sect. 2.5.2.
30. A. Yariv, Quantum Electronics third ed. (Wiley, New York, 1989) sect. 11.2
31. E. Kapon, Quantum Wire Semiconductor Lasers, In: Quantum Well Lasers, ed. by P.S. Zory (Academic, San Diego, CA, 1983) Chap. 10.
32. M. Asada, Y. Miyamoto, and Y. Suematsu, Gain and Threshold of Three-Dimensional Quantum-Box Lasers, IEEE J. Quantum Electron QE-22, 1915-1921 (1986).
33. P.K. Cheo, CO2 Lasers, In: Lasers Vol. 3, Eds. A.K. Levine and A. DeMaria (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1971).
34. H. Kogelnik, Propagation of Laser Beams, in Applied Optics and Optical Engineering, ed. by R. Shannon and J.C. Wynant (Academic Press, New York, 1979), Vol. II, pp. 156-190.
35. M. Born and E.Wolf, Principles of Optics, 6th edition (Pergamon, Oxford, 1980) Sect. 1.5.
36. E. Ritter, Coatings and Thin-Film Techniques, in Laser Handbook, ed. by F.T. Arecchi and E.O. Schultz-Dubois (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1972) Vol. 1, pp. 897-921.
37. Thin Films for Optical Systems, ed. by F. R. Flory (Marcel Dekker, New York 1995).
38. A.E. Siegman, Lasers (Oxford University Press, Oxford, U. K.), Chapt. 16.
39. H. Kogelnik ant T. Li, Laser Beams and Resonators, Appl. Opt. 5, 1550 (1966).
40. A.E. Siegman, Lasers (University Science Books, Mill Valley, California, 1986) sect. 14.2
41. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 6th ed. (Pergamon Press, London 1980) sect. 1.6.5
42. H. Kogelnik and T. Li, Laser Beams and Resonators, Appl. Opt. 5, 1550 (1966)
43. A.G. Fox and T. Li, Resonant Modes in a Maser Interferometer, Bell. Syst. Tech. J. 40, 453 (1961)
44. T. Li, Diffraction Loss and Selection of Modes in Maser Resonators with Circular Mirrors, Bell. Syst.Tech. J. 44, 917 (1965)
45. V. Magni, Resonators for Solid-State Lasers with Large-Volume Fundamental Mode and High Alignment Stability, Appl. Opt., 25, 107-117 (1986).
46. See also erratum Appl. Opt., 25, 2039 (1986)
47. W. Koechner, Solid-State Laser Engineering, Vol. 1, Springer Series in Optical Sciences, fourth edition (Springer, New York, 1996)
48. A.E. Siegman, Unstable Optical Resonators for Laser Applications, Proc. IEEE 53, 277-287 (1965)
49. D.B. Rensch and A.N. Chester, Iterative Diffraction Calculations of Transverse Mode Distributions in Confocal Unstable Laser Resonators, Appl. Opt. 12, 997 (1973)
50. A.E. Siegman, Stabilizing Output with Unstable Resonators, Laser Focus 7, 42 (1971)
51. H. Zucker, Optical Resonators with Variable Reflectivity Mirrors, Bell. Syst. Tech. J. 49, 2349 (1970)
52. A.N. Chester, Mode Selectivity and Mirror Misalignment Effects in Unstable Laser Resonators, Appl. Opt. 11, 2584 (1972)
53. S. De Silvestri, P. Laporta, V. Magni and O. Svelto, Solid-State Unstable Resonators with Tapered Reflectivity Mirrors: The super-Gaussian Approach, IEEE J. Quant. Electr. QE-24, 1172 (1988)
54. G. Cerullo et al., Diffraction-Limited Solid State Lasers with Supergaussian Mirror, In: OSA Proc. on Tunable Solid-State Lasers, Vol. 5 ed. by M. Shand and H. Jenssen (Optical Society of America, Washington 1989) pp. 378-384
55. P. Laporta, V. Magni, and O. Svelto, Comparative Study of the Optical Pump Efficiency in Solid-State Lasers, IEEE J: Quantum Electron. QE-21, 1211 (1985).
56. C.S.Willett, An Introduction to Gas Lasers: Population Inversion Mechanisms, (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1974).
57. W. Koechner, Solid-State Laser Engineering, Vol. 1, Springer Series in Optical Sciences, fourth edition (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1996) Chapter 6, Sect. 6.3.
58. P.P. Sorokin and J.R. Lankard, Stimulated Emission Observed by an Organic Dye, Chloro-Aluminum Phtalocyanine, IBM J. Res. Dev. 10, 162 (1966).
59. F.P. Schäfer, F.P.W. Schmidt, and J. Volze, Organic Dye Solution Laser, Appl. Phys. Lett. 9, 306 (1966).
60. J. Berger, D.F.Welch, D.R. Scifres,W. Streifer, and P. S. Cross, High power, High Efficient Neodymium:Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser End Pumped by a Laser Diode Array, Appl. Phys. Lett. 51, 1212 (1987).
61. W.A. Clarkson and D.C. Hanna, Two-mirror beam-shaping technique for high-power diode-bars, Opt. Lett. 21, 375 (1996).
62. R.J. Shine, A.J. Alfrey, and R.L. Byer, 40-W cw, TEM00-mode, Diode-Pumped, Nd:YAG Miniature-Slab Laser, Opt. Lett. 20, 459 (1995).
63. D. Golla, M. Bode, S. Knoke, W. Schöne, and A. Tünnermann, 62-W cw TEM00 Nd:YAG Laser Side-pumped by Fiber-coupled Diode Lasers, Opt. Lett. 21, 210 (1996).
64. G.J. Shultz, Vibrational Excitation of N2, CO and H2 by Electron Impact, Phys. Rev. 135A, 988 (1964)
65. J.J. Lowke, A.V. Phelps, and B.W. Irwin, Predicted Electron Transport Coefficients and Operating Characteristics of CO2-N2-He Laser Mixtures, J. Appl. Phys. 44, 4664 (1973).
66. C.C. Davis and T.A. King, Gaseous Ion Lasers, in Advances in Quantum Electronics, ed. by D.W. Goodwin (Academic Press, New York, 1975) Vol. 3, pp. 170-437.
67. T.Y. Fan and R.L. Byer, Diode Laser-Pumped Solid-State Lasers, IEEE J. Quantum Electr. QE-24, pp. 895-912 (1988)
68. T.Y. Fan, Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers, in Laser Sources and Applications, (SUSSP Publications and IOP Publications, 1996) pp. 163-193.
69. S.J. Hamlin, J.D. Myers, and M.J. Myers, Proc. SPIE 1419,100 (1991).
70. K. Kubodera, K. Otsuka, and S. Miyazawa, Stable LiNdP4O12 Miniature Laser, Appl. Opt. 18, pp. 884-890 (1979).
71. T.Y. Fan and R.L. Byer, Modeling and CW Operation of a Quasi-Three-Level 946 nm Nd:YAG Laser, IEEE J. Quantum Electr. QE-23, pp. 605-612 (1987).
72. H. Statz and G. de Mars, Transients and Oscillation Pulses in Masers, in Quantum Electronics, ed. by C.H. Townes (Columbia University Press, New York, 1960), pp. 530-537
73. R. Dunsmuir, Theory of Relaxation Oscillations in Optical Masers, J. Electron. Control 10, 453-458 (1961)
74. M. Sargent, M.O. Scully, and W.E. Lamb, Laser Physics (Addison-Wesley, London, 1974)
75. R. H. Pantell and H.E. Puthoff, Fundamentals of Quantum Electronics, (Wiley, New York, 1969), Chap. 6, Sect. 6.4.2
76. W.W. Rigrod, Saturation Effects in High-Gain Lasers, J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2487-2490 (1965)
77. L.W. Casperson, Laser Power Calculations: Sources of Error, Appl. Opt. 19, 422-431 (1980)
78. W. Koechner, Solid-State Laser Engineering, Vol. 1, Springer Series in Optical Sciences, fourth edition (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1996), Chap. 3, adapted from Fig. 3.21
79. D. Findlay and R. A. Clay, TheMeasurement of Internal Losses in 4-Level Lasers, Phys. Lett. 20, 277-278 (1966)
80. Private communication, Istituto di Ricerca per le Tecnologie Meccaniche, Vico Canavese, Torino
81. M. C. Fowler, Quantitative Analysis of the Dependence of CO2 Laser Performance on Electrical Discharge Properties, Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 175 (1971)
82. E. Hoag et al., Performance Characteristics of a 10kW Industrial CO2 Laser System, Appl. Opt. 13, 1959 (1974)
83. P. F. Moulton, An Investigation of the Co : MgF2 Laser System, IEEE J. Quant. Electr. QE-21, 1582-1588 (1985)
84. V. Evtuhov and A. E. Siegman, A Twisted-Mode Technique for Obtaining Axially Uniform Energy Density in a Laser Cavity, Appl. Opt. 4, 142-143 (1965)
85. J. Berger et al., 370mW, 1.06-m, cw TEM00 Output from a Nd:YAG Laser Rod End-Pumped by a Monolithic Diode Array, Electr. Lett. 23, 669-670 (1987)
86. W. P. Risk, Modeling of Longitudinally Pumped Solid-State-Lasers Exhibiting Reabsorption Losses, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 5, 1412-1423 (1988)
87. T. Y. Fan and R. L. Byer, Modeling and CW Operation of a Quasi-Three-Level 946 nm Nd:YAG Laser, IEEE J. Quant. Electr. QE-23, 605-612 (1987)
88. P. Lacovara et al., Room-Temperature Diode-Pumped Yb:YAG Laser, Opt. Lett. 16, 1089-1091 (1991)
89. A. Yariv, Energy and Power Considerations in Injection and Optically Pumped Lasers, Proc. IEEE 51, 1723-1731 (1963)
90. C. L. Tang, H. Statz, and G. de Mars, Spectral Output and Spiking Behavior of Solid-State Lasers, J. Appl. Phys. 34, 2289-2295 (1963)
91. T. J. Kane and R. L. Byer, Monolithic, Unidirectional Single-Mode Nd:YAG Ring Laser, Opt. Lett. 10, 65 (1985)
92. A. E. Siegman, Lasers (University Science Books, Hill Valley, California, 1986), Chap. 12, Sect. 12.2
93. A. Yariv, Optical Electronics (Saunders College Publishing, Forth Worth, 1991), Sect. 10.7
94. A. L. Schawlow and C. H. Townes, Infrared and Optical Masers, Phys. Rev. 112, 1940-1949 (1958)
95. C. H. Henry, Theory of Linewidth of Semiconductor Lasers, IEEE J. Quant. Electr. QE-18, 259 (1982)
96. T. Day, E. K. Gustafson, and R. L. Byer, Sub-Hertz Relative Frequency Stabilization of Two Diode Laser Pumped Nd:YAG Lasers Locked to a Fabry-Perot Interferometer, IEEE J. Quant. Electr. QE-28, 1106 (1992)
97. D. K. Owens and R. Weiss, Measurement of the Phase Fluctuation in a He-Ne Zeeman Laser, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1060 (1974)
98. W. Demtröder, Laser Spectroscopy, Second Edition (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1996) Chap. 7
99. R. W. T. Drever, et al., Laser Phase and Frequency Stabilization using an Optical Resonator, Appl. Phys. B 31, 97-105 (1983)
100. N. Uekara and K. Ueda, 193-mHz Beat Linewidth of Frequency Stabilized Laser-Diode-Pumped Nd:YAG Ring Lasers, Opt. Lett. 18, 505 (1993)
101. Introduction to Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers, LIGHTWAVE Electronics Corp. Techn. Information N. 1 (1993)
102. K. Otsuka, Winner-Takes-All and Antiphase States in Multimode Lasers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1090-1093 (1991)
103. G. P. Agrawal and N. K. Dutta, Long-Wavelength Semiconductor Lasers, (Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1986), Fig. 6.11, by permission.
104. D. Golla et al., 62-W CWTEM00 Mode Nd:YAG Laser Side-Pumped by Fiber-Coupled Diode-Lasers, Opt. Lett. 21, 210-212 (1996)
105. H. Statz and G. de Mars, Transients and Oscillation Pulses in Masers, in Quantum Electronics, ed. C. H. Townes (Columbia University Press, New York 1960) p. 530.
106. R. Dunsmuir, Theory of Relaxation Oscillations in Optical Masers, J. Electron. Control, 10, 453-458 (1961).
107. D. F. Nelson and W. S. Boyle, A Continuously Operating Ruby Optical Maser, Appl. Optics, 1, 181 (1962).
108. N. B. Abraham, P. Mandel, and L. M. Narducci, Dynamical Instabilities and Pulsations in Lasers, in Progress in Optics, Vol. XXV, ed. by E. Wolf (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1988), pp 3-167.
109. M. Sargent, M. O. Scully, and W. E. Lamb, Laser Physics (Addison-Wesley, London, 1974).
110. C. L. Tang, H. Statz, and G. de Mars, Spectral Output and Spiking Behavior of Solid-State Lasers, J. Appl. Phys. 34, 2289-2295 (1963).
111. K. Otsuka et al., Alternate Time Scale in Multimode Lasers, Phys. Rev., 46, 1692-1695 (1992).
112. R. W. Hellwarth, Control of Fluorescent Pulsations, in Advances in Quantum Electronics ed. by J. R. Singer (Columbia University Press, New York, 1961), pp 334-341.
113. W. Koechner, Solid-State Laser Engineering, Fourth Edition, Springer Series in Optical Sciences (Springer- Verlag, Berlin, 1996) Chap. 8.
114. A. Yariv, Optical Electronics, fourth ed. (Saunders College Publ., Fort Worth, 1991), Chap. 12.
115. W. R. Sooy, The Natural Selection of Modes in a Passive Q-Switched Laser, Appl. Phys. Lett. 7, 36-37 (1965).
116. W. G. Wagner and B. A. Lengyel, Evolution of the Giant Pulse in a Laser, J. Appl. Phys. 34, 2040-2046 (1963).
117. W. Koechner, Solid-State Laser Engineering, Vol. 1, Springer Series in Optical Sciences (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1976) Chap. 11, adapted from Fig. 11.23.
118. L. W. Casperson, Analytical Modeling of Gain-Switched Lasers. I. Laser Oscillators, J. Appl. Phys., 47, 4555-4562 (1976).
119. A. E. Siegman, Lasers, (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986) Chap. 27 and 28.
120. D.J. Kuizenga and A.E. Siegman, FM and AM Mode Locking of the Homogenous Laser-Part I: Theory, IEEE J. Quantum Electr. QE-6, 694-708 (1970).
121. H. Haus, A Theory of Forced Mode-Locking, IEEE J. Quantum Electr., QE-11, 323-330 (1975).
122. H. Haus, Theory of Mode Locking with a Fast Saturable Absorber, J. Appl. Phys., 46, 3049-3058 (1975).
123. U. Keller, Ulrafast All-Solid-State Laser Technology, Appl. Phys. B, 58, 347-363 (1994).
124. D. E. Spence, P. N. Kean, W. Sibbett, 60-fs Pulse Generation from a Self-mode-Locked Ti:Sapphire Laser, Opt. Letters, 16, 42-44 (1991).
125. M. Piché, Beam Reshaping and Self-Mode-Locking in Nonlinear Laser Resonators, Opt. Commun., 86, 156-158 (1991).
126. G. H. C. New, Pulse Evolution in Mode-Locked Quasi-Continuous Lasers, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-10, 115-124 (1974).
127. G. P. Agrawaal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, second edition (Academic Press, San Diego 1995) Section 3.3.
128. R. L. Fork, O. E. Martinez, and J. P. Gordon, Negative Dispersion Using Pairs of Prisms, Opt. Letters, 9, 150-152 (1984).
129. R. Szipöcs, K. Ferencz, C. Spielmann, F. Krausz, Chirped Multilayer Coatings for Broadband Dispersion Control in Femtosecond Lasers, Opt. Letters, 19, 201-203 (1994).
130. H. A. Haus, J. G. Fujimoto, E. P. Ippen, Structures for Additive Pulse Mode Locking, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 8, 2068-2076 (1991).
131. C. Spielmann, P. F. Curley, T. Brabec, F. Krausz, Ultrabroadband Femtosecond Lasers, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-30, 1100-1114 (1994).
132. J. A. Valdmanis, R. L. Fork, J. P. Gordon, Generation of Optical Pulses as Short as 27 Femtosecond Directly from a Laser Balancing Self-Phase Modulation, Group-Velocity Dispersion, Saturable Absorption, and Gain Saturation, Opt. Letters, 10, 131-133 (1985).
133. U. Keller et al., Semiconductor Saturable Absorber Mirrors (SESAMs) for Femtosecond to Nanosecond Pulse Generation in Solid-State Lasers, J. Select. Topics Quantum Electronics, Dec 1996.
134. H. A. Haus, Parameter Ranges for cw Passive Modelocking, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-12, 169-176 (1976).
135. F. X. Kärtner et al., Control of Solid-State Laser Dynamics by Semiconductor Devices, Opt. Engineering, 34, 2024-2036 (1995).
136. R. L. Fork, I. Greene, and C. V. Shank, Generation of Optical Pulses Shorter than 0.1 ps by Colliding Pulse Mode Locking, Appl. Phys. Letters, 38, 671-672, (1991).
137. G. Cerullo, S. De Silvestri, V. Magni, Self-Starting Kerr LensMode-Locking of a Ti:Sapphire Laser, Opt. Letters, 19, 1040-1042 (1994).
138. A. Stingl, M. Lenzner, Ch. Spielmann, F. Krausz, R. Szipöcs, Sub-10-fs Mirror-Controlled Ti:Sapphire Laser, Opt. Letters, 20, 602-604 (1995).
139. I. D. Jung et al., Self-Starting 6.5-fs Pulses from a Ti:Sapphire Laser, Opt. Letters, 22, 1009-1011 (1997)
140. A. A. Kaminski, Crystalline Lasers: Physical Processes and Operating Schemes, (CRC Press Inc. Boca Raton, FL 1996)
141. T. H. Maiman, Stimulated Optical Radiation in Ruby Masers, Nature, 187, 493 (1960)
142. T. H. Maiman, Optical Maser Action in Ruby, Brit. Commun. Electron., 7, 674 (1960)
143. W. Koechner, Solid-State Laser Engineering, fourth edition (Springer Berlin 1996), Sects. 2.2 and 3.6.1.
144. E. Snitzer and G.C. Young, Glass Lasers, in Lasers, ed. by A. K. Levine (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1968), Vol. 2, Chap. 2
145. T. Y. Fan, Diode-Pumped Solid State Lasers, in Laser Sources and Applications, ed. by A. Miller and D. M. Finlayson (Institute of Physics, Bristol, 1996) pp 163-193
146. P. Lacovara et al., Room-Temperature Diode-Pumped Yb:YAG Laser, Opt. Lett., 16, 1089-1091 (1991)
147. H. Bruesselbach and D. S. Sumida, 69-W-average-power Yb:YAG Laser, Opt. Lett., 21, 480-482 (1996)
148. G. Huber, Solid-State Laser Materials, in Laser Sources and Applications, ed. by A. Miller and D. M. Finlayson (Institute of Physics, Bristol, 1996) pp. 141-162
149. E. V. Zharikov et al., Sov. J. Quantum Electron., 4, 1039 (1975)
150. S. J. Hamlin, J. D. Myers, and M. J. Myers, High Repetition Rate Q-Switched Erbium Glass Lasers, in Eyesafe Lasers: Components, Systems, and Applications ed. by A. M. Johnson, SPIE, 1419, 100-104 (1991)
151. S. Taccheo, P. Laporta, S. Longhi, O. Svelto, C. Svelto, Diode-Pumped Bulk Erbium-Ytterbium Lasers, Appl. Phys., B63, 425-436 (1996)
152. D. Sliney and M. Wolbarsht, Safety with Lasers and other Optical Sources (Plenum Press, New York 1980)
153. T. Y. Fan, G. Huber, R. L. Byer, and P. Mitzscherlich, Spectroscopy and Diode Laser-Pumped Operation of Tm, Ho:YAG, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-24, 924-933 (1988)
154. D. C. Hanna, Fibre Lasers, in Laser Sources and Applications, ed. by A. Miller and D. M. Finlayson (Institute of Physics, Bristol, 1996) pp. 195-208
155. E. Snitzer, Optical Maser Action on Nd3C in a Barium Crown Glass, Phys. Rev. Lett., 7, 444-446 (1961)
156. J. C. Walling, O.G. Peterson, H. P. Jenssen, R. C. Morris, and E. W. O'Dell, Tunable Alexandrite Lasers, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-16, 1302-1315 (1980)
157. L. F. Mollenauer, Color Center Lasers, in Laser Handbook, ed. by M.L. Stitch and M. Bass (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1985), Vol. 4, pp. 143-228
158. P. F. Moulton, Spectroscopy and Laser Characteristics of Ti : Al2O3, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 3, 125-132 (1986)
159. Günther Huber, Solid-State Laser Materials: Basic Properties and New Developments, in Solid State Lasers: New Developments and Applications, ed. by M. Inguscio and R. Wallenstein (Plenum Press New York 1993) pp. 67-81
160. P. Albers, E. Stark, and G. Huber, Continuous-wave Laser Operation and Quantum Efficiency of Titanium-Doped Sapphire, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 3, 134-139 (1986)
161. S. A. Payne, L. L. Chase, L. K. Smith,W. L.Kway, and H. W.Newkirk, Laser Performance of LiSrAlF6 : Cr3C, J. Appl. Phys., 66, 1051-1055 (1989)
162. S. A. Payne, L. L. Chase, H. W. Newkirk, L. K. Smith, and W. F. Krupke, LiCaAlF6 : Cr3C: A Promising New Solid-State Laser Material, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-24, 2243-2252 (1988)
163. Dye Lasers, second edition., ed. by F. P. Schäfer (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1977)
164. H. D. Försterling and H. Kuhn, Physikalische Chemie in Experimenten, Ein Praktikum, (Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1971)
165. J. T. Verdeyen, Laser Electronics, third edition (Prentice-Hall International Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1995) Fig. 10.19
166. P. P. Sorokin and J. R. Lankard, Stimulated Emission Observed from an Organic Dye, Chloro-Aluminum Phthalocyanine, IBM J. Res. Dev., 10, 162 (1966)
167. F. P. Schäfer, F. P. W. Schmidth, and J. Volze, Organic Dye Solution Laser, Appl. Phys. Lett., 9, 306-308 (1966)
168. Semiconductor Lasers: Past, Present, Future ed. by G. P. Agrawal (AIP Press, Woodbury, New York 1995).
169. G. P. Agrawal and N.K. Dutta, Long Wavelength Semiconductor Lasers (Chapman and Hall, New York, 1986).
170. J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, A. Y. Cho, Science, 264, 553 (1994)
171. N. G. Basov, O. N. Krokhin, and Y. M. Popov, Production of Negative Temperature States in p-n Junctions of Degenerate Semiconductors, J. Exp. Theoret. Phys., 40, 1320 (1961)
172. R. N. Hall, G. E. Fenner, J. D. Kinhsley, F. H. Dills, and G. Lasher, Coherent Light Emission from GaAs Junctions, Phys. Rev. Lett., 9, 366-368 (1962)
173. M. I. Nathan, W. P. Dumke, G. Burns, F. H. Dills, and G. Lasher, Stimulated Emission of Radiation from GaAs p-n Junction, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1, 62 (1962)
174. N. Holonyak, Jr. and S. F. Bevacqua, Coherent (Visible) Light Emission from Ga.As1-xPx/Junctions, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1, 82 (1962)
175. T. M. Quist, R. J. Keyes, W. E. Krag, B. Lax, A. L. McWhorter, R. H. Rediker, and H. J. Zeiger, Semiconductor Maser of GaAs, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1, 91 (1962)
176. Z. I. Alferov, V. M. Andreev, V. I. Korolkov, E. L. Portnoi, and D. N. Tretyakov, Coherent Radiation of Epitaxial Heterjunction Structures in the AlAs-GaAs System, Soviet. Phys. Semicond., 2, 1289 (1969)
177. I. Hayashi, M. B. Panish, and P.W. Foy, A Low-Threshold Room-Temperature Injection Laser, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-5, 211 (1969)
178. H. Kressel and H. Nelson, Close Confinment Gallium Arsenide p-n Junction Laser with reduced Optical Losses at Room Temperature, RCA Rev., 30, 106 (1969)
179. N. Chinone, H. Nakashima, I. Ikushima, and R. Ito, Semiconductor Lasers with a Thin Active Layer .> 0.1-m/ for Optical Communications, Appl. Opt., 17, 311-315 (1978)
180. D. Botez, Analytical Approximation of the Radiation Confinement Factor for the TE0 Mode of a Double Heterojunction Laser, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-14, 230-232 (1978)
181. Quantum Well Lasers, ed. by Peter S. Zory (Academic Press, Boston 1993)
182. J. J. Coleman, Quantum-Well Heterostructure Lasers, in Semiconductor Lasers: Past, Present, Future ed. by G. P. Agrawal (AIP Press, Woodbury, New York 1995) Fig. 1.6.
183. H. Kogelnik and C. V. Shank, Stimulated Emission in a Periodic Structure, Appl. Phys. Lett., 18, 152-154 (1971)
184. N. Chinone and M. Okai, Distributed Feed-Back Semiconductor Lasers, in Semiconductor Lasers: Past, Present, Future ed. by G. P. Agrawal (AIP Press, Woodbury, New York 1995), Chap. 2, pp. 28-70.
185. H. A. Haus and C. V. Shank, Antisymmetric Taper of Distributed Feedback Lasers, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-12, 532 (1976)
186. C. J. Chang-Hasnain, Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers, in Semiconductor Lasers: Past, Present, Future ed. by G. P. Agrawal (AIP Press, Woodbury, New York 1995), Chap. 4, pp. 110-144.
187. C. J. Chang-Hasnain, J. P. Harbison, C.-H. Zah, M. W. Maeda, L. T. Florenz, N. G. Stoffel, and T.-P. Lee, Multiple Wavelength Tunable Surface-Emitting Laser Array, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-27, 1368 (1991)
188. G.-I. Hatakoshi, Visible Semiconductor Lasers, in Semiconductor Lasers: Past, Present, Future ed. by G. P. Agrawal (AIP Press, Woodbury, New York 1995), Chap. 6, pp. 181-207
189. S. Nakamura et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 35, L74 (1994)
190. R. Arrathoon, Helium-Neon Lasers and the Positive Column, in Lasers, ed. by A. K. Levine and A. J. De Maria (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1976), Vol. 4, Chap. 3.
191. W. B. Bridges, Atomic and Ionic Gas Lasers, in Methods of Experimental Physics, ed. by C. L. Tang (Academic, New York, 1979), Vol. 15, pp. 33-151.
192. A. Javan, W. R. Bennett, and D. H. Herriott, Population Inversion and Continuous Optical Maser Oscillation in a Gas Discharge Containing a He-Ne Mixture, Phys. Rev. Lett., 6, 106 (1961).
193. C. E.Webb,Metal Vapor Lasers: Recent Advances and Applications, in Gas Flow and Chemical Lasers, Springer Proceedings in Physics N. 15, ed. by S. Rosenwork (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1987), pp. 481-494.
194. C. C. Davis and T. A. King, Gaseous Ion Lasers, in Advances in Quantum Electronics, ed. by D. W. Goodwin (Academic, New York, 1975), Vol. 3, pp. 170-437.
195. D. H. Dunn and J. N. Ross, The Argon Ion Laser, in Progress in Quantum Electronics, ed. by J. H. Sanders and S. Stenholm (Pergamon, London, 1977), Vol. 4, pp. 233-270.
196. W. B. Bridges, Laser Oscillation in Singly Ionized Argon in the Visible Spectrum, Appl. Phys. Letters 4, 128 (1964).
197. P. K. Cheo, CO2 Lasers, in Lasers, ed. by A. K. Levine and A. J. De Maria (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1971), Vol. 3, Chap. 2.
198. A. J. De Maria, Review of High-Power CO2 Lasers, in Principles of Laser Plasmas, ed. by G. Bekefi (Wiley- Interscience, New York, 1976), Chap. 8.
199. C. K. N. Patel,W. L. Faust, and R. A.Mc Farlane, CWLaser Action on Rotational Transitions of the ̇C u !̇C g Vibrational Band of CO2, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 9, 500 (1964).
200. D. R. Hall and C. A. Hill, Radiofrequency-Discharge-Excited CO2 Lasers, in Handbook of Molecular Lasers ed. by P. Cheo (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1987) Chapt. 3.
201. K. M. Abramski, A. D. Colley, H. J. Baker, and D. R. Hall, Power Scaling of Large-Area Transverse Radiofrequency Discharge CO2 Lasers, Appl. Phys. Letters, 54, 1833-1835 (1989).
202. P. E. Jackson, H. J. Baker, and D. R. Hall, CO2 Large-Area Discharge Laser Using an Unstable-Waveguide Hybrid Resonator, Appl. Phys. Letters, 54, 1950-1952 (1989).
203. R. E. Center, High-Power, Efficient Electrically-Excited CO Laser, in Laser Handbook, ed. by M. L. Stitch (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1979), Vol. 3, pp. 89-133.
204. C. S.Willet, An Introduction to Gas Lasers: Population Inversion Mechanisms (Pergamon-Press, Oxford, 1974), Secs. 6.2.1 and 6.2.3.
205. N. G. Basov, V. A. Danilychev, and Yu.M. Popov, Stimulated Emission in the Vacuum Ultraviolet Region, Soviet J. Quantum Electron., 1, 18 (1971).
206. J. J. Ewing, Excimer Lasers, in Laser Handbook, ed. by M. L. Stitch (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1979), Vol. 3, pp. 135-197.
207. A. N. Chester, Chemical Lasers, in High-Power Gas Lasers, ed. by E. R. Pike (The Institute of Physics, Bristol and London, 1975), pp. 162-221.
208. C. J. Ultee, Chemical and Gas-Dynamic Lasers, in Laser Handbook, ed. by M. L. Stitch and M. Bass (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1985), Vol. 3, pp. 199-287.
209. G. Dattoli and R. Renieri, Experimental and Theoretical Aspects of the Free-Electron Lasers, in Laser Handbook, ed. by M. L. Stitch (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1979), Vol. 4, pp. 1-142.
210. D. A. G. Deacon, L. R. Elias, J. M. J. Madey, G. J. Ramian, H. A. Schwettman, and T. I. Smith, First Operation of a Free-Electron Laser, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 892 (1977).
211. R. C. Elton, X-Ray Lasers (Acedemic, Boston 1990).
212. D. L. Matthews et al., Demonstration of a Soft X-ray Amplifier, Phys. Rev Lett. 54, 110 (1985).
213. X-Ray Lasers 1996, ed. by S. Svanberg and C. G. Wahlstrom, Institute of Physics Conference Series N. 151 (Institute of Physics, Bristol 1996).
214. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 6th edn. (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980), pp. 491-544.
215. W. H. Louisell, Radiation and Noise in Quantum Electronics (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1964), pp. 47-53.
216. A. Jeffrey, Handbook of Mathematical Formulas and Integrals (Academic, San Diego 1995) p. 244.
217. J. W. Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968).
218. A. E. Siegman, Defining and Measuring Laser Beam Quality, in Solid-State Lasers-New Developments and Applications, ed. by M. Inguscio and R. Wallenstein (Plenum, New York, 1993) pp. 13-28.
219. Laser Speckle and Related Phenomena, ed. by J. C. Dainty (Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1975).
220. M. Françon, Laser Speckle and Applications in Optics (Academic, New York, 1979).
221. R. J. Glauber, Optical Coherence and Photon Statistics, in Quantum Optics and Electronics, ed. by C. De Witt, A. Blandin, and C. Cohen-Tannoudji (Gordon and Breach, New York, 1965), pp. 71, 94-98, 103, 151-155.
222. R. W. Boyd, Nonlinear Optics (Academic Press, New York, 1992).
223. A. Yariv, Optical Electronics fourth edn. (Holt Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1991), Chaps. 9 and 12.
224. O. Svelto, Self-Focusing, Self-Steepening and Self-Phase-Modulation of Laser Beams, in Progress in Optics, ed. by E.Wolf (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1974), Vol. XII, pp. 3-50.
225. A. E. Siegman, New Developments in Laser Resonators, in Laser Resonators ed. by D. A. Holmes, Proc. SPIE, 1224, 2-14 (1990).
226. A. E. Siegman, Defining and Measuring Laser Beam Quality, in Solid State Lasers-New Develpments and Applications, ed. by M. Inguscio and R. Wallenstein (Plenum, New York 1993) pp 13-28.
227. L. M. Franz and J. S. Nodvick, Theory of Pulse Propagation in a Laser Amplifier, J. Appl. Phys., 34, 2346-2349 (1963).
228. P. G. Kriukov and V. S. Letokhov, Techniques of High-Power Light-Pulse Amplification, in Laser Handbook, ed. by F. T. Arecchi and E. O. Schultz-Dubois (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1972), Vol. l, pp. 561-595.
229. W. Koechner, Solid-State Laser Engineering, fourth edn. (Springer, Berlin 1996), Chap. 4.
230. D. Strickland and G. Mourou, Compression of Amplified Chirped Optical Pulses, Opt. Commun., 56, 219-221 (1985).
231. G. Mourou, The Ultra-High-Peak-Power Laser: Present and Future, Appl. Phys. B, 65, 205-211 (1997).
232. M. D. Perry et al., The Petawatt Laser and its Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion, CLEO '96 Conference Digest (Optical Society of America, Whashington) paper CWI4.
233. Proceedings of the International Conference on Superstrong Fields in Plasmas, ed. by M. Lontano, G. Mourou, F. Pegoraro, and E. Sindoni (American Institute of Physics Series, New York 1998).
234. R. J. Mears, L. Reekie, I. M. Jauncey, and D. N. Payne, Low Noise Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier at 1.54-m, Electron. Lett., 23, 1026-1028 (1987).
235. Emmanuel Desurvire, Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1994).
236. R. L. Byer, Optical Parametric Oscillators, in Quantum Electronics, ed. by H. Rabin and C. L. Tang (Academic, New York, 1975), Vol. 1, Part B, pp. 588-694.
237. P. A. Franken, A. E. Hill, C. W. Peters, and G. Weinreich, Generation of Optical Harmonics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 7, 118 (l961).
238. J. A. Giordmaine and R. C. Miller, Tunable Optical Parametric Oscillation in LiNbO3 at Optical Frequencies, Phys. Rev. Lett. 14, 973 (1965).
239. J. A. Giordmaine, Mixing of Light Beams in Crystals, Phys. Rev. Lett. 8, 19 (1962).
240. P. D. Maker, R. W. Terhune, M. Nisenhoff, and C. M. Savage, Effects of Dispersion and Focusing on the Production of Optical Harmonics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 8, 21 (l962).
241. F. Zernike and J. E. Midwinter, Applied Nonlinear Optics (Wiley, New York, 1973), Sec. 3.7.
242. D. Grischkowsky and A. C. Balant, Optical Pulse Compression Based on Enhanced Frequency Chirping, Appl. Phys. Lett. 41, 1 (1982).
243. G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, second edn. (Academic, San Diego, 1995) Chapter 2.
244. E. B. Treacy, Optical Pulse Compression with Diffraction Gratings, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-5, 454 (1969).
245. R. L. Fork et al., Compression of Optical Pulses to Six Femtosecond by Using Cubic Phase Compensation, Opt. Lett., 12, 483-485 (1987).
246. M. Nisoli, S. De Silvestri and O. Svelto, Generation of High Energy 10 fs Pulses by a New Compression Technique, Appl. Phys. Letters, 68, 2793-2795 (1996).
247. R. Szipöcs, K. Ferencz, C. Spielmann, F. Krausz, Chirped Multilayer Coatings for Broadband Dispersion Control in Femtosecond Lasers, Opt. Letters, 19, 201-203 (1994).
248. M. Nisoli et al., Compression of High-Energy Laser Pulses below 5 fs, Opt. Letters, 22, 522-524 (1997).
249. M. Pessot, P. Maine and G. Mourou, 1000 Times Expansion-Compression Optical Pulses for Chirped Pulse Amplification, Opt. Comm., 62, 419-421 (1987).
250. O. E. Martinez, 3000 Times Grating Compressor with Positive Group Velocity Dispersion: Application to Fiber Compensation in 1.3-1.6-m Region, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-23, 59-64 (1987).
251. B. E. Lemoff and C. P. J. Barty, Quintic-Phase-Limited, Spatially Uniform Expansion and Recompression of Ultrashort Optical Pulse, Opt. Letters, 18, 1651-1653 (1993).
252. Detao Du et al., Terawatt Ti:Sapphire Laser with a Spherical Reflective-Optic Pulse Expander, Opt. Letters, 20, 2114-2116 (1995).
253. L.W. Casperson, Threshold Characteristics of Mirrorless Lasers, J. Appl. Phys. 48, 256 (1977)
254. O. Svelto, S. Taccheo, and C. Svelto, Analysis of Amplified Spontaneous Emission: Some Corrections to the Lindford Formula, Opt. Comm. 149, 277-282 (1998)
255. D. J. Kuizenga and A. E. Siegman, FM and AM Mode Locking of the Homogeneous Laser- Part I: Theory, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-6, 694-708 (1970).
256. H. A. Haus, A Theory of Forced Mode-Locking, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-11, 323-330 (1975).
257. H. A. Haus, Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics, Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewoods Clifts, 1984, Section 9.3.
258. A. E. Siegman, Lasers (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986) Sec. 7.4.
259. H. A. Haus, Theory of Mode-Locking with a Fast Saturable Absorber, J. Appl. Phys., 46, 3049-3058 (1975).
260. Hermann A. Haus, Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics, Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewoods Clifts, 1984, Sect. 6.6