Flight distance of mosquitoes (Culicidae): A metadata analysis to support the management of barrier zones around rewetted and newly constructed wetlands

Limnologica

Volumn 45, Issue , 2014, Pages 69-79

  Verdonschot, Piet F M ^a,b   Besse Lototskaya, Anna A ^a  

^a WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Barrier zone; Culicidae; Dispersal; Flight distance; Migration; Mosquito; Mosquito management; Non oriented flight; Nuisance

Indexed keywords

BREEDING SITE; CONSTRUCTED WETLAND; DISPERSAL; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; FLIGHT ACTIVITY; MOSQUITO; PHYSIOLOGY; POPULATION DENSITY; POPULATION MIGRATION; PREFERENCE BEHAVIOR; REWETTING; WETLAND MANAGEMENT;

EID: 84892146125     PISSN: 00759511     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.limno.2013.11.002     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. Achee N.L., Grieco J.P., Andre R.G., Rejmankova E., Roberts D.R. A mark-release-recapture study using a novel portable hut design to define the flight behavior of Anopheles darlingi in Belize, Central America. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 2005, 21:366-379.
2. Achee N.L., Grieco J.P., Andre R.G., Rejmankova E., Roberts D.R. A mark-release-recapture study to define the flight behaviors of Anopheles vestitipennis and Anopheles albimanus in Belize, Central America. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 2007, 23:276-282.
3. Allan S.A. Visual ecology of biting flies. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 1987, 32:297-316.
4. Asahina S. Transoceanic flight of mosquitoes on the northwest Pacific. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 1970, 23:255-258.
5. Bailey S.F., Eliason D.A., Hoffmann B.L. Flight and dispersal of the mosquito Culex tarsalis Coquillett in the Sacramento Valley of California. Hilgardia 1965, 37:73-113.
6. Becker N., Petric D., Zgomba M., Boase C., Madon M., Dahl C., Kaiser A. Mosquitoes and Their Control 2010, 577. Springer, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, New York.
7. Bell J.R., Bohan D.A., Shaw E.M., Weyman G.S. Ballooning dispersal using silk: world fauna, phylogenies, genetics and models. Bull. Entomol. Res. 2005, 95:69-114.
8. Bidlingmayer W.L. The effect of moonlight on the flight activity of mosquitoes. Ecology 1964, 45:87-94.
9. Bidlingmayer W.L. Mosquito flight paths in relation to the environment. I. Illumination levels, orientation, and resting areas. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1971, 64:1121-1131.
10. Bidlingmayer W.L. Mosquito flight paths in relation to the environment. Effect of vertical and horizontal visual barriers. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1975, 68:51-57.
11. Bidlingmayer W.L. The measurement of adult mosquito population changes -some considerations. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 1985, 1:328-348.
12. Bidlingmayer W.L., Day J.F., Evans D.G. Effect of wind velocity on suction trap catches of some Florida mosquitoes. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 1995, 11:295-301.
13. Bidlingmayer W.L., Evans D.G. The distribution of female mosquitoes about a flight barrier. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 1987, 3:369-377.
14. Bidlingmayer W.L., Evans D.G., Hansen C.H. Preliminary study of the effects of wind velocities and wind shadows upon suction trap catches of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 1985, 22:295-302.
15. Briegel H., Knüsel I., Timmermann S.E. Aedes aegypti: size, reserves, survival, and flight potential. J. Vector Ecol. 2001, 26:21-31.
16. Bruce-Chwat LtJ. Essential Malariology 1985, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 452 pp.
17. Bryan J.H., Foley D.H., Geary M., Carven C.T.J. Anopheles annulipes (Walker) Diptera Culicidae) at Griffith, New South Wales. 3. Dispersal of two sibling Species. J. Aust. Ent. Soc. 1991, 30:119-121.
18. Bryan J.H., O'Donnell M.S., Berry G., Carvan T. Dispersal of adult female Culex annulirostris in Griffith, New South Wales, Australia: a further study. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 1992, 8:398-403.
19. Burkot T.R. Non-random host selection by anopheline mosquitoes. Parasit. Tod. 1988, 4:156-162.
20. Carrieri M., Bellini R., Maccaferri S., Gallo L., Maini S., Celli G. Tolerance thresholds for Aedes albopictus and Aedes caspius in Italian urban areas. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 2008, 24:377-386.
21. Cederlund G.N., Okarma H. Home range and habitat use of adult female moose. J. Wildl. Manage. 1988, 52:336-343.
22. Chapman J.W., Reynolds D.R., Smith A.D. High altitude insect migration monitored with vertical-looking radar. BioScience 2003, 53:503-511.
23. Charlwood J.D., Graves P.M., Marshall C. Evidence for a 'memorized' home range in Anopheles farauti females from Papua New Guinea. Med. Vet. Entomol. 1988, 2:101-108.
24. Chevillon C., Pasteur N., Marwuine M., Heyse D., Raymond M. Population structure and dynamics of selected genes in the mosquito Culex pippiens. Evolution 1995, 49:997-1007.
25. Chiang G.L., Loong K.A., Chan S.T., Eng K.L., Yap H.H. Capture-recapture studies with Anopheles maculatus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) the vector of malaria in Peninsular Malaysia, Southeast Asian. J. Trop. Med. Publ. Health 1991, 22:643-647.
26. Cho S.H., Lee H.W., Shin E.H., Lee H.I., Lee W.G., Kim C.H., Kim J.T., Lee J.S., Lee W.J., Jung G.G., Kim T.S. A mark-release-recapture experiment with Anopheles sinensis in the northern part of Gyeonggi-do, Korea. Korean J. Parasit. 2002, 40:139-148.
27. Clarke J.L. Flight range and longevity of mosquitoes dusted with aniline dye. Proc. NJ Mosq. Control Assoc. 1943, 63:227-234.
28. Clements A.N. The Physiology of Mosquitoes 1963, 393. Macmillan, New York.
29. Corbet P.S., Danks H.V. Seasonal emergence and activity of mosquitoes in a high arctic locality. Can. Entomol. 1973, 105:837-872.
30. Covell G. Malaria Control by Anti-mosquito Measures 1931, 148. Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta, India.
31. Craig M.H., Snow R.W., Le Suer D. A climate-based distribution model of malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. Parasit. Tod. 1999, 15:105-111.
32. Curry D.P. A documented record of a long flight of Aedes sollicitans. Proc. N. J. Mosq. Exterm. Ass. 1939, 26:228.
33. Dow R.P., Reeves W.C., Bellamy R.E. Dispersal of female Culex tarsalis into a larvicided area. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1965, 14:656-670.
34. Edman J., Webber D.A., Kale H.W. Effect of mosquito density on the interrelationship of host behaviour and mosquito feeding success. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1972, 21:487-491.
35. Elmore C.M., Schoof H.F. Dispersal of Aedes taeniorhynchus 'Wiedemann near Savannah, Georgia. Mosq. News 1963, 23:1-7.
36. Fabian M.M., Toma T., Tsuzuki A., Saita S., Miyagi I. Mark-release-recapture experiments with Anopheles saperoi (Diptera Culicidae) in the Yona Forest, Northern Okinawa, Japan. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Publ. Health 2005, 36:54-63.
37. Fay R.W., Eliason D.A. A preferred oviposition site as a surveillance method for Aedes aegypti. Mosq. News 1966, 26:531-535.
38. Focks D.A. A Review of Entomological Sampling Methods and Indicators for Dengue Vectors. Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) 2003, UNICEF, UNDP, World Bank, World Health Organization.
39. Garrett-Jones C. A dispersion of mosquitoes by wind. Nature (London) 1950, 165:285.
40. Garrett-Jones C. The possibility of active long-distance migrations by Anopheles pharoensis Theobald. Bull. World Health Org. 1962, 27:299-302.
41. Gillies M.T., Wilkes T.J. Field experiments with a wind tunnel on the flight speed of some West African mosquitoes (Diptera Culicidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 1981, 71:65-70.
42. Gillies M.T. Studies on the dispersion and survival of Anopheles gambiac Giles in East Africa by means of marking and release experiments. Bull. Entomol. Res. 1961, 52:99-127.
43. Gillies M.T. Some aspects of mosquito behaviour in relation to the transmission of parasites. Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 1972, 51:69-81.
44. Ginsberg H.S. Dispersal patterns of Aedes sollicitans (Diptera: Culicidae) at the east end of Fire Island National Seashore, New York, USA. J. Med. Entomol. 1986, 23:146-155.
45. Hack W.H., Torales G.J., Bar M.E., Oscherov B. Observaciones etologicas sobre culiõcidos de Corrientes. Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argentina 1978, 37:137-151.
46. Haeger J.S. Behavior preceding migration in the salt-marsh mosquito, Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann). J. Mosq. News 1960, 20:136-147.
47. Hamlyn-Harris R. Some ecological factors involved in the dispersal of mosquitoes in Queensland. Bull. Entomol. Res. 1933, 24:229-232.
48. Hance E.F., Cantwell M.A. Mosquito Control Policy 2009, The Maryland Department of Agriculture. http://www.mda.state.md.us/plants-pests/mosquito_control/mosquito_control_policy.php.
49. Harrington L.C., Scott T.W., Lerdthusnee K., Coleman R.C., Costero A., Clark G.G., Jones J.J., Kitthawee S., Kittayapong P., Sithiprasasna R., Edman J.D. Dispersal of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti within and between rural communities. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2005, 72:209-220.
50. Headlee T.J. The development of mechanical equipment for sampling the mosquito fauna and some results of its use. Proc. Ann. Meet. NJ Mosq. Exterm. Assoc. 1932, 19:106-128.
51. Hecht O., Hernandez-Corzo J. On the visual orientation of mosquitoes in their search of resting places. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 1963, 6:63-74.
52. Herrick G.W. Insects Injurious to the Household and Annoying to Man 1926, 478. Macmillan Company, New York. Revised edition.
53. Hess A.D., Hall T.F. The relation of plants to malaria control on impounded waters with a suggested classification. J. Nat. Malaria Soc. 1945, 4:20-46.
54. Honório N.A., Codec C.T., Alves M.A.F.M., Magalha E.S., Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. The spatial distribution of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in a transition zone, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Cadernos de Saude Publica 2009, 25:1203-1214.
55. Honório N.A., Silva W.C., Leite P.J., Gonçalves J.M., Lounibos L.P., Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Dispersal of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in an urban endemic dengue area in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 2003, 98:191-198.
56. Horsfall W.R. The migration of Aedes vexans Meigen. J. Econ. Entomol. 1954, 47:544.
57. Howard J.J., White D.J., Muller S.L. Mark-Recapture Studies on the Culiseta (Diptera: Culicidae) Vectors of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus. J. Med. Entomol. 1989, 26:190-199.
58. Huffaker C.B., Back R.C. A Study of the effective Flight Range, Density, and seasonal Fluctuations in the Abundance of Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say in Delaware. Am. J. Trop. Med. 1945, 25:155-161.
59. IPCC Summary for policymakers. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. S.Q.D. Solomon, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor, H.L. Miller (Eds.).
60. Jamnback H. Bloodsucking Flies and Other Outdoor Nuisance Arthropods of New York State. New York State Mus. Sc. Serv. Mem. 1969, 19:1-90.
61. Jenkins D.W., Hassett C.C. Dispersal and Flight Range of subarctic Mosquitoes marked with Radiophosphorus. Can. J. Zool. 1951, 29:178-187.
62. John K.H., Stoll J.R., Olson J.K. The public's view of mosquito problems in an organized control district. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 1987, 3:1-7.
63. Joslyn D.J., Fish D. Adult dispersal of Ae. communis using Giemsa self-marking. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 1986, 2:89-90.
64. Kaufmann C., Briegel H. Flight performance of the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles atroparvus. J. Vector Ecol. 2004, 29:140-153.
65. Kay B.H., Farrow R.A. Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) dispersal: implications for the epidemiology of Japanese and Murray valley encephalitis in Australia. J. Med. Entomol. 2000, 37:797-801.
66. Knight R.L., Walton W.E., O'Mearac G.F., Reisen W.K., Wass R. Strategies for effective mosquito control in constructed treatment wetlands. Ecol. Eng. 2003, 21:211-232.
67. Kramer V.L., Carper E.R., Beesley C., Reisen W.K. Mark-release-recapture studies with Aedes dorsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in coastal northern California. J. Med. Entomol. 1995, 32:375-380.
68. Lardeux F., Riviere F., Sechan Y., Kay B.H. Release of Mesocyclops aspericornis (Copepoda) for control of larval Aedes polynesiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in land crab burrows on an atoll of French Polynesia. J. Med. Entomol. 1992, 29:571-576.
69. Lewis T., Talor L.R. Introduction to experimental ecology 1967, 401. London, Academic Press.
70. Luduena Almeida F.F., Gorla D.E. Daily pattern of flight activity of Aedes albifasciatus in Central Argentina. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1995, 90:639-644.
71. Matheson R. Handbook of the Mosquitoes of North America 1966, 314. Hafner Publishing Company, New York. 2nd ed.
72. McCall P.J., Mosha F.W., Njunwa K.J., Sherlock K. Evidence for memorized site-fidelity in Anopheles arabiensis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg 2001, 95:587-590.
73. Ming J.G., Jin H., Riley J.R., Reynolds D.R., Smith A.D., Wang R.-L., Cheng J.-Y., Cheng X.-N. Autumn southward 'return' migration of the mosquito Culex tritaeniorhynchus in China. Med. Vet. Entomol. 1993, 7:323-327.
74. Morris C.D., Clanton K.B. Quantification of nuisance mosquito problem in Florida. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 1988, 4:377-379.
75. Morris C.D., Zimmerman R.H., Edman J.D. Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in upstate New York, USA. II. Population dynamics and vector potential of adult Culiseta melanura (Diptera Culicidae) in relation to distance from breeding site. J. Med. Entomol. 1980, 17:453-465.
76. Nayar J.K., van Handel E.V. The fuel for sustained mosquito flight. J. Insect Physiol. 1971, 17:471-481.
77. Nayar J.K. Bionomics and physiology of Aedes taeniorhynchus and Aedes sollicitans, the salt marsh mosquitoes of Florida. Bulletin 852: Agricultural Experiment Station 1985, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, FL.
78. Nielsen L.T. Notes on the flight ranges of Rocky Mountain Mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. Utah Acad. Proc. 1957, 34:27-29.
79. Malaria; Obstacles and Opportunities 1991, 309. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. S.C. Oaks, V.S. Mitchell, G.W. Pearson, C.C.J. Carpenter (Eds.).
80. Okech B.A., Gouagna L.C., Killeen G.F., Knols B.G.J., Kabiru E.W., Beier J.C., Yan G., Githure J.I. Influence of sugar availability and indoor microclimate on survival of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) under semifield conditions in Western Kenya. J. Med. Entomol. 2003, 40:657-663.
81. Ordonez-Gonzalez J.G., Mercado-Hernandez R., Flores-Suarez A.E., Fernandez-Salas F. The use of sticky ovitraps to estimate dispersal of Aedes aegypti in northeastern Mexico. J. Am. Assoc. Mosq. Control 2001, 17:93-97.
82. Pan American Health Organization Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever in the Americas: Guidelines for Prevention and Control 1994, 548. PAHO. PAHO Publ., Washington, DC.
83. Penfound WmT. The relation of plants to public health. Econ. Bot. 1953, 7:182-187.
84. Platt R.B., Collins C.L., Witherspoon J.P. Reactions of Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say to moisture temperature and light. Ecol. Monogr. 1957, 21:303-324.
85. PRB [Piedmont Regional Bureau] D.G.R. n. 67-9777 Approvazione delle istruzioni per l'applicazione della legge regionale del 24-10-1995, n. 75 "Contributiagli Enti Locali per il finanziamento di interventi di lotta alle zanzare" 26 June [Internet] 2003, Piedmont Regional Bureau, Tuzin, Italy, Available from:, (accessed 15.04.06). http://www.regione.piemonte.it/governo/bollettino/abbonati/2003/30/siste/00000031.htm.
86. Provost M.W. The dispersal of Aedes taeniorhynchus. I. Preliminary studies. Mosq. News 1952, 12:174-190.
87. Provost M.W. Motives behind mosquito flights. Mosq. News 1953, 13:106-109.
88. Quraishi M.S., Faghih M.A., Esghi N. Flight range, lengths of gonotrophic cycles, and longevity of P-32-labeled Anopheles stephensi mysorensis. J. Econ. Entomol. 1966, 59:50-55.
89. Read N.R., Rooker J.R., Gathman J.P. Public perception of mosquito annoyance measured by a survey and simultaneous mosquito sampling. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 1994, 10:79-87.
90. Reisen W.K., Lothrop H.D. Population ecology and dispersal of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Coachella Valley of California. J. Med. Entomol. 1995, 32:490-502.
91. Reisen W.K., Reeves W.C. Bionomics and ecology of Culex tarsalis and other potential mosquito vector species. Epidemiology and control of mosquito-borne arboviruses in California, 1943-1987. 1990, 254-329. California Mosquito and Vector Control Association, Sacramento, CA. W.C. Reeves (Ed.).
92. Reisen W.K., Lothrop H.D., Lothrop B. Factors influencing the outcome of mark-release-recapture studies with Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 2003, 40:820-829.
93. Reisen W.K., Milby M.M., Meyer R.P., Pfuntner A.R., Spoehel J., Hazelrigg J.E., Webb J.P. Mark-release-recapture studies with Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern California. J. Med. Entomol. 1991, 28:357-371.
94. Reisen W.K., Meyer R.P., Milby M.M., Presser S.B., Emmons R.W., Hardy J.L., Reeves W.C. Ecological observations on the 1989 outbreak of St, Louis encephalitis virus in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California. J. Med. Entomol. 1992, 29:472-482.
95. Reiter P., Amador M.A., Anderson R.A., Clark G.G. Short report, Dispersal of Aedes aegypti in an urban area after blood feeding as demonstrated by rubidium-marked eggs. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1995, 52:177-179.
96. Renshaw M., Service M.W., Birley M. Host finding, feeding patterns and evidence for a memorized host range of the mosquito Aedes cantans. Med. Veterin. Entomol. 1994, 8:187-193.
97. Reynolds A.M., Reynolds D.R., Smith A.D., Chapman J.W. A single wind-mediated mechanism explains high-altitude 'nongoal oriented' headings and layering of nocturnally-migrating insects. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 2010, 277:765-772.
98. Robinson W.H., Atkins R.L. Attitudes and knowledge of urban homeowners toward mosquitoes. Mosq. News 1983, 43:38-41.
99. Rowley W.A., Graham C.L. The effect of temperature and relative humidity on the flight performance of female Aedes aegypti. J. Insect Physiol. 1968, 968:1251-1257.
100. Russell F. Naturalistic methods of malaria control. A Symposium on Human Malaria 1941, 347-352. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C. F.R. Moulton (Ed.).
101. Russell P.F., Knipe F.W., Rao T.R., Putnam P. Some experiments on flight range of Anopheles culicifacies. J. Exp. Zool. 1944, 97:135-163.
102. Sarneckis K. Mosquitoes in Constructed Wetlands 2002, 20. Environmental Protection Authority, Adelaide, Australia.
103. Scaraffia P.Y., Wells M.A. Proline can be utilized as an energy substrate during flight of Aedes aegypti females. J. Insect Physiol. 2003, 49:591-601.
104. Schäfer M., Storch V., Kaiser A., Beck M., Becker N. Dispersal behavior of adult snow melt mosquitoes in the Upper Rhine Valley, Germany. J. Vector Ecol. 1997, 22:1-5.
105. Schäfer M., Lundstrom L., Pfeffer J.O., Lundkvist M., Landin E.J. Biological diversity versus risk for mosquito nuisance and disease transmission in constructed wetlands in southern Sweden. Med. Vet. Entomol. 2004, 18:256-267.
106. Sellers R.F. Weather, host and vector - their interplay in the spread of insect-borne animal virus diseases. J. Hyg. Camb. 1980, 85:65-102.
107. Service M.W. Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) dispersal - the long and short of it. J. Med. Entomol. 1997, 34:579-588.
108. Service M.W. Effects of wind on the behaviour and distribution of mosquitoes and blackflies (sic). Int. J. Biometeorol. 1980, 24:347-353.
109. Service M.W. Mosquito Ecology: Field Sampling Methods 1993, Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd., London. 2nd ed.
110. Shannon R.C., Davis N.C. The flight of Stegomyia aegypti (L.). Am. J. Trop. Med. 1930, 10:151-156.
111. Silver J.B. Mosquito Ecology - Field Sampling Methods 2008, Springer, The Netherlands, 1498 pp.
112. Sjogren R.D. Metropolitan Mosquito Control District final environmental impact statement: options for control to the year 2000 1977, The District, St. Paul, MN.
113. Smith D.L., Dushoff J., McKenzie F.E. The risk of a mosquito-borne infection in a heterogeneous environment. PLoS Biol 2004, 2:e368. 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020368.
114. Smith G.E., Watson R.B., Crowell R.L. Observations on the flight range of Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Say. Am. J. Hyg. 1941, 34:102-113.
115. Smith A., Carter I.D. International transportation of mosquitoes of public health importance. Commerce and the Spread of Pests and Disease Vectors 1984, 1-21. Praeger, NY. M. Laird (Ed.).
116. Snow W.F. The direction of flight of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) near the ground in West African savannah in relation to wind direction, in the presence and absence of bait. Bull. Entomol. Res. 1976, 65:555-562.
117. Subra R. Ecological studies on Culex pipiens fatigans Wiedemann, 1828 (Diptera, Culicidae) in an urban zone of the West-African Sudan savanna. Length of life and dispersal of adults marked with fluorescent dusts. Cahiers ORSTOM. Serie Entomol. Med. Parasit. 1972, 10:3-36.
118. Sundberg S. Wet forests - the Scandinavian "rain forest". Faglar i Uppland 1993, 20:65-80.
119. Sutcliffe J.F. Distance orientation of biting flies to their hosts. Insect Sci. Appl. 1987, 8:611-616.
120. Takken W. The role of olfaction in host-seeking of mosquitoes. A review. Insect Sci. Appl. 1991, 12:287-295.
121. Tsuda Y., Takagi M., Wang S., Wang Z., Tang L. Movement of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) released in a small isolated village on Hainan Island, China. J. Med. Entomol. 2001, 38:93-98.
122. Tsuda Y., Komagata O., Kasai H., Nihei N., Saito K., Mizutani M., Kunida M., Yoshida M., Kobayashi M. A mark-release-recapture study on dispersal and flight distance of Culex pipiens pallens in an urban area of Japan. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 2008, 24:339-343.
123. Tufto J., Andersen R., Linnell J. Habitat use and ecological correlates of home range size in a small cervid: the roe deer. J. Anim. Ecol. 1996, 65:715-724.
124. Tweed Shire Council A6 - Biting Midge and Mosquito Controls 2010, 1-32. Tweed Council, Murwillumbah, Australia.
125. Water and Rivers Commission Waternotes 2000, 1-2. Natural Heritage Trust, Western Australia.
126. Watson T.M., Saul A., Kay B.H. Aedes notoscriptus (Diptera: Culicidae) survival and dispersal estimated by mark-release-recapture in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. J. Med. Entomol. 2000, 37:380-384.
127. Weathersbee A., Meisch M.V. Dispersal of Anopheles quadrimaculatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Arkansas ricelands. Environ. Entomol. 1990, 19:961-965.
128. Webb C.E., Russell R.C. Living with Mosquitoes in the Lower Hunter and Mid North coast region of NSW. Department of Medical Entomology 2005, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia, 59 pp.
129. Weidhaas D.E., Smittle B.J., Patterson R.S., Ford H.R., Lofgren C.S. Survival, reproductive capacity, and migration of adult Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say. Mosq. News 1973, 33:83-87.
130. Whelan P. Biting midges or sandflies in the NT. The Northern Territory Disease Contr. Bull. 2003, 1-12.
131. Williams D.D. The Ecology of Temporary Waters 1987, Croom Helm, London.
132. Zhang H.T. Observations on diffuse distance and flight power of Aedes albopictus Skuse. Entomol. Knowl. 1987, 24:172-174.
133. Whitehead F.E. Flight range of rice field mosquitoes. Ark. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 1957, 590.