Screening for synthetic cannabinoids in hair by using LC-QTOF MS: A new and powerful approach to study the penetration of these new psychoactive substances in the population

Medicine, Science and the Law

Volumn 54, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 22-27

  Gottardo, Rossella ^a   Sorio, Daniela ^a   Musile, Giacomo ^a   Trapani, Elisa ^a   Seri, Catia ^a,b   Serpelloni, Giovanni ^c   Tagliaro, Franco ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERONA   (Italy)

^b Italian National Early Warning System Drug Policies Department Verona Coordination Unit   (Italy)

^c Presidency of the Council of Ministers   (Italy)

Author keywords

hair analysis; liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry; smart drugs; synthetic cannabinoids

Indexed keywords

CANNABINOID;

ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; HAIR; HAIR ANALYSIS; HUMAN; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-QUADRUPOLE-TIME OF FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; METHODOLOGY; SMART DRUGS; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS;

HAIR ANALYSIS; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-QUADRUPOLE-TIME OF FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY; SMART DRUGS; SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS;

CANNABINOIDS; CHROMATOGRAPHY, LIQUID; HAIR; HUMANS; MASS SPECTROMETRY; SUBSTANCE ABUSE DETECTION;

EID: 84891896827     PISSN: 00258024     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0025802413477396     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Understanding the Spice Phenomenon, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Lisbon, Portugal, 2009.
2. Gibbons S.'Legal highs'- novel and emerging psychoactive drugs: a chemical overview for the toxicologist.Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2012;50:15-24.
3. Zawilska JB."Legal highs" - new players in the old drama.Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2011;4:122-130.
4. Fattore L,Fratta W.the new generation of cannabinoid designer drugs.Front Behav Neurosci. 2011;5:60-60.
5. Schneir AB,Cullen J,Ly BT."Spice" girls: synthetic cannabinoid intoxication.J Emerg Med. 2011;40:296-299.
6. Synthetic Cannabinoids: The Newest, Almost Illicit Drug of Abuse, http://www.upstate.edu/poison/pdf/tox_newsletter/04_11toxnews.pdf (accessed April 2013).
7. Simmons J,Cookman L,Kang C, et al.Three cases of "spice" exposure.Clin. Toxicol. 2011;49:431-433.
8. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Annual report 2011 and 2012. Publications Office of the European Union, 2011 and 2012.
9. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/themes/new-drugs/early-warning (accessed April 2013).
10. Pragst F,Balikova MA.State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse.Clin Chim Acta. 2006;370:17-49.
11. Wada M,Ikeda R,Kuroda N, et al.Analytical methods for abused drugs in hair and their applications.Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010;397:1039-1067.
12. Analytical and Practical Aspects of Drug Testing in Hair. Kintz P, ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Taylor & Francis; 2006:.
13. Grigoryev A,Melnik A,Savchuk S, et al.Gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry studies on the metabolism of the synthetic phenylacetylindole cannabimimetic JWH-250, the psychoactive component of smoking mixture.J Chrom B. 2011;879:2519-2526.
14. Beuck S,Möller I,Thomas A, et al.Structure characterisation of urinary metabolites of the cannabimimetic JWH-018 using chemically synthesised reference material for the support of LC-MS/MS-based drug testing.Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011;401:493-505.
15. Grigoryev A,Savchuk S,Melnik A, et al.Chromatography-mass spectrometry studies on the metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018 and JWH-073, psychoactive components of smoking mixtures.J Chrom B. 2011;879:1126-1136.
16. Moran CL.Le VH, Chimalakonda KC, et al., Quantitative measurement of JWH-018 and JWH-073 metabolites excreted in human urine.Anal Chem. 2011;83:4228-4236.
17. Bononi M,Belgi P,Tateo F.Analytical data for identification of the Cannabimimetic Phenylacetylindole JWH-203.J Anal Toxicol. 2011;35:360-363.
18. Shanks KG,Dahn T,Terrell AR.Detection of JWH-018 and JWH-073 by UPLC-MS-MS in postmortem whole blood casework.J Anal Toxicol. 2012;36:145-152.
19. Hutter M,Broecker S,Kneisel S, et al.Identification of the major urinary metabolites in man of seven synthetic cannabinoids of the aminoalkylindole type present as adulterants in 'herbal mixtures' using LC-MS/MS techniques.J Mass Spectrom. 2012;47:54-65.
20. Coulter C,Garnier M,Moore C.Synthetic cannabinoids in oral fluid.J Anal Toxicol. 2011;35:424-430.
21. Dresen S,Kneisel S,Weinmann W, et al.Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of synthetic cannabinoids of the aminoalkylindole type and methanandamide in serum and its application to forensic samples.J Mass Spectrom. 2011;46:163-171.
22. Möller I,Wintermeyer A,Bender K, et al.Screening for the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and its major metabolites in human doping controls.Drug Test Anal. 2011;3:609-620.
23. Kneisel S,Auwärter V.Analysis of 30 synthetic cannabinoids in serum by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry after liquid-liquid extraction.J Mass Spectrom. 2012;47:825-835.
24. Hutter M,Kneisel S,Auwärter V, et al.Determination of 22 synthetic cannabinoids in human hair by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.J Chrom B. 2012;903:95-101.
25. Salomone A,Gerace E,D'Urso F, et al.Simultaneous analysis of several synthetic cannabinoids, THC, CBD and CBN, in hair by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Method validation and application to real samples.J Mass Spectrom. 2012;47:604-610.
26. Guidelines for testing drugs under international control in hair, sweat and saliva. United Nations Drug Control Program, Wien; United Nations, New York, 2001.
27. Auwärter V,Wohlfarth A,Traber J, et al.Hair analysis for Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid. A new insight into the mechanism of drug incorporation of cannabinoids into hair.Forensic Sci Int. 2010;196:10-13.
28. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Drugs in the workplace research program, NIDA Notes, 5, 1991, p.30.
29. Angeli I,Minoli M,Ravelli A, et al.Automated fast procedure for the simultaneous extraction of hair sample performed with an automated workstation.Forensic Sci Int. 2012;218:15-19.
30. Han E,Parka Y,Kim E, et al.Simultaneous analysis of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol in hair without different sample preparation and derivatization by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.J Pharmaceut Biomed Anal. 2011;55:1096-1103.
31. Bucelli F,Fratini A,Bavazzano P, et al.Quantification of drugs of abuse and some stimulants in hair samples by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry.J Chromatogr B. 2009;877:3931-3936.
32. Marigo M,Tagliaro F,Poiesi C, et al.Determination of morphine in the hair of heroin addicts by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection.J Anal Toxicol. 1986;10:158-161.