Cardiovascular events associated with smoking cessation pharmacotherapies: A network meta-analysis

Circulation

Volumn 129, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 28-41

  Mills, Edward J ^a   Thorlund, Kristian ^a,c   Eapen, Shawn ^b   Wu, Ping ^b   Prochaska, Judith J ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^c MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

bupropion; cardiovascular diseases; meta analysis; smoking cessation; tobacco use cessation products; varenicline

Indexed keywords

AMFEBUTAMONE; DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF ADDICTION; VARENICLINE;

ARTICLE; BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; NICOTINE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PHARMACEUTICAL CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SMOKING CESSATION;

BUPROPION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; META-ANALYSIS; SMOKING CESSATION; TOBACCO USE CESSATION PRODUCTS; VARENICLINE;

ADULT; BENZAZEPINES; BUPROPION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITORS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NICOTINE; NICOTINIC AGONISTS; QUINOXALINES; RISK FACTORS; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION;

EID: 84891879563     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: 15244539     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003961     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Peto R, Lopez AD, Boreham J, Thun M, Heath C Jr, Doll R. Mortality from smoking worldwide. Br Med Bull. 1996;52:12-21. (Pubitemid 26039045)
2. Jha P, Ramasundarahettige C, Landsman V, Rostron B, Thun M, Anderson RN, McAfee T, Peto R. 21st-Century hazards of smoking and benefits of cessation in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:341-350.
3. Wilson K, Gibson N, Willan A, Cook D. Effect of smoking cessation on mortality after myocardial infarction: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:939-944. (Pubitemid 30191921)
4. Glantz S, Gonzalez M. Effective tobacco control is key to rapid progress in reduction of non-communicable diseases. Lancet. 2012;379:1269-1271.
5. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2004.
6. Tobacco Use and Dependence Guideline Panel. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update: clinical practice guideline. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 2008. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/ tobacco/treating-tobacco-use08.pdf. Accessed August 14, 2013.
7. Hartmann-Boyce J, Stead LF, Cahill K, Lancaster T. Efficacy of interventions to combat tobacco addiction: Cochrane update of 2012 reviews. Addiction. 2013;108:1711-1721.
8. Cahill K, Stevens S, Perera R, Lancaster T. Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;5:CD009329.
9. Dacosta A, Guy JM, Tardy B, Gonthier R, Denis L, Lamaud M, Cerisier A, Verneyre H. Myocardial infarction and nicotine patch: a contributing or causative factor? Eur Heart J. 1993;14:1709-1711. (Pubitemid 24041105)
10. Joseph AM, Norman SM, Ferry LH, Prochazka AV, Westman EC, Steele BG, Sherman SE, Cleveland M, Antonuccio DO, Antonnucio DO, Hartman N, McGovern PG. The safety of transdermal nicotine as an aid to smoking cessation in patients with cardiac disease. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1792-1798. (Pubitemid 26412397)
11. Haustein KO, Krause J, Haustein H, Rasmussen T, Cort N. Comparison of the effects of combined nicotine replacement therapy vs. cigarette smoking in males. Nicotine Tob Res. 2003;5:195-203. (Pubitemid 36547002)
12. Zevin S, Jacob P 3rd, Benowitz NL. Dose-related cardiovascular and endocrine effects of transdermal nicotine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998;64:87-95. (Pubitemid 28377334)
13. Rigotti NA, Thorndike AN, Regan S, McKool K, Pasternak RC, Chang Y, Swartz S, Torres-Finnerty N, Emmons KM, Singer DE. Bupropion for smokers hospitalized with acute cardiovascular disease. Am J Med. 2006;119:1080-1087. (Pubitemid 44834365)
14. Tonstad S, Farsang C, Klaene G, Lewis K, Manolis A, Perruchoud AP, Silagy C, van Spiegel PI, Astbury C, Hider A, Sweet R. Bupropion SR for smoking cessation in smokers with cardiovascular disease: a multicentre, randomised study. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:946-955. (Pubitemid 36559988)
15. Eisenberg MJ, Grandi SM, Gervais A, O'Loughlin J, Paradis G, Rinfret S, Sarrafzadegan N, Sharma S, Lauzon C, Yadav R, Pilote L; ZESCA Investigators. Bupropion for smoking cessation in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:524-532.
16. Singh S, Loke YK, Spangler JG, Furberg CD. Risk of serious adverse cardiovascular events associated with varenicline: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2011;183:1359-1366.
17. Prochaska JJ, Hilton JF. Risk of cardiovascular serious adverse events associated with varenicline use for tobacco cessation: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012;344:e2856.
18. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: safety review update of Chantix (varenicline) and risk of cardiovascular adverse events. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm330367.htm. Accessed December 12, 2012.
19. Toh S, Baker MA, Brown JS, Kornegay C, Platt R; Mini-Sentinel Investigators. Rapid assessment of cardiovascular risk among users of smoking cessation drugs within the US Food and Drug Administration's Mini-Sentinel program. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173:817-819.
20. Svanström H, Pasternak B, Hviid A. Use of varenicline for smoking cessation and risk of serious cardiovascular events: nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 2012;345:e7176.
21. Mills EJ, Wu P, Lockhart I, Wilson K, Ebbert JO. Adverse events associated with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for smoking cessation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of one hundred and twenty studies involving 177,390 individuals. Tob Induc Dis. 2010;8:8.
22. Rigotti NA, Pipe AL, Benowitz NL, Arteaga C, Garza D, Tonstad S. Efficacy and safety of varenicline for smoking cessation in patients with cardiovascular disease: a randomized trial. Circulation. 2010;121:221-229.
23. Mills EJ, Ioannidis JP, Thorlund K, Schünemann HJ, Puhan MA, Guyatt GH. How to use an article reporting a multiple treatment comparison meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;308:1246-1253.
24. Mills EJ, Wu P, Lockhart I, Thorlund K, Puhan M, Ebbert JO. Comparisons of high-dose and combination nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline, and bupropion for smoking cessation: a systematic review and multiple treatment meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2012;44:588-597.
25. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Jüni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, Savovic J, Schulz KF, Weeks L, Sterne JA; Cochrane Bias Methods Group; Cochrane Statistical Methods Group. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d5928.
26. Meade MO, Cook RJ, Guyatt GH, Groll R, Kachura JR, Bedard M, Cook DJ, Slutsky AS, Stewart TE. Interobserver variation in interpreting chest radiographs for the diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:85-90. (Pubitemid 30055907)
27. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986;7:177-188. (Pubitemid 17189972)
28. Lu G, Ades AE. Combination of direct and indirect evidence in mixed treatment comparisons. Stat Med. 2004;23:3105-3124. (Pubitemid 39334902)
29. Thorlund K, Thabane L, Mills EJ. Modelling heterogeneity variances in multiple treatment comparison meta-analysis: are informative priors the better solution? BMC Med Res Meth. 2013;13.
30. Tønnesen P, Lauri H, Perfekt R, Mann K, Batra A. Efficacy of a nicotine mouth spray in smoking cessation: a randomised, double-blind trial. Eur Respir J. 2012;40:548-554.
31. Thomsen T, Tønnesen H, Okholm M, Kroman N, Maibom A, Sauerberg ML, Møller AM. Brief smoking cessation intervention in relation to breast cancer surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Nicotine Tob Res. 2010;12:1118-1124.
32. Shiffman S, Ferguson SG, Strahs KR. Quitting by gradual smoking reduction using nicotine gum: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med. 2009;36:96-104.e1.
33. Oncken C, Cooney J, Feinn R, Lando H, Kranzler HR. Transdermal nicotine for smoking cessation in postmenopausal women. Addict Behav. 2007;32:296-309. (Pubitemid 44918215)
34. Wennike P, Danielsson T, Landfeldt B, Westin A, Tønnesen P. Smoking reduction promotes smoking cessation: results from a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of nicotine gum with 2-year follow-up. Addiction. 2003;98:1395-1402. (Pubitemid 37297246)
35. Etter JF, Laszlo E, Zellweger JP, Perrot C, Perneger TV. Nicotine replacement to reduce cigarette consumption in smokers who are unwilling to quit: a randomized trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;22:487-495.
36. Glover ED, Glover PN, Franzon M, Sullivan CR, Cerullo CC, Howell RM, Keyes GG, Nilsson F, Hobbs GR. A comparison of a nicotine sublingual tablet and placebo for smoking cessation. Nicotine Tob Res. 2002;4:441-450. (Pubitemid 35469978)
37. Wallström M, Nilsson F, Hirsch JM. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical evaluation of a nicotine sublingual tablet in smoking cessation. Addiction. 2000;95:1161-1171. (Pubitemid 30644102)
38. Hays JT, Croghan IT, Schroeder DR, Offord KP, Hurt RD, Wolter TD, Nides MA, Davidson M. Over-the-counter nicotine patch therapy for smoking cessation: results from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and open label trials. Am J Public Health. 1999;89:1701-1707. (Pubitemid 29508218)
39. Tønnesen P, Paoletti P, Gustavsson G, Russell MA, Saracci R, Gulsvik A, Rijcken B, Sawe U. Higher dosage nicotine patches increase oneyear smoking cessation rates: results from the European CEASE trial: Collaborative European Anti-Smoking Evaluation: European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J. 1999;13:238-246. (Pubitemid 29086814)
40. Blöndal T, Franzon M, Westin A. A double-blind randomized trial of nicotine nasal spray as an aid in smoking cessation. Eur Respir J. 1997;10:1585-1590. (Pubitemid 27311077)
41. Sønderskov J, Olsen J, Sabroe S, Meillier L, Overvad K. Nicotine patches in smoking cessation: a randomized trial among over-the-counter customers in Denmark. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;145:309-318. (Pubitemid 27082029)
42. Gourlay SG, Forbes A, Marriner T, Pethica D, McNeil JJ. Double blind trial of repeated treatment with transdermal nicotine for relapsed smokers. BMJ. 1995;311:363-366.
43. Schneider NG, Olmstead R, Mody FV, Doan K, Franzon M, Jarvik ME, Steinberg C. Efficacy of a nicotine nasal spray in smoking cessation: a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Addiction. 1995;90:1671-1682.
44. Hjalmarson A, Franzon M, Westin A, Wiklund O. Effect of nicotine nasal spray on smoking cessation: a randomized, placebo-controlled, doubleblind study. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:2567-2572. (Pubitemid 24362407)
45. Sutherland G, Stapleton JA, Russell MA, Jarvis MJ, Hajek P, Belcher M, Feyerabend C. Randomised controlled trial of nasal nicotine spray in smoking cessation. Lancet. 1992;340:324-329.
46. Tønnesen P, Fryd V, Hansen M, Helsted J, Gunnersen AB, Forchammer H, Stockner M. Effect of nicotine chewing gum in combination with group counseling on the cessation of smoking. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:15-18. (Pubitemid 18025473)
47. Planer D, Lev I, Elitzur Y, Sharon N, Ouzan E, Pugatsch T, Chasid M, Rom M, Lotan C. Bupropion for smoking cessation in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171:1055-1060.
48. McCarthy DE, Piasecki TM, Lawrence DL, Jorenby DE, Shiffman S, Fiore MC, Baker TB. A randomized controlled clinical trial of bupropion SR and individual smoking cessation counseling. Nicotine Tob Res. 2008;10:717-729. (Pubitemid 351566557)
49. Covey LS, Glassman AH, Jiang H, Fried J, Masmela J, LoDuca C, Petkova E, Rodriguez K. A randomized trial of bupropion and/or nicotine gum as maintenance treatment for preventing smoking relapse. Addiction. 2007;102:1292-1302. (Pubitemid 47037935)
50. Evins AE, Cather C, Culhane MA, Birnbaum A, Horowitz J, Hsieh E, Freudenreich O, Henderson DC, Schoenfeld DA, Rigotti NA, Goff DC. A 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study of bupropion SR added to high-dose dual nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation or reduction in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;27:380-386. (Pubitemid 47075510)
51. Fossati R, Apolone G, Negri E, Compagnoni A, La Vecchia C, Mangano S, Clivio L, Garattini S; General Practice Tobacco Cessation Investigators Group. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of bupropion for smoking cessation in primary care. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:1791-1797. (Pubitemid 47403068)
52. Muramoto ML, Leischow SJ, Sherrill D, Matthews E, Strayer LJ. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 2 dosages of sustained-release bupropion for adolescent smoking cessation. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161:1068-1074. (Pubitemid 350074839)
53. Uyar M, Filiz A, Bayram N, Elbek O, Herken H, Topcu A, Dikensoy O, Ekinci E. A randomized trial of smoking cessation: medication versus motivation. Saudi Med J. 2007;28:922-926.
54. Gonzales D, Rennard SI, Nides M, Oncken C, Azoulay S, Billing CB, Watsky EJ, Gong J, Williams KE, Reeves KR; Varenicline Phase 3 Study Group. Varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;296:47-55.
55. Jorenby DE, Hays JT, Rigotti NA, Azoulay S, Watsky EJ, Williams KE, Billing CB, Gong J, Reeves KR; Varenicline Phase 3 Study Group. Efficacy of varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs placebo or sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;296:56-63.
56. Puska PM, Barrueco M, Roussos C, Hider A, Hogue S. The participation of health professionals in a smoking-cessation programme positively influences the smoking cessation advice given to patients. Int J Clin Pract. 2005;59:447-452. (Pubitemid 40467891)
57. Zellweger JP, Boelcskei PL, Carrozzi L, Sepper R, Sweet R, Hider AZ. Bupropion SR vs placebo for smoking cessation in health care professionals. Am J Health Behav. 2005;29:240-249. (Pubitemid 40694722)
58. Dalsgareth OJ, Hansen NC, Søes-Petersen U, Evald T, Høegholm A, Barber J, Vestbo J. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-month trial of bupropion hydrochloride sustained-release tablets as an aid to smoking cessation in hospital employees. Nicotine Tob Res. 2004;6:55-61. (Pubitemid 38372474)
59. ZYB40030: a multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of bupropion hydrochloride (SR) sustained release versus placebo as an aid to smoking cessation in a population of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. http://download.gsk- clinicalstudyregister.com/files/726.pdf; Accessed August 14, 2013.
60. George TP, Vessicchio JC, Termine A, Bregartner TA, Feingold A, Rounsaville BJ, Kosten TR. A placebo controlled trial of bupropion for smoking cessation in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52:53-61. (Pubitemid 34655556)
61. ZYB 30011:A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of bupropion hydrochloride (SR) sustained release (2 x 150mg per day) versus placebo as an aid to smoking cessation in smokers with at least one cardiovascular (CV) risk factor. http://download.gsk-clinicalstudyregister.com/files/730.pdf. Accessed August 14, 2013.
62. Gonzales DH, Nides MA, Ferry LH, Kustra RP, Jamerson BD, Segall N, Herrero LA, Krishen A, Sweeney A, Buaron K, Metz A. Bupropion SR as an aid to smoking cessation in smokers treated previously with bupropion: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001;69:438-444. (Pubitemid 32554549)
63. Hays JT, Hurt RD, Rigotti NA, Niaura R, Gonzales D, Durcan MJ, Sachs DP, Wolter TD, Buist AS, Johnston JA, White JD. Sustained-release bupropion for pharmacologic relapse prevention after smoking cessation. a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:423-433. (Pubitemid 32845867)
64. Tashkin D, Kanner R, Bailey W, Buist S, Anderson P, Nides M, Gonzales D, Dozier G, Patel MK, Jamerson B. Smoking cessation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet. 2001;357:1571-1575. (Pubitemid 32488814)
65. ZYB40001: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12-week smoking cessation trial of Zyban (150 mg bid) in adult smokers previously treated with Zyban. http://download.gsk-clinicalstudyregister.com/files/740.pdf; 2001. Accessed August 14, 2013.
66. ZYB40005: The effect of sustained-release bupropion HCl vs. placebo as an aid to smoking reduction leading to cessation among smokers unwilling and unable to quit smoking. http://download.gsk-clinicalstudyregister. com/files/729.pdf. Accessed August 14, 2013.
67. SMK20001:A Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, Parallel Group, Dose Response Evaluation of a New Chemical Entity (NCE) and ZYBAN (bupropion hydrochloride) Sustained Release (300mg/day) versus Placebo As Aids to Smoking Cessation. http://download.gsk-clinicalstudyregister. com/files/812.pdf 2000. Accessed August 14, 2013.
68. Jorenby DE, Leischow SJ, Nides MA, Rennard SI, Johnston JA, Hughes AR, Smith SS, Muramoto ML, Daughton DM, Doan K, Fiore MC, Baker TB. A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:685-691. (Pubitemid 29110752)
69. Hurt RD, Sachs DP, Glover ED, Offord KP, Johnston JA, Dale LC, Khayrallah MA, Schroeder DR, Glover PN, Sullivan CR, Croghan IT, Sullivan PM. A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1195-1202. (Pubitemid 27454451)
70. ZYBAKIA402: A single center evaluation of Wellbutrin (bupropion hydrochloride) versus placebo as an aid to smoking cessation (study 402). http://download.gsk-clinicalstudyregister.com/files/833.pdf; 1994. Accessed August 14, 2013.
71. AKIA401:A single-center evaluation of Wellbutrin (bupropion hydrochloride) versus placebo as an aid to smoking cessation in heavy smokers (study 401). http://download.gsk-clinicalstudyregister.com/files/809.pdf; 1992. Accessed August 14, 2013.
72. Tønnesen P, Mikkelsen K. Varenicline to stop long-term nicotine replacement use: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nicotine Tob Res. 2013;15:419-427.
73. Rennard S, Hughes J, Cinciripini PM, Kralikova E, Raupach T, Arteaga C, St Aubin LB, Russ C; Flexible Quit Date Study Group. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of varenicline for smoking cessation allowing flexible quit dates. Nicotine Tob Res. 2012;14:343-350.
74. Wong J, Abrishami A, Yang Y, Zaki A, Friedman Z, Selby P, Chapman KR, Chung F. A perioperative smoking cessation intervention with varenicline: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Anesthesiology. 2012;117:755-764.
75. Garza D, Murphy M, Tseng LJ, Riordan HJ, Chatterjee A. A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled pilot study of neuropsychiatric adverse events in abstinent smokers treated with varenicline or placebo. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;69:1075-1082.
76. Steinberg MB, Randall J, Greenhaus S, Schmelzer AC, Richardson DL, Carson JL. Tobacco dependence treatment for hospitalized smokers: a randomized, controlled, pilot trial using varenicline. Addict Behav. 2011;36:1127-1132.
77. Tashkin DP, Rennard S, Hays JT, Ma W, Lawrence D, Lee TC. Effects of varenicline on smoking cessation in patients with mild to moderate COPD: a randomized controlled trial. Chest. 2011;139:591-599.
78. Bolliger CT, Issa JS, Posadas-Valay R, Safwat T, Abreu P, Correia EA, Park PW, Chopra P. Effects of varenicline in adult smokers: a multinational, 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Ther. 2011;33:465-477.
79. Fagerström K, Gilljam H, Metcalfe M, Tonstad S, Messig M. Stopping smokeless tobacco with varenicline: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;341:c6549.
80. Aubin HJ, Bobak A, Britton JR, Oncken C, Billing CB Jr, Gong J, Williams KE, Reeves KR. Varenicline versus transdermal nicotine patch for smoking cessation: results from a randomised open-label trial. Thorax. 2008;63:717-724.
81. Niaura R, Hays JT, Jorenby DE, Leone FT, Pappas JE, Reeves KR, Williams KE, Billing CB Jr. The efficacy and safety of varenicline for smoking cessation using a flexible dosing strategy in adult smokers: a randomized controlled trial. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24:1931-1941.
82. Nakamura M, Oshima A, Fujimoto Y, Maruyama N, Ishibashi T, Reeves KR. Efficacy and tolerability of varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, in a 12-week, randomized, placebocontrolled, dose-response study with 40-week follow-up for smoking cessation in Japanese smokers. Clin Ther. 2007;29:1040-1056. (Pubitemid 47198885)
83. Tsai ST, Cho HJ, Cheng HS, Kim CH, Hsueh KC, Billing CB Jr, Williams KE. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of varenicline, a selective alpha-4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, as a new therapy for smoking cessation in Asian smokers. Clin Ther. 2007;29:1027-1039. (Pubitemid 47198884)
84. Williams KE, Reeves KR, Billing CB Jr, Pennington AM, Gong J. A double-blind study evaluating the long-term safety of varenicline for smoking cessation. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23:793-801. (Pubitemid 46646499)
85. Nides M, Oncken C, Gonzales D, Rennard S, Watsky EJ, Anziano R, Reeves KR. Smoking cessation with varenicline, a selective alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist: results from a 7-week, randomized, placebo-and bupropion-controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1561-1568. (Pubitemid 44232363)
86. Oncken C, Gonzales D, Nides M, Rennard S, Watsky E, Billing CB, Anziano R, Reeves K. Efficacy and safety of the novel selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, varenicline, for smoking cessation. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1571-1577. (Pubitemid 44232364)
87. Tonstad S, Tønnesen P, Hajek P, Williams KE, Billing CB, Reeves KR; Varenicline Phase 3 Study Group. Effect of maintenance therapy with varenicline on smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;296:64-71.
88. Mills EJ, Thorlund K, Ioannidis JP. Demystifying trial networks and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013;346:f2914.
89. Mathew TP, Herity NA. Acute myocardial infarction soon after nicotine replacement therapy. QJM. 2001;94:503-504. (Pubitemid 32894470)
90. Ottervanger JP, Festen JM, de Vries AG, Stricker BH. Acute myocardial infarction while using the nicotine patch. Chest. 1995;107:1765-1766.
91. Gourlay SG, Forbes A, Marriner T, McNeil JJ. Predictors and timing of adverse experiences during transdermal nicotine therapy. Drug Saf. 1999;20:545-555. (Pubitemid 29296599)
92. Benowitz NL, Goniewicz ML. The regulatory challenge of electronic cigarettes. JAMA. 2013;310:685-686.
93. Goniewicz ML, Knysak J, Gawron M, Kosmider L, Sobczak A, Kurek J, Prokopowicz A, Jablonska-Czapla M, Rosik-Dulewska C, Havel C, Jacob P 3rd, Benowitz N. Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tob Control. March 6, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ tobaccocontrol-2012-050859. Accessed August 14, 2013.
94. University of Ottawa Heart Institute. Ottawa Model for Smoking Cessation. http://www.ottawamodel.ca.
95. How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of Surgeon General; 2010.
96. Bradburn MJ, Deeks JJ, Berlin JA, Russell Localio A. Much ado about nothing: a comparison of the performance of meta-analytical methods with rare events. Stat Med. 2007;26:53-77. (Pubitemid 46099417)
97. Naylor CD, Chen E, Strauss B. Measured enthusiasm: does the method of reporting trial results alter perceptions of therapeutic effectiveness? Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:916-921.
98. Prochaska JJ, Hilton JF. Varenicline's adverse events: choice of summary statistics: relative and absolute measures. BMJ. 2013;346:f1092.
99. Roose SP. Considerations for the use of antidepressants in patients with cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J. 2000;140(suppl):84-88.
100. Roose SP, Dalack GW, Glassman AH, Woodring S, Walsh BT, Giardina EG. Cardiovascular effects of bupropion in depressed patients with heart disease. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:512-516.