Treatment of invasive fungal infections in cancer patients - Updated recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO)

Annals of Hematology

Volumn 93, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 13-32

  Mousset, Sabine ^a   Buchheidt, Dieter ^b   Heinz, Werner ^c   Ruhnke, Markus ^d   Cornely, Oliver A ^e   Egerer, Gerlinde ^f   Krüger, William ^g   Link, Hartmut ^h   Neumann, Silke ⁱ   Ostermann, Helmut ^j   Panse, Jens ^k   Penack, Olaf ^d   Rieger, Christina ^l   Schmidt Hieber, Martin ^m   Silling, Gerda ⁿ   Südhoff, Thomas ^o   Ullmann, Andrew J ^c   Wolf, Hans Heinrich ^q   Maschmeyer, Georg ^r   Böhme, Angelika ^p  

^a AGAPLESION MARKUS KRANKENHAUS   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

^d CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

^e UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

^f UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^g UNIVERSITY OF GREIFSWALD   (Germany)

^h Westpfalz Klinikum GmbH   (Germany)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

^j UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^k UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL RWTH AACHEN   (Germany)

^l LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^m Clinic for Hematology Oncology and Tumorimmunology   (Germany)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF MÜNSTER   (Germany)

^o Klinikum Passau   (Germany)

^p MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITÄT HALLE WITTENBERG   (Germany)

^q KLINIKUM ERNST VON BERGMANN   (Germany)

^r Onkologikum   (Germany)

more..

Author keywords

Antifungal agents; Aspergillosis; Hematologic malignancies; Invasive candidiasis; Mycoses

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; AMPHOTERICIN B DEOXYCHOLATE; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; ANIDULAFUNGIN; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; CASPOFUNGIN; COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; ECHINOCANDIN; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUCYTOSINE; MICAFUNGIN; POSACONAZOLE; PYRROLE DERIVATIVE; VORICONAZOLE;

ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL EMBOLISM; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PATIENT; CANDIDIASIS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION; CRYPTOCOCCOSIS; CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS; DRUG INSTILLATION; DRUG MONITORING; FUSARIOSIS; GRANULOCYTE TRANSFUSION; HUMAN; HYPOKALEMIA; IMMUNOTHERAPY; LUNG ASPERGILLOSIS; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MUCORMYCOSIS; MYCOSIS; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUTROPENIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSEUDALLESCHERIASIS; RISK FACTOR; SALVAGE THERAPY; SYSTEMIC MYCOSIS; T CELL THERAPY; T LYMPHOCYTE; TRICHOSPORONOSIS; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; VISUAL DISORDER;

EID: 84891846687     PISSN: 09395555     EISSN: 14320584     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1867-1     Document Type: Article

References (198)

1. Aapro MS, Bohlius J, Cameron DA, Dal Lago L, Donnelly JP, Kearney N, Lyman GH, Pettengell R, Tjan-Heijnen VC, Walewski J, Weber DC, Zielinski C (2011) 2010 update of EORTC guidelines for the use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor to reduce the incidence of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in adult patients with lymphoproliferative disorders and solid tumours. Eur J Cancer 47:8-32
2. Aguilar-Guisado M, Martin-Pena A, Espigado I, Perez R, de Pipaon M, Falantes J, de la Cruz F, Cisneros JM (2011) Universal antifungal therapy is not needed in persistent febrile neutropenia: a tailored diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Haematologica 97:464-471
3. Anaissie E, Bodey GP, Kantarjian H, David C, Barnett K, Bow E, Defelice R, Downs N, File T, Karam G (1991) Fluconazole therapy for chronic disseminated candidiasis in patients with leukemia and prior amphotericin B therapy. Am J Med 91:142-150
4. Anaissie E, Gokaslan A, Hachem R, Rubin R, Griffin G, Robinson R, Sobel J, Bodey G (1992) Azole therapy for trichosporonosis: clinical evaluation of eight patients, experimental therapy for murine infection, and review. Clin Infect Dis 15:781-787
5. Anaissie EJ, Darouiche RO, Abi-Said D, Uzun O, Mera J, Gentry LO, Williams T, Kontoyiannis DP, Karl CL, Bodey GP (1996) Management of invasive candidal infections: results of a prospective, randomized, multicenter study of fluconazole versus amphotericin B and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 23:964-972 (Pubitemid 26367478)
6. Anaissie EJ, Rex JH, Uzun O, Vartivarian S (1998) Predictors of adverse outcome in cancer patients with candidemia. Am J Med 104:238-245 (Pubitemid 28163168)
7. Anaissie EJ, Vartivarian SE, Abi-Said D, Uzun O, Pinczowski H, Kontoyiannis DP, Khoury P, Papadakis K, Gardner A, Raad I, Gilbreath J, Bodey GP (1996) Fluconazole versus amphotericin B in the treatment of hematogenous candidiasis: a matched cohort study. Am J Med 101:170-176 (Pubitemid 26296778)
8. Antachopoulos C, Papakonstantinou E, Dotis J, Bibashi E, Tamiolaki M, Koliouskas D, Roilides E (2005) Fungemia due to Trichosporon asahii in a neutropenic child refractory to amphotericin B: clearance with voriconazole. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 27:283-285 (Pubitemid 40705811)
9. Asada N, Uryu H, Koseki M, Takeuchi M, Komatsu M, Matsue K (2006) Successful treatment of breakthrough Trichosporon asahii fungemia with voriconazole in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Infect Dis 43:e39-e41
10. Ascioglu S, Rex JH, de Pauw B, Bennett JE, Bille J, Crokaert F, Denning DW, Donnelly JP, Edwards JE, Erjavec Z, Fiere D, Lortholary O, Maertens J, Meis JF, Patterson TF, Ritter J, Selleslag D, Shah PM, Stevens DA, Walsh TJ, Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group of the European Organization for R, Treatment of C, Mycoses Study Group of the National Institute of A, Infectious D (2002) Defining opportunistic invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplants: an international consensus. Clin Infect Dis 34:7-14 (Pubitemid 33152659)
11. Baddley JW, Andes DR, Marr KA, Kontoyiannis DP, Alexander BD, Kauffman CA, Oster RA, Anaissie EJ, Walsh TJ, Schuster MG, Wingard JR, Patterson TF, Ito JI, Williams OD, Chiller T, Pappas PG (2010) Factors associated with mortality in transplant patients with invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 50:1559-1567
12. Bandettini R, Castagnola E, Calvillo M, Micalizzi C, Ravegnani M, Pescetto L, Manzitti C, Soro O, Ricagni L, Lanino E, Miano M, Cuzzubbo D, Conte M, Morreale G, Faraci M (2009) Voriconazole for cryptococcal meningitis in children with leukemia or receiving allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplant. J Chemother 21:108-109
13. Barbaric D, Shaw PJ (2001) Scedosporium infection in immunocompromised patients: successful use of liposomal amphotericin B and itraconazole. Med Pediatr Oncol 37:122-125 (Pubitemid 32738073)
14. Bassetti M, Bisio F, Di Biagio A, Pierri I, Balocco M, Soro O, Cruciani M, Bassetti D (2004) Trichosporon asahii infection treated with caspofungin combined with liposomal amphotericin B. J Antimicrob Chemother 54:575-577 (Pubitemid 39177494)
15. Bassetti M, Repetto E, Mikulska M, Miglino M, Clavio M, Gobbi M, Righi E, Viscoli C (2009) Cryptococcus neoformans fatal sepsis in a chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient treated with alemtuzumab: case report and review of the literature. J Chemother 21:211-214
16. Bates DW, Su L, Yu DT, Chertow GM, Seger DL, Gomes DR, Dasbach EJ, Platt R (2001) Mortality and costs of acute renal failure associated with amphotericin B therapy. Clin Infect Dis 32:686-693 (Pubitemid 32221925)
17. Bayramoglu G, Sonmez M, Tosun I, Aydin K, Aydin F (2008) Breakthrough Trichosporon asahii fungemia in neutropenic patient with acute leukemia while receiving caspofungin. Infection 36:68-70 (Pubitemid 351628255)
18. Benjamin DK Jr, Miro JM, Hoen B, Steinbach WJ, Fowler VG Jr, Olaison L, Habib G, Abrutyn E, Perfect J, Zass A, Corey GR, Eykyn S, Thuny F, Jimenez-Exposito MJ, Cabell CH (2004) Candida endocarditis: contemporary cases from the International Collaboration of Infectious Endocarditis Merged Database (ICE-mD). Scand J Infect Dis 36:453-455 (Pubitemid 39089195)
19. Betts RF, Nucci M, Talwar D, Gareca M, Queiroz-Telles F, Bedimo RJ, Herbrecht R, Ruiz-Palacios G, Young JA, Baddley JW, Strohmaier KM, Tucker KA, Taylor AF, Kartsonis NA (2009) A multicenter, double-blind trial of a high-dose caspofungin treatment regimen versus a standard caspofungin treatment regimen for adult patients with invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 48:1676-1684
20. Bhat SV, Paterson DL, Rinaldi MG, Veldkamp PJ (2007) Scedosporium prolificans brain abscess in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease: successful combination therapy with voriconazole and terbinafine. Scand J Infect Dis 39:87-90 (Pubitemid 46277156)
21. Bicanic T, Wood R, Meintjes G, Rebe K, Brouwer A, Loyse A, Bekker LG, Jaffar S, Harrison T (2008) High-dose amphotericin B with flucytosine for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected patients: a randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis 47:123-130 (Pubitemid 351920599)
22. Blumberg HM, Jarvis WR, Soucie JM, Edwards JE, Patterson JE, Pfaller MA, Rangel-Frausto MS, Rinaldi MG, Saiman L, Wiblin RT, Wenzel RP (2001) Risk factors for candidal bloodstream infections in surgical intensive care unit patients: the NEMIS prospective multicenter study. The National Epidemiology of Mycosis Survey. Clin Infect Dis 33:177-186 (Pubitemid 32643332)
23. Bow EJ, Loewen R, Cheang MS, Schacter B (1995) Invasive fungal disease in adults undergoing remission-induction therapy for acute myeloid leukemia: the pathogenetic role of the antileukemic regimen. Clin Infect Dis 21:361-369
24. Brouwer AE, Rajanuwong A, Chierakul W, Griffin GE, Larsen RA, White NJ, Harrison TS (2004) Combination antifungal therapies for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a randomised trial. Lancet 363:1764-1767 (Pubitemid 38698379)
25. Caillot D, Casasnovas O, Bernard A, Couaillier JF, Durand C, Cuisenier B, Solary E, Piard F, Petrella T, Bonnin A, Couillault G, Dumas M, Guy H (1997) Improved management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients using early thoracic computed tomographic scan and surgery. J Clin Oncol 15:139-147 (Pubitemid 27020567)
26. Caillot D, Couaillier JF, Bernard A, Casasnovas O, Denning DW, Mannone L, Lopez J, Couillault G, Piard F, Vagner O, Guy H (2001) Increasing volume and changing characteristics of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis on sequential thoracic computed tomography scans in patients with neutropenia. J Clinical Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol 19:253-259 (Pubitemid 32063503)
27. Caillot D, Thiebaut A, Herbrecht R, de Botton S, Pigneux A, Bernard F, Larche J, Monchecourt F, Alfandari S, Mahi L (2007) Liposomal amphotericin B in combination with caspofungin for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies: a randomized pilot study (Combistrat trial). Cancer 110:2740-2746 (Pubitemid 350250344)
28. Campo M, Lewis RE, Kontoyiannis DP (2010) Invasive fusariosis in patients with hematologic malignancies at a cancer center: 1998-2009. J Infect 60:331-337
29. Chakrabarti A, Chatterjee SS, Das A, Panda N, Shivaprakash MR, Kaur A, Varma SC, Singhi S, Bhansali A, Sakhuja V (2009) Invasive zygomycosis in India: experience in a tertiary care hospital. Postgrad Med J 85:573-581
30. Chamilos G, Marom EM, Lewis RE, Lionakis MS, Kontoyiannis DP (2005) Predictors of pulmonary zygomycosis versus invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis 41:60-66 (Pubitemid 40863745)
31. Chandrasekar PH, Ito JI (2005) Amphotericin B lipid complex in the management of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis 40(Suppl 6):S392-S400
32. Cordonnier C, Bresnik M, Ebrahimi R (2007) Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) efficacy in confirmed invasive aspergillosis and other filamentous fungal infections in immunocompromised hosts: a pooled analysis. Mycoses 50:205-209 (Pubitemid 46683983)
33. Cordonnier C, Pautas C, Maury S, Vekhoff A, Farhat H, Suarez F, Dhédin N, Isnard F, Ades L, Kuhnowski F, Foulet F, Kuentz M, Maison P, Bretagne S, Schwarzinger M (2009) Empirical versus preemptive antifungal therapy for high-risk, febrile, neutropenic patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 48:1042-1051
34. Cornely OA, Lasso M, Betts R, Klimko N, Vazquez J, Dobb G, Velez J, Williams-Diaz A, Lipka J, Taylor A, Sable C, Kartsonis N (2007) Caspofungin for the treatment of less common forms of invasive candidiasis. J Antimicrob Chemother 60:363-369 (Pubitemid 47243887)
35. Cornely OA, Maertens J, Bresnik M, Ebrahimi R, Ullmann AJ, Bouza E, Heussel CP, Lortholary O, Rieger C, Boehme A, Aoun M, Horst HA, Thiebaut A, Ruhnke M, Reichert D, Vianelli N, Krause SW, Olavarria E, Herbrecht R (2007) Liposomal amphotericin B as initial therapy for invasive mold infection: a randomized trial comparing a high-loading dose regimen with standard dosing (AmBiLoad trial). Clin Infect Dis 44:1289-1297 (Pubitemid 46717290)
36. Cornely OA, Vehreschild JJ, Vehreschild MJ, Wurthwein G, Arenz D, Schwartz S, Heussel CP, Silling G, Mahne M, Franklin J, Harnischmacher U, Wilkens A, Farowski F, Karthaus M, Lehrnbecher T, Ullmann AJ, Hallek M, Groll AH (2011) Phase II dose escalation study of caspofungin for invasive aspergillosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:5798-5803
37. Cortez KJ, Roilides E, Quiroz-Telles F, Meletiadis J, Antachopoulos C, Knudsen T, Buchanan W, Milanovich J, Sutton DA, Fothergill A, Rinaldi MG, Shea YR, Zaoutis T, Kottilil S, Walsh TJ (2008) Infections caused by Scedosporium spp. Clin Microbiol Rev 21:157-197
38. Cunningham R, Mitchell DC (1996) Amphotericin B responsive Scedosporium apiospermum infection in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia. J Clin Pathol 49:93-94
39. Danner BC, Didilis V, Dorge H, Mikroulis D, Bougioukas G, Schondube FA (2008) Surgical treatment of pulmonary aspergillosis/mycosis in immunocompromised patients. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 7:771-776
40. Denning DW, Marr KA, Lau WM, Facklam DP, Ratanatharathorn V, Becker C, Ullmann AJ, Seibel NL, Flynn PM, van Burik JA, Buell DN, Patterson TF (2006) Micafungin (FK463), alone or in combination with other systemic antifungal agents, for the treatment of acute invasive aspergillosis. J Infect 53:337-349 (Pubitemid 44524711)
41. Denning DW, Ribaud P, Milpied N, Caillot D, Herbrecht R, Thiel E, Haas A, Ruhnke M, Lode H (2002) Efficacy and safety of voriconazole in the treatment of acute invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 34:563-571 (Pubitemid 34165316)
42. deShazo RD, Chapin K, Swain RE (1997) Fungal sinusitis. N Engl J Med 337:254-259 (Pubitemid 27310442)
43. Ellis M, Spence D, de Pauw B, Meunier F, Marinus A, Collette L, Sylvester R, Meis J, Boogaerts M, Selleslag D, Krcmery V, von Sinner W, MacDonald P, Doyen C, Vandercam B (1998) An EORTC international multicenter randomized trial (EORTC number 19923) comparing two dosages of liposomal amphotericin B for treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 27:1406-1412 (Pubitemid 29242412)
44. Falk R, Wolf DG, Shapiro M, Polacheck I (2003) Multidrug-resistant Trichosporon asahii isolates are susceptible to voriconazole. J Clin Microbiol 41:911 (Pubitemid 36184229)
45. Flattery AM, Hickey E, Gill CJ, Powles MA, Misura AS, Galgoci AM, Ellis JD, Zhang R, Sandhu P, Ronan J, Abruzzo GK (2011) Efficacy of caspofungin in a juvenile mouse model of central nervous system candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:3491-3497
46. Fournier S, Pavageau W, Feuillhade M, Deplus S, Zagdanski AM, Verola O, Dombret H, Molina JM (2002) Use of voriconazole to successfully treat disseminated Trichosporon asahii infection in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 21:892-896 (Pubitemid 36160718)
47. Francis P, Walsh TJ (1992) Evolving role of flucytosine in immunocompromised patients: new insights into safety, pharmacokinetics, and antifungal therapy. Clin Infect Dis 15:1003-1018
48. Garey KW, Rege M, Pai MP, Mingo DE, Suda KJ, Turpin RS, Bearden DT (2006) Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multi-institutional study. Clin Infect Dis 43:25-31 (Pubitemid 43939072)
49. Georgiadou SP, Sipsas NV, Marom EM, Kontoyiannis DP (2011) The diagnostic value of halo and reversed halo signs for invasive mold infections in compromised hosts. Clin Infect Dis 52:1144-1155
50. Ghosal A, Hapangama N, Yuan Y, Achanfuo-Yeboah J, Iannucci R, Chowdhury S, Alton K, Patrick JE, Zbaida S (2004) Identification of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzyme(s) responsible for the glucuronidation of posaconazole (Noxafil). Drug Metab Dispos 32:267-271 (Pubitemid 38176945)
51. Girmenia C, Pagano L, Martino B, D'Antonio D, Fanci R, Specchia G, Melillo L, Buelli M, Pizzarelli G, Venditti M, Martino P (2005) Invasive infections caused by Trichosporon species and Geotrichum capitatum in patients with hematological malignancies: a retrospective multicenter study from Italy and review of the literature. J Clin Microbiol 43:1818-1828
52. Glasmacher A, Cornely OA, Orlopp K, Reuter S, Blaschke S, Eichel M, Silling G, Simons B, Egerer G, Siemann M, Florek M, Schnitzler R, Ebeling P, Ritter J, Reinel H, Schutt P, Fischer H, Hahn C, Just-Nuebling G (2006) Caspofungin treatment in severely ill, immunocompromised patients: a case-documentation study of 118 patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 57:127-134 (Pubitemid 43057069)
53. Goodman D, Pamer E, Jakubowski A, Morris C, Sepkowitz K (2002) Breakthrough trichosporonosis in a bone marrow transplant recipient receiving caspofungin acetate. Clin Infect Dis 35:E35-E36
54. Greenberg RN, Anstead G, Herbrecht R, Langston A, Marr K, Mullane K, Raad I, Schiller G, Schuster M, van Burik JA, Wingard JR, Hare R, Corcoran G (2003) Posaconazole therapy for refractory invasive zygomycosis. In: 43rd Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC). Chicago, III, p 476
55. Grenouillet F, Botterel F, Crouzet J, Larosa F, Hicheri Y, Forel JM, Helias P, Ranque S, Delhaes L (2009) Scedosporium prolificans: an emerging pathogen in France? Med Mycol 47:343-350
56. Groll AH, Gea-Banacloche JC, Glasmacher A, Just-Nuebling G, Maschmeyer G, Walsh TJ (2003) Clinical pharmacology of antifungal compounds. Infect Dis Clin North Am 17:159-191, ix (Pubitemid 36514575)
57. Groll AH, Giri N, Petraitis V, Petraitiene R, Candelario M, Bacher JS, Piscitelli SC, Walsh TJ (2000) Comparative efficacy and distribution of lipid formulations of amphotericin B in experimental Candida albicans infection of the central nervous system. J Infect Dis 182:274-282 (Pubitemid 30497814)
58. Hachem RY, Boktour MR, Hanna HA, Husni RN, Torres HA, Afif C, Kontoyiannis DP, Raad II (2008) Amphotericin B lipid complex versus liposomal amphotericin B monotherapy for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancy. Cancer 112:1282-1287 (Pubitemid 351429743)
59. Hachem RY, Kontoyiannis DP, Boktour MR, Afif C, Cooksley C, Bodey GP, Chatzinikolaou I, Perego C, Kantarjian HM, Raad II (2004) Aspergillus terreus: an emerging amphotericin B-resistant opportunistic mold in patients with hematologic malignancies. Cancer 101:1594-1600 (Pubitemid 39318906)
60. Hamill RJ, Sobel JD, El-Sadr W, Johnson PC, Graybill JR, Javaly K, Barker DE (2010) Comparison of 2 doses of liposomal amphotericin B and conventional amphotericin B deoxycholate for treatment of AIDS-associated acute cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Clin Infect Dis 51:225-232
61. Harbarth S, Pestotnik SL, Lloyd JF, Burke JP, Samore MH (2001) The epidemiology of nephrotoxicity associated with conventional amphotericin B therapy. Am J Med 111(7):528-534 (Pubitemid 33052350)
62. Heath JL, Yin DE, Wechsler DS, Turner DA (2012) Successful treatment of disseminated cryptococcal infection in a pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient during induction. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 34:e161-e163
63. Hebart H, Klingspor L, Klingebiel T, Loeffler J, Tollemar J, Ljungman P, Wandt H, Schaefer-Eckart K, Dornbusch HJ, Meisner C, Engel C, Stenger N, Mayer T, Ringden O, Einsele H (2009) A prospective randomized controlled trial comparing PCR-based and empirical treatment with liposomal amphotericin B in patients after allo-SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant 43:553-561
64. Heinz Werner J, Klinker H (2012) Therapeutisches Drug Monitoring von Antimykotika/Therapeutic drug monitoring of antifungal agents. In: Laboratoriumsmedizin. p 99
65. Herbrecht R, Denning DW, Patterson TF, Bennett JE, Greene RE, Oestmann JW, Kern WV, Marr KA, Ribaud P, Lortholary O, Sylvester R, Rubin RH, Wingard JR, Stark P, Durand C, Caillot D, Thiel E, Chandrasekar PH, Hodges MR, Schlamm HT, Troke PF, de Pauw B (2002) Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 347:408-415 (Pubitemid 34851833)
66. Herbrecht R, Flückiger U, Gachot B, Ribaud P, Thiebaut A, Cordonnier C (2007) Treatment of invasive Candida and invasive Aspergillus infections in adult haematological patients. Eur J Cancer Suppl 5:49-59 (Pubitemid 47187744)
67. Herbrecht R, Letscher-Bru V, Bowden RA, Kusne S, Anaissie EJ, Graybill JR, Noskin GA, Oppenheim AE, Pietrelli LA (2001) Treatment of 21 cases of invasive mucormycosis with amphotericin B colloidal dispersion. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 20:460-466 (Pubitemid 34212106)
68. Herbrecht R, Maertens J, Baila L, Aoun M, Heinz W, Martino R, Schwartz S, Ullmann AJ, Meert L, Paesmans M, Marchetti O, Akan H, Ameye L, Shivaprakash M, Viscoli C (2010) Caspofungin first-line therapy for invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients: an European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer study. Bone Marrow Transplant 45:1227-1233
69. Heussel CP, Kauczor HU, Heussel G, Mildenberger P, Dueber C (1997) Aneurysms complicating inflammatory diseases in immunocompromised hosts: value of contrast-enhanced CT. Eur Radiol 7:316-319 (Pubitemid 127538621)
70. Hong XY, Chou YC, Lazareff JA (2008) Brain stem candidiasis mimicking cerebellopontine angle tumor. Surg Neurol 70:87-91
71. Hosokawa K, Yamazaki H, Mochizuki K, Ohata K, Ishiyama K, Hayashi T, Kondo Y, Sugimori N, Okumura H, Takami A, Nakao S (2012) Successful treatment of Trichosporon fungemia in a patient with refractory acute myeloid leukemia using voriconazole combined with liposomal amphotericin B. Transpl Infect Dis 14:184-187
72. Howden BP, Slavin MA, Schwarer AP, Mijch AM (2003) Successful control of disseminated Scedosporium prolificans infection with a combination of voriconazole and terbinafine. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 22:111-113 (Pubitemid 36349974)
73. Hübel K, Carter RA, Liles WC, Dale DC, Price TH, Bowden RA, Rowley SD, Chauncey TR, Bensinger WI, Boeckh M (2002) Granulocyte transfusion therapy for infections in candidates and recipients of HPC transplantation: a comparative analysis of feasibility and outcome for community donors versus related donors. Transfusion 42:1414-1421
74. Ito JI, Chandrasekar PH, Hooshmand-Rad R (2005) Effectiveness of amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) treatment in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients with invasive aspergillosis (IA). Bone Marrow Transplant 36:873-877 (Pubitemid 41655613)
75. Ito JI, Hooshmand-Rad R (2005) Treatment of Candida infections with amphotericin B lipid complex. Clin Infect Dis 40(Suppl 6):S384-S391
76. Jacobs F, Selleslag D, Aoun M, Sonet A, Gadisseur A (2012) An observational efficacy and safety analysis of the treatment of acute invasive aspergillosis using voriconazole. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 31:1173-1179
77. Kaffarnik M, Utzolino S, Blaich A, Hopt UT (2008) Successful multimodal therapy of invasive pulmonary and central nervous system aspergillosis in a neutropenic surgical patient: case report and review of the literature. Mycoses 51:74-78 (Pubitemid 350215906)
78. Karthaus M, Hebart H, Einsele H, Schaefer H, Scheel-Walter H, Buchheidt D, Lehrnbecher T (2006) Long-term survival in patients with acute leukemia and chronic disseminated candidiasis despite minimal antileukemic therapy. Haematologica 91:1422-1423 (Pubitemid 44569823)
79. Kauffman CA, Bradley SF, Ross SC, Weber DR (1991) Hepatosplenic candidiasis: successful treatment with fluconazole. Am J Med 91:137-141
80. Kish MA (2001) Guide to development of practice guidelines. Clin Infect Dis 32:851-854 (Pubitemid 32524817)
81. Kontoyiannis DP, Lewis RE (2003) Combination chemotherapy for invasive fungal infections: what laboratory and clinical studies tell us so far. Drug Resist Updat 6:257-269 (Pubitemid 37493782)
82. Kontoyiannis DP, Ratanatharathorn V, Young JA, Raymond J, Laverdiere M, Denning DW, Patterson TF, Facklam D, Kovanda L, Arnold L, Lau W, Buell D, Marr KA (2009) Micafungin alone or in combination with other systemic antifungal therapies in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with invasive aspergillosis. Transpl Infect Dis 11:89-93
83. Kontoyiannis DP, Reddy BT, Hanna H, Bodey GP, Tarrand J, Raad I (2002) Breakthrough candidemia in patients with cancer differs from de novo candidemia in host factors and Candida species but not intensity. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 23:542-545 (Pubitemid 35033867)
84. Kuhn DM, George T, Chandra J, Mukherjee PK, Ghannoum MA (2002) Antifungal susceptibility of Candida biofilms: unique efficacy of amphotericin B lipid formulations and echinocandins. Antimicrob Agents Chemothe 46:1773-1780 (Pubitemid 34535196)
85. Kullberg BJ, Sobel JD, Ruhnke M, Pappas PG, Viscoli C, Rex JH, Cleary JD, Rubinstein E, Church LW, Brown JM, Schlamm HT, Oborska IT, Hilton F, Hodges MR (2005) Voriconazole versus a regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole for candidaemia in non-neutropenic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 366:1435-1442 (Pubitemid 41483809)
86. Kuse ER, Chetchotisakd P, da Cunha CA, Ruhnke M, Barrios C, Raghunadharao D, Sekhon JS, Freire A, Ramasubramanian V, Demeyer I, Nucci M, Leelarasamee A, Jacobs F, Decruyenaere J, Pittet D, Ullmann AJ, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Lortholary O, Koblinger S, Diekmann-Berndt H, Cornely OA (2007) Micafungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for candidaemia and invasive candidosis: a phase III randomised double-blind trial. Lancet 369:1519-1527 (Pubitemid 46670281)
87. Labelle AJ, Micek ST, Roubinian N, Kollef MH (2008) Treatment-related risk factors for hospital mortality in Candida bloodstream infections. Crit Care Med 36:2967-2972
88. Lackner M, Rezusta A, Villuendas MC, Palacian MP, Meis JF, Klaassen CH (2011) Infection and colonisation due to Scedosporium in Northern Spain. An in vitro antifungal susceptibility and molecular epidemiology study of 60 isolates. Mycoses 54(Suppl 3):12-21
89. Lamaris GA, Chamilos G, Lewis RE, Safdar A, Raad II, Kontoyiannis DP (2006) Scedosporium infection in a tertiary care cancer center: a review of 25 cases from 1989-2006. Clin Infect Dis 43:1580-1584 (Pubitemid 44901901)
90. Larkin JA, Montero JA (2003) Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B lipid complex for zygomycosis. Infect Med 20:201-206 (Pubitemid 36511530)
91. Lass-Florl C, Griff K, Mayr A, Petzer A, Gastl G, Bonatti H, Freund M, Kropshofer G, Dierich MP, Nachbaur D (2005) Epidemiology and outcome of infections due to Aspergillus terreus: 10-year single centre experience. Br J Haematol 131:201-207 (Pubitemid 43899686)
92. Leenders AC, Daenen S, Jansen RL, Hop WC, Lowenberg B, Wijermans PW, Cornelissen J, Herbrecht R, van der Lelie H, Hoogsteden HC, Verbrugh HA, de Marie S (1998) Liposomal amphotericin B compared with amphotericin B deoxycholate in the treatment of documented and suspected neutropenia-associated invasive fungal infections. Br J Haematol 103:205-212 (Pubitemid 28470819)
93. Legrand F, Lecuit M, Dupont B, Bellaton E, Huerre M, Rohrlich PS, Lortholary O (2008) Adjuvant corticosteroid therapy for chronic disseminated candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 46:696-702 (Pubitemid 351321553)
94. Leon C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, Almirante B, Nolla-Salas J, Alvarez-Lerma F, Garnacho-Montero J, Leon MA (2006) A bedside scoring system ("Candida score") for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonization. Crit Care Med 34:730-737
95. Lin SJ, Schranz J, Teutsch SM (2001) Aspergillosis case-fatality rate: systematic review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 32:358-366 (Pubitemid 32173620)
96. Lortholary O, Obenga G, Biswas P, Caillot D, Chachaty E, Bienvenu AL, Cornet M, Greene J, Herbrecht R, Lacroix C, Grenouillet F, Raad I, Sitbon K, Troke P (2010) International retrospective analysis of 73 cases of invasive fusariosis treated with voriconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:4446-4450
97. Loyse A, Wilson D, Meintjes G, Jarvis JN, Bicanic T, Bishop L, Rebe K, Williams A, Jaffar S, Bekker LG, Wood R, Harrison TS (2012) Comparison of the early fungicidal activity of high-dose fluconazole, voriconazole, and flucytosine as second-line drugs given in combination with amphotericin B for the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 54:121-128
98. Maertens J, Egerer G, Shin WS, Reichert D, Stek M, Chandwani S, Shivaprakash M, Viscoli C (2010) Caspofungin use in daily clinical practice for treatment of invasive aspergillosis: results of a prospective observational registry. BMC Infect Dis 10:182
99. Maertens J, Glasmacher A, Herbrecht R, Thiebaut A, Cordonnier C, Segal BH, Killar J, Taylor A, Kartsonis N, Patterson TF, Aoun M, Caillot D, Sable C (2006) Multicenter, noncomparative study of caspofungin in combination with other antifungals as salvage therapy in adults with invasive aspergillosis. Cancer 107:2888-2897 (Pubitemid 44937044)
100. Maertens J, Raad I, Petrikkos G, Boogaerts M, Selleslag D, Petersen FB, Sable CA, Kartsonis NA, Ngai A, Taylor A, Patterson TF, Denning DW, Walsh TJ (2004) Efficacy and safety of caspofungin for treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients refractory to or intolerant of conventional antifungal therapy. Clin Infect Dis 39:1563-1571 (Pubitemid 39578526)
101. Marks DI, Pagliuca A, Kibbler CC, Glasmacher A, Heussel CP, Kantecki M, Miller PJ, Ribaud P, Schlamm HT, Solano C, Cook G (2011) Voriconazole versus itraconazole for antifungal prophylaxis following allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 155:318-327
102. Marr KA, Boeckh M, Carter RA, Kim HW, Corey L (2004) Combination antifungal therapy for invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 39:797-802 (Pubitemid 39244292)
103. Marty FM, Cosimi LA, Baden LR (2004) Breakthrough zygomycosis after voriconazole treatment in recipients of hematopoietic stem-cell transplants. N Engl J Med 350:950-952 (Pubitemid 38252550)
104. Maschmeyer G, Haas A (2006) Defining clinical failure for salvage studies. Med Mycol 44:315-318 (Pubitemid 44524123)
105. Matsue K, Uryu H, Koseki M, Asada N, Takeuchi M (2006) Breakthrough trichosporonosis in patients with hematologic malignancies receiving micafungin. Clin Infect Dis 42:753-757 (Pubitemid 43363927)
106. Matt P, Bernet F, Habicht J, Gambazzi F, Gratwohl A, Zerkowski HR, Tamm M (2004) Predicting outcome after lung resection for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with neutropenia. Chest 126:1783-1788 (Pubitemid 39643980)
107. Miller CB, Waller EK, Klingemann HG, Dignani MC, Anaissie EJ, Cagnoni PJ, McSweeney P, Fleck PR, Fruchtman SM, McGuirk J, Chao NJ (2004) Lipid formulations of amphotericin B preserve and stabilize renal function in HSCT recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 33:543-548 (Pubitemid 38425786)
108. Mills W, Chopra R, Linch DC, Goldstone AH (1994) Liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of fungal infections in neutropenic patients: a single-centre experience of 133 episodes in 116 patients. Br J Haematol 86:754-760 (Pubitemid 24194431)
109. Miro JM, del Rio A, Mestres CA (2002) Infective endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers and HIV-1 infected patients. Infect Dis Clin North Am 16:273-295, vii-viii (Pubitemid 34663637)
110. Mora-Duarte J, Betts R, Rotstein C, Colombo AL, Thompson-Moya L, Smietana J, Lupinacci R, Sable C, Kartsonis N, Perfect J (2002) Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med 347:2020-2029 (Pubitemid 35461658)
111. Morrell M, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH (2005) Delaying the empiric treatment of Candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: a potential risk factor for hospital mortality. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:3640-3645 (Pubitemid 41233011)
112. Morrissey CO, Slavin MA, O'Reilly MA, Daffy JR, Seymour JF, Schwarer AP, Szer J (2007) Caspofungin as salvage monotherapy for invasive aspergillosis in patients with haematological malignancies or following allogeneic stem cell transplantation: efficacy and concomitant cyclosporin A. Mycoses 50:24-37 (Pubitemid 46495988)
113. Mousset S, Hermann S, Klein SA, Bialleck H, Duchscherer M, Bomke B, Wassmann B, Bohme A, Hoelzer D, Martin H (2005) Prophylactic and interventional granulocyte transfusions in patients with haematological malignancies and life-threatening infections during neutropenia. Ann Hematol 84:734-741 (Pubitemid 41447808)
114. Munoz P, Singh N, Bouza E (2006) Treatment of solid organ transplant patients with invasive fungal infections: should a combination of antifungal drugs be used? Curr Opin Infect Dis 19:365-370 (Pubitemid 43982510)
115. Neofytos D, Horn D, Anaissie E, Steinbach W, Olyaei A, Fishman J, Pfaller M, Chang C, Webster K, Marr K (2009) Epidemiology and outcome of invasive fungal infection in adult hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: analysis of Multicenter Prospective Antifungal Therapy (PATH) Alliance registry. Clin Infect Dis 48:265-273
116. Nivoix Y, Velten M, Letscher-Bru V, Moghaddam A, Natarajan-Ame S, Fohrer C, Lioure B, Bilger K, Lutun P, Marcellin L, Launoy A, Freys G, Bergerat JP, Herbrecht R (2008) Factors associated with overall and attributable mortality in invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 47:1176-1184
117. Nosari A, Ravini M, Cairoli R, Cozzi P, Marbello L, Marenco P, Grillo G, Morra E (2007) Surgical resection of persistent pulmonary fungus nodules and secondary prophylaxis are effective in preventing fungal relapse in patients receiving chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation for leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant 39:631-635 (Pubitemid 46722843)
118. Nucci M, Anaissie EJ, Queiroz-Telles F, Martins CA, Trabasso P, Solza C, Mangini C, Simoes BP, Colombo AL, Vaz J, Levy CE, Costa S, Moreira VA, Oliveira JS, Paraguay N, Duboc G, Voltarelli JC, Maiolino A, Pasquini R, Souza CA (2003) Outcome predictors of 84 patients with hematologic malignancies and Fusarium infection. Cancer 98:315-319 (Pubitemid 36828456)
119. Nucci M, Marr KA, Queiroz-Telles F, Martins CA, Trabasso P, Costa S, Voltarelli JC, Colombo AL, Imhof A, Pasquini R, Maiolino A, Souza CA, Anaissie E (2004) Fusarium infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 38:1237-1242 (Pubitemid 38608564)
120. Nussbaum JC, Jackson A, Namarika D, Phulusa J, Kenala J, Kanyemba C, Jarvis JN, Jaffar S, Hosseinipour MC, Kamwendo D, van der Horst CM, Harrison TS (2010) Combination flucytosine and high-dose fluconazole compared with fluconazole monotherapy for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized trial in Malawi. Clin Infect Dis 50:338-344
121. Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Marr KA, Rex JH, Cohen SH (2003) Amphotericin B: time for a new gold standard. Clin Infect Dis 37:415-425 (Pubitemid 36976501)
122. Pagano L, Caira M, Candoni A, Offidani M, Fianchi L, Martino B, Pastore D, Picardi M, Bonini A, Chierichini A, Fanci R, Caramatti C, Invernizzi R, Mattei D, Mitra ME, Melillo L, Aversa F, Van Lint MT, Falcucci P, Valentini CG, Girmenia C, Nosari A (2006) The epidemiology of fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies: the SEIFEM-2004 study. Haematologica 91:1068-1075 (Pubitemid 44208634)
123. Pagano L, Caira M, Candoni A, Offidani M, Martino B, Specchia G, Pastore D, Stanzani M, Cattaneo C, Fanci R, Caramatti C, Rossini F, Luppi M, Potenza L, Ferrara F, Mitra ME, Fadda RM, Invernizzi R, Aloisi T, Picardi M, Bonini A, Vacca A, Chierichini A, Melillo L, de Waure C, Fianchi L, Riva M, Leone G, Aversa F, Nosari A (2010) Invasive aspergillosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: a SEIFEM-2008 registry study. Haematologica 95:644-650
124. Pagano L, Caira M, Falcucci P, Fianchi L (2005) Fungal CNS infections in patients with hematologic malignancy. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 3:775-785 (Pubitemid 41535399)
125. Pagano L, Mele L, Fianchi L, Melillo L, Martino B, D'Antonio D, Tosti ME, Posteraro B, Sanguinetti M, Trape G, Equitani F, Carotenuto M, Leone G (2002) Chronic disseminated candidiasis in patients with hematologic malignancies. Clinical features and outcome of 29 episodes. Haematologica 87:535-541 (Pubitemid 34533281)
126. Pagano L, Offidani M, Fianchi L, Nosari A, Candoni A, Piccardi M, Corvatta L, D'Antonio D, Girmenia C, Martino P, Del Favero A (2004) Mucormycosis in hematologic patients. Haematologica 89:207-214 (Pubitemid 38796496)
127. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes D, Benjamin DK Jr, Calandra TF, Edwards JE Jr, Filler SG, Fisher JF, Kullberg BJ, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Reboli AC, Rex JH, Walsh TJ, Sobel JD (2009) Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 48:503-535
128. Pappas PG, Rotstein CM, Betts RF, Nucci M, Talwar D, De Waele JJ, Vazquez JA, Dupont BF, Horn DL, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Reboli AC, Suh B, Digumarti R, Wu C, Kovanda LL, Arnold LJ, Buell DN (2007) Micafungin versus caspofungin for treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 45:883-893 (Pubitemid 47580382)
129. Park WB, Kim NH, Kim KH, Lee SH, Nam WS, Yoon SH, Song KH, Choe PG, Kim NJ, Jang IJ, Oh MD, Yu KS (2012) The effect of therapeutic drug monitoring on safety and efficacy of voriconazole in invasive fungal infections: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 55:1080-1087
130. Pascual A, Calandra T, Bolay S, Buclin T, Bille J, Marchetti O (2008) Voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with invasive mycoses improves efficacy and safety outcomes. Clin Infect Dis 46:201-211 (Pubitemid 351269158)
131. Pascual A, Csajka C, Buclin T, Bolay S, Bille J, Calandra T, Marchetti O (2012) Challenging recommended oral and intravenous voriconazole doses for improved efficacy and safety: population pharmacokinetics-based analysis of adult patients with invasive fungal infections. Clin Infect Dis 55:381-390
132. Pascual A, Nieth V, Calandra T, Bille J, Bolay S, Decosterd LA, Buclin T, Majcherczyk PA, Sanglard D, Marchetti O (2007) Variability of voriconazole plasma levels measured by new high-performance liquid chromatography and bioassay methods. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:137-143 (Pubitemid 46047698)
133. Perfect JR (2005) Treatment of non-Aspergillus moulds in immunocompromised patients, with amphotericin B lipid complex. Clin Infect Dis 40(Suppl 6):S401-S408
134. Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, Goldman DL, Graybill JR, Hamill RJ, Harrison TS, Larsen RA, Lortholary O, Nguyen MH, Pappas PG, Powderly WG, Singh N, Sobel JD, Sorrell TC (2010) Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 50:291-322
135. Perfect JR, Marr KA, Walsh TJ, Greenberg RN, DuPont B, de la Torre-Cisneros J, Just-Nubling G, Schlamm HT, Lutsar I, Espinel-Ingroff A, Johnson E (2003) Voriconazole treatment for less-common, emerging, or refractory fungal infections. Clin Infect Dis 36:1122-1131 (Pubitemid 36549632)
136. Perruccio K, Tosti A, Burchielli E, Topini F, Ruggeri L, Carotti A, Capanni M, Urbani E, Mancusi A, Aversa F, Martelli MF, Romani L, Velardi A (2005) Transferring functional immune responses to pathogens after haploidentical hematopoietic transplantation. Blood 106:4397-4406 (Pubitemid 41775954)
137. Price TH (2007) Granulocyte transfusion: current status. Semin Hematol 44:15-23 (Pubitemid 46013926)
138. Raad II, Graybill JR, Bustamante AB, Cornely OA, Gaona-Flores V, Afif C, Graham DR, Greenberg RN, Hadley S, Langston A, Negroni R, Perfect JR, Pitisuttithum P, Restrepo A, Schiller G, Pedicone L, Ullmann AJ (2006) Safety of long-term oral posaconazole use in the treatment of refractory invasive fungal infections. Clin Infect Dis 42:1726-1734 (Pubitemid 43839438)
139. Raad II, Hachem RY, Herbrecht R, Graybill JR, Hare R, Corcoran G, Kontoyiannis DP (2006) Posaconazole as salvage treatment for invasive fusariosis in patients with underlying hematologic malignancy and other conditions. Clin Infect Dis 42:1398-1403
140. Raad II, Hanna HA, Boktour M, Jiang Y, Torres HA, Afif C, Kontoyiannis DP, Hachem RY (2008) Novel antifungal agents as salvage therapy for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies: posaconazole compared with high-dose lipid formulations of amphotericin B alone or in combination with caspofungin. Leukemia 22:496-503 (Pubitemid 351395097)
141. Raad I, Hanna H, Boktour M, Girgawy E, Danawi H, Mardani M, Kontoyiannis D, Darouiche R, Hachem R, Bodey GP (2004) Management of central venous catheters in patients with cancer and candidemia. Clin Infect Dis 38:1119-1127 (Pubitemid 38951258)
142. Raad I, Hanna H, Maki D (2007) Intravascular catheter-related infections: advances in diagnosis, prevention, and management. Lancet Infect Dis 7:645-657 (Pubitemid 47444563)
143. Reboli AC, Rotstein C, Pappas PG, Chapman SW, Kett DH, Kumar D, Betts R, Wible M, Goldstein BP, Schranz J, Krause DS, Walsh TJ (2007) Anidulafungin versus fluconazole for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med 356:2472-2482 (Pubitemid 46919773)
144. Reed C, Bryant R, Ibrahim AS, Edwards J Jr, Filler SG, Goldberg R, Spellberg B (2008) Combination polyene-caspofungin treatment of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis. Clin Infect Dis 47:364-371 (Pubitemid 352009357)
145. Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM, Pappas PG, Serody J, Edwards JE, Washburn RG (1995) Intravascular catheter exchange and duration of candidemia NIAID Mycoses Study Group and the Candidemia Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 21:994-996
146. Rex JH, Pappas PG, Karchmer AW, Sobel J, Edwards JE, Hadley S, Brass C, Vazquez JA, Chapman SW, Horowitz HW, Zervos M, McKinsey D, Lee J, Babinchak T, Bradsher RW, Cleary JD, Cohen DM, Danziger L, Goldman M, Goodman J, Hilton E, Hyslop NE, Kett DH, Lutz J, Rubin RH, Scheld WM, Schuster M, Simmons B, Stein DK, Washburn RG, Mautner L, Chu TC, Panzer H, Rosenstein RB, Booth J (2003) A randomized and blinded multicenter trial of high-dose fluconazole plus placebo versus fluconazole plus amphotericin B as therapy for candidemia and its consequences in nonneutropenic subjects. Clin Infect Dis 36:1221-1228 (Pubitemid 36629929)
147. Ringden O, Meunier F, Tollemar J, Ricci P, Tura S, Kuse E, Viviani MA, Gorin NC, Klastersky J, Fenaux P et al (1991) Efficacy of amphotericin B encapsulated in liposomes (AmBisome) in the treatment of invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 28(Suppl B):73-82
148. Roden MM, Zaoutis TE, Buchanan WL, Knudsen TA, Sarkisova TA, Schaufele RL, Sein M, Sein T, Chiou CC, Chu JH, Kontoyiannis DP, Walsh TJ (2005) Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported cases. Clin Infect Dis 41:634-653 (Pubitemid 41170352)
149. Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Berenguer J, Guarro J, Kantarcioglu AS, Horre R, de Hoog GS, Cuenca-Estrella M (2009) Epidemiology and outcome of Scedosporium prolificans infection, a review of 162 cases. Med Mycol 47:359-370
150. Ruan SY, Chien JY, Hsueh PR (2009) Invasive trichosporonosis caused by Trichosporon asahii and other unusual Trichosporon species at a medical center in Taiwan. Clin Infect Dis 49:e11-e17
151. Ruhnke M (2006) Epidemiology of Candida albicans infections and role of non-Candida-albicans yeasts. Curr Drug Targets 7:495-504 (Pubitemid 43744840)
152. Ruhnke M, Kofla G, Otto K, Schwartz S (2007) CNS aspergillosis: recognition, diagnosis and management. CNS Drugs 21:659-676 (Pubitemid 47121792)
153. Ruhnke M, Rickerts V, Cornely OA, Buchheidt D, Glockner A, Heinz W, Hohl R, Horre R, Karthaus M, Kujath P, Willinger B, Presterl E, Rath P, Ritter J, Glasmacher A, Lass-Florl C, Groll AH, German Speaking Mycological Society, Paul-Ehrlich-Society for Chemotherapy (2011) Diagnosis and therapy of Candida infections: joint recommendations of the German Speaking Mycological Society and the Paul-Ehrlich-Society for Chemotherapy. Mycoses 54:279-310
154. Rüping MJ, Heinz WJ, Kindo AJ, Rickerts V, Lass-Flörl C, Beisel C, Herbrecht R, Roth Y, Silling G, Ullmann AJ, Borchert K, Egerer G, Maertens J, Maschmeyer G, Simon A, Wattad M, Fischer G, Vehreschild JJ, Cornely OA (2010) Forty-one recent cases of invasive zygomycosis from a global clinical registry. J Antimicrob Chemother 65:296-302
155. Safdar A, Hanna HA, Boktour M, Kontoyiannis DP, Hachem R, Lichtiger B, Freireich EJ, Raad I (2004) Impact of high-dose granulocyte transfusions in patients with cancer with candidemia: retrospective case-control analysis of 491 episodes of Candida species bloodstream infections. Cancer 101:2859-2865 (Pubitemid 39603195)
156. Sansone-Parsons A, Krishna G, Calzetta A, Wexler D, Kantesaria B, Rosenberg MA, Saltzman MA (2006) Effect of a nutritional supplement on posaconazole pharmacokinetics following oral administration to healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:1881-1883
157. Scarcella A, Pasquariello MB, Giugliano B, Vendemmia M, de Lucia A (1998) Liposomal amphotericin B treatment for neonatal fungal infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 17:146-148 (Pubitemid 28096014)
158. Schneider T, Halter J, Heim D, Passweg J, Stern M, Tichelli A, Weisser M, Gerull S (2012) Pre-emptive diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections - evaluation of a single-centre policy. Clin Microbiol Infect 18:189-194
159. Schwartz S, Reisman A, Troke PF (2011) The efficacy of voriconazole in the treatment of 192 fungal central nervous system infections: a retrospective analysis. Infection 39:201-210
160. Schwartz S, Ruhnke M, Ribaud P, Corey L, Driscoll T, Cornely OA, Schuler U, Lutsar I, Troke P, Thiel E (2005) Improved outcome in central nervous system aspergillosis, using voriconazole treatment. Blood 106:2641-2645 (Pubitemid 41510735)
161. Schwartz S, Ruhnke M, Ribaud P, Reed E, Troke P, Thiel E (2007) Poor efficacy of amphotericin B-based therapy in CNS aspergillosis. Mycoses 50:196-200 (Pubitemid 46683971)
162. Segal BH (2009) Aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 360:1870-1884
163. Segal BH, Herbrecht R, Stevens DA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Sobel J, Viscoli C, Walsh TJ, Maertens J, Patterson TF, Perfect JR, Dupont B, Wingard JR, Calandra T, Kauffman CA, Graybill JR, Baden LR, Pappas PG, Bennett JE, Kontoyiannis DP, Cordonnier C, Viviani MA, Bille J, Almyroudis NG, Wheat LJ, Graninger W, Bow EJ, Holland SM, Kullberg BJ, Dismukes WE, De Pauw BE (2008) Defining responses to therapy and study outcomes in clinical trials of invasive fungal diseases: Mycoses Study Group and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer consensus criteria. Clin Infect Dis 47:674-683
164. Seidel MG, Peters C, Wacker A, Northoff H, Moog R, Boehme A, Silling G, Grimminger W, Einsele H (2008) Randomized phase III study of granulocyte transfusions in neutropenic patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 42:679-684
165. Sharkey PK, Graybill JR, Johnson ES, Hausrath SG, Pollard RB, Kolokathis A, Mildvan D, Fan-Havard P, Eng RH, Patterson TF, Pottage JC Jr, Simberkoff MS, Wolf J, Meyer RD, Gupta R, Lee LW, Gordon DS (1996) Amphotericin B lipid complex compared with amphotericin B in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 22:315-321 (Pubitemid 26056161)
166. Shoham S, Magill SS, Merz WG, Gonzalez C, Seibel N, Buchanan WL, Knudsen TA, Sarkisova TA, Walsh TJ (2010) Primary treatment of zygomycosis with liposomal amphotericin B: analysis of 28 cases. Med Mycol 48:511-517
167. Skiada A, Pagano L, Groll A, Zimmerli S, Dupont B, Lagrou K, Lass-Florl C, Bouza E, Klimko N, Gaustad P, Richardson M, Hamal P, Akova M, Meis JF, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Roilides E, Mitrousia-Ziouva A, Petrikkos G (2011) Zygomycosis in Europe: analysis of 230 cases accrued by the registry of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) Working Group on Zygomycosis between 2005 and 2007. Clin Microbiol Infect 17:1859-1867
168. Smith J, Andes D (2008) Therapeutic drug monitoring of antifungals: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations. Ther Drug Monit 30:167-172 (Pubitemid 351521643)
169. Suzuki K, Nakase K, Kyo T, Kohara T, Sugawara Y, Shibazaki T, Oka K, Tsukada T, Katayama N (2010) Fatal Trichosporon fungemia in patients with hematologic malignancies. Eur J Haemato 84:441-447
170. Tan BH, Low JG, Chlebicka NL, Kurup A, Cheah FK, Lin RT, Goh YT, Wong GC (2011) Galactomannan-guided preemptive vs. empirical antifungals in the persistently febrile neutropenic patient: a prospective randomized study. Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Intern Soc Infect Dis 15:e350-e356
171. Tedder M, Spratt JA, Anstadt MP, Hegde SS, Tedder SD, Lowe JE (1994) Pulmonary mucormycosis: results of medical and surgical therapy. Ann Thorac Surg 57:1044-1050 (Pubitemid 24133513)
172. Thaler M, Pastakia B, Shawker TH, O'Leary T, Pizzo PA (1988) Hepatic candidiasis in cancer patients: the evolving picture of the syndrome. Ann Intern Med 108:88-100 (Pubitemid 18081176)
173. Tintelnot K, Just-Nubling G, Horre R, Graf B, Sobottka I, Seibold M, Haas A, Kaben U, De Hoog GS (2009) A review of German Scedosporium prolificans cases from 1993 to 2007. Med Mycol 47:351-358
174. Tortorano AM, Peman J, Bernhardt H, Klingspor L, Kibbler CC, Faure O, Biraghi E, Canton E, Zimmermann K, Seaton S, Grillot R (2004) Epidemiology of candidaemia in Europe: results of 28-month European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) hospital-based surveillance study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 23:317-322 (Pubitemid 38669942)
175. Trifilio S, Pennick G, Pi J, Zook J, Golf M, Kaniecki K, Singhal S, Williams S, Winter J, Tallman M, Gordon L, Frankfurt O, Evens A, Mehta J (2007) Monitoring plasma voriconazole levels may be necessary to avoid subtherapeutic levels in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Cancer 109:1532-1535 (Pubitemid 46595688)
176. Troke PF, Hockey HP, Hope WW (2011) Observational study of the clinical efficacy of voriconazole and its relationship to plasma concentrations in patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:4782-4788
177. Ueda K, Nannya Y, Kumano K, Hangaishi A, Takahashi T, Imai Y, Kurokawa M (2009) Monitoring trough concentration of voriconazole is important to ensure successful antifungal therapy and to avoid hepatic damage in patients with hematological disorders. Int J Hematol 89:592-599
178. Ullmann AJ, Akova M, Herbrecht R, Viscoli C, Arendrup MC, Arikan-Akdagli S, Bassetti M, Bille J, Calandra T, Castagnola E, Cornely OA, Donnelly JP, Garbino J, Groll AH, Hope WW, Jensen HE, Kullberg BJ, Lass-Florl C, Lortholary O, Meersseman W, Petrikkos G, Richardson MD, Roilides E, Verweij PE, Cuenca-Estrella M (2012) ESCMID guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: adults with haematological malignancies and after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 18(Suppl 7):53-67
179. Ullmann AJ, Cornely OA, Burchardt A, Hachem R, Kontoyiannis DP, Topelt K, Courtney R, Wexler D, Krishna G, Martinho M, Corcoran G, Raad I (2006) Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of posaconazole in patients with persistent febrile neutropenia or refractory invasive fungal infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:658-666 (Pubitemid 43190980)
180. Ullmann AJ, Sanz MA, Tramarin A, Barnes RA, Wu W, Gerlach BA, Krobot KJ, Gerth WC (2006) Prospective study of amphotericin B formulations in immunocompromised patients in 4 European countries. Clin Infect Dis 43:e29-e38
181. van Burik JA, Hare RS, Solomon HF, Corrado ML, Kontoyiannis DP (2006) Posaconazole is effective as salvage therapy in zygomycosis: a retrospective summary of 91 cases. Clin Infect Dis 42:e61-e65
182. Viollier AF, Peterson DE, De Jongh CA, Newman KA, Gray WC, Sutherland JC, Moody MA, Schimpff SC (1986) Aspergillus sinusitis in cancer patients. Cancer 58:366-371 (Pubitemid 16058617)
183. Viscoli C, Girmenia C, Marinus A, Collette L, Martino P, Vandercam B, Doyen C, Lebeau B, Spence D, Krcmery V, De Pauw B, Meunier F (1999) Candidemia in cancer patients: a prospective, multicenter surveillance study by the Invasive Fungal Infection Group (IFIG) of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Clin Infect Dis 28:1071-1079 (Pubitemid 29203541)
184. Viscoli C, Herbrecht R, Akan H, Baila L, Sonet A, Gallamini A, Giagounidis A, Marchetti O, Martino R, Meert L, Paesmans M, Ameye L, Shivaprakash M, Ullmann AJ, Maertens J (2009) An EORTC phase II study of caspofungin as first-line therapy of invasive aspergillosis in haematological patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 64:1274-1281
185. Wahba H, Truong MT, Lei X, Kontoyiannis DP, Marom EM (2008) Reversed halo sign in invasive pulmonary fungal infections. Clin Infect Dis 46:1733-1737 (Pubitemid 351706772)
186. Walsh TJ, Anaissie EJ, Denning DW, Herbrecht R, Kontoyiannis DP, Marr KA, Morrison VA, Segal BH, Steinbach WJ, Stevens DA, van Burik JA, Wingard JR, Patterson TF (2008) Treatment of aspergillosis: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 46:327-360 (Pubitemid 351265310)
187. Walsh TJ, Finberg RW, Arndt C, Hiemenz J, Schwartz C, Bodensteiner D, Pappas P, Seibel N, Greenberg RN, Dummer S, Schuster M, Holcenberg JS (1999) Liposomal amphotericin B for empirical therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. N Engl J Med 340:764-771 (Pubitemid 29114295)
188. Walsh TJ, Hiemenz JW, Seibel NL, Perfect JR, Horwith G, Lee L, Silber JL, DiNubile MJ, Reboli A, Bow E, Lister J, Anaissie EJ (1998) Amphotericin B lipid complex for invasive fungal infections: analysis of safety and efficacy in 556 cases. Clin Infect Dis 26:1383-1396 (Pubitemid 28270170)
189. Walsh TJ, Raad I, Patterson TF, Chandrasekar P, Donowitz GR, Graybill R, Greene RE, Hachem R, Hadley S, Herbrecht R, Langston A, Louie A, Ribaud P, Segal BH, Stevens DA, van Burik JA, White CS, Corcoran G, Gogate J, Krishna G, Pedicone L, Hardalo C, Perfect JR (2007) Treatment of invasive aspergillosis with posaconazole in patients who are refractory to or intolerant of conventional therapy: an externally controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 44:2-12 (Pubitemid 44968977)
190. Walsh TJ, Whitcomb P, Piscitelli S, Figg WD, Hill S, Chanock SJ, Jarosinski P, Gupta R, Pizzo PA (1997) Safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B lipid complex in children with hepatosplenic candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:1944-1948 (Pubitemid 27383233)
191. Walsh TJ, Whitcomb PO, Revankar SG, Pizzo PA (1995) Successful treatment of hepatosplenic candidiasis through repeated cycles of chemotherapy and neutropenia. Cancer 76:2357-2362
192. Wang EJ, Lew K, Casciano CN, Clement RP, Johnson WW (2002) Interaction of common azole antifungals with P glycoprotein. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:160-165 (Pubitemid 34031618)
193. Wenzel RP, Gennings C (2005) Bloodstream infections due to Candida species in the intensive care unit: identifying especially high-risk patients to determine prevention strategies. Clin Infect Dis 41(Suppl 6):S389-S393
194. Whyte M, Irving H, O'Regan P, Nissen M, Siebert D, Labrom R (2005) Disseminated Scedosporium prolificans infection and survival of a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 24:375-377 (Pubitemid 40525349)
195. Wingard JR, Carter SL, Walsh TJ, Kurtzberg J, Small TN, Baden LR, Gersten ID, Mendizabal AM, Leather HL, Confer DL, Maziarz RT, Stadtmauer EA, Bolanos-Meade J, Brown J, Dipersio JF, Boeckh M, Marr KA (2010) Randomized, double-blind trial of fluconazole versus voriconazole for prevention of invasive fungal infection after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood 116:5111-5118
196. Wingard JR, Kubilis P, Lee L, Yee G, White M, Walshe L, Bowden R, Anaissie E, Hiemenz J, Lister J (1999) Clinical significance of nephrotoxicity in patients treated with amphotericin B for suspected or proven aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 29:1402-1407 (Pubitemid 30022731)
197. Winkler J, Müller U, Nenoff P, Seyfarth HJ, Vogtmann M, Borte G, Pönisch W, Kahn T, Wirtz H, Schauer J, Hoheisel G (2007) Treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients by additional bronchoscopic amphotericin B instillation. Respiration 74:663-673 (Pubitemid 350164513)
198. Wolf HH, Leithauser M, Maschmeyer G, Salwender H, Klein U, Chaberny I, Weissinger F, Buchheidt D, Ruhnke M, Egerer G, Cornely O, Fatkenheuer G, Mousset S (2008) Central venous catheter-related infections in hematology and oncology: guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO). Ann Hematol 87:863-876