Anti-endotoxin vaccines: Back to the future

Virulence

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 219-225

  Cross, Alan S ^a  

^a University of Maryland School of Medicine Center for Vaccine Development   (United States)

Author keywords

Antibody; Clinical trial; Core glycolipid; Gram negative bacteria; Immunoglobulin; Lipopolysaccharide; Sepsis; Vaccine

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDE; CPG OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDE; ENDOTOXIN ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; LIPID A; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEIN; SUBUNIT VACCINE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA ANTIBODY; ANTIBODY; BACTERIAL VACCINE; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE, E COLI J5; VACCINE;

BACTEREMIA; GRAM NEGATIVE INFECTION; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNIZATION; IMMUNOGENICITY; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INJURY; INNATE IMMUNITY; NONHUMAN; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PREVALENCE; PROPHYLAXIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; RISK FACTOR; SEPSIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORE GLYCOLIPID; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; IMMUNOLOGY; PATHOGENICITY; VACCINATION;

ANTIBODY; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORE GLYCOLIPID; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; SEPSIS; VACCINE;

BACTERIAL VACCINES; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; HUMANS; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; SEPSIS; VACCINATION;

EID: 84891706645     PISSN: 21505594     EISSN: 21505608     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4161/viru.25965     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. Waisbren BA. Bacteremia due to gram-negative bacilli other than the Salmonella; a clinical and therapeutic study. AMA Arch Intern Med 1951; 88:467-488. PMID:14867954; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1951.03810100051005.
2. Finland M, Jones WF Jr., Barnes MW. Occurrence of serious bacterial infections since introduction of antibacterial agents. J Am Med Assoc 1959; 170:2188-2197. PMID:13822924; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1959.63010180008012.
3. Rogers DE. The changing pattern of life-threatening microbial disease. N Engl J Med 1959; 261:677-683. PMID:14438354; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM195910012611401
4. Anon.; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013; 62:165-70. PMID:23466435.
5. Braykov NP, Eber MR, Klein EY, Morgan DJ, Laxminarayan R. Trends in resistance to carbapenems and third-generation cephalosporins among clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in the United States, 1999-2010. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013; 34:259-68. PMID:23388360; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/669523.
6. Moellering RC Jr. NDM-1--a cause for worldwide concern. [PubMed -indexed for MEDLINE]. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:2377-9. PMID:21158655; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1011715.
7. Arias CA, Murray BE. Antibiotic-resistant bugs in the 21st century--a clinical super-challenge. [PubMed -indexed for MEDLINE]. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:439-43. PMID:19179312; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp0804651.
8. Kuehn BM. "Nightmare" bacteria on the rise in US hospitals, long-term care facilities. JAMA 2013; 309:1573-4. PMID:23592085; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.2922.
9. Spellberg B, Bartlett JG, Gilbert DN. The future of antibiotics and resistance. N Engl J Med 2013; 368:299-302. PMID:23343059; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1215093.
10. Thyagarajan V, Norman H, Alexander KA, Napalkov P, Enger C. Risk of mortality, fatal infection, and fatal malignancy related to use of anti-tumor necrosis factor-α biologics by rheumatoid arthritis patients. [Anti-TNF and RA.]. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2012; 42:223-33. PMID:22748510; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.05.004.
11. Shapiro ED, Berg AT, Austrian R, Schroeder D, Parcells V, Margolis A, Adair RK, Clemens JD. The protective efficacy of polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:1453-60. PMID:1944423; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199111213252101.
12. Roantree RJ. Salmonella O antigens and virulence. Annu Rev Microbiol 1967; 21:443-66. PMID:4860265; http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.21.100167.002303.
13. Smith T. Active immunity produced by so-called balanced or neutral mixtures of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin. J Exp Med 1909; 11:241-56. PMID:19867246; http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.11.2.241.
14. Seib KL, Zhao X, Rappuoli R. Developing vaccines in the era of genomics: a decade of reverse vaccinology. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18(Suppl 5):109-16. PMID:22882709; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03939.x
15. Tate WJ 3rd, Douglas H, Braude AI, Wells WW. Protection against lethality of E. coli endotoxin with "O" antiserum. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1966; 133:746-62. PMID:4164249; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1966.tb52403.x
16. Braude AI, Jones JL, Douglas H. The behavior of Escherichia coli endotoxin (somatic antigen) during infectious arthritis. J Immunol 1963; 90:297-311. PMID:14015019.
17. Vosti KL, Randall E. Sensitivity of serologically classified strains of escherichia coli of human origin to the serum bactericidal system. Am J Med Sci 1970; 259:114-9. PMID:4905231; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000441-197002000-00005.
18. Roantree RJ, Pappas NC. The survival of strains of enteric bacilli in the blood stream as related to their sensitivity to the bactericidal effect of serum. J Clin Invest 1960; 39:82-8. PMID:14437724; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI104031.
19. Cryz SJ Jr., Que JO, Cross AS, Fürer E. Synthesis and characterization of a polyvalent Escherichia coli O-polysaccharide-toxin A conjugate vaccine. Vaccine 1995; 13:449-53. PMID:7639013; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-410X(94)00009-C
20. Trautmann M, Held TK, Cross AS. O antigen seroepidemiology of Klebsiella clinical isolates and implications for immunoprophylaxis of Klebsiella infections. Vaccine 2004; 22:818-21. PMID:15040933; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.11.026.
21. Cryz SJ Jr., Fürer E, Cross AS, Wegmann A, Germanier R, Sadoff JC. Safety and immunogenicity of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa O-polysaccharide toxin A conjugate vaccine in humans. J Clin Invest 1987; 80:51-6. PMID:3110215; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI113062.
22. Cross AS, Artenstein A, Que J, Fredeking T, Furer E, Sadoff JC, Cryz SJ Jr. Safety and immunogenicity of a polyvalent Escherichia coli vaccine in human volunteers. J Infect Dis 1994; 170:834-40. PMID:7523536; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/170.4.834.
23. Edelman R, Taylor DN, Wasserman SS, McClain JB, Cross AS, Sadoff JC, Que JU, Cryz SJ, Edelman R, Taylor DN, et al. Phase 1 trial of a 24-valent Klebsiella capsular polysaccharide vaccine and an eight-valent Pseudomonas O-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine administered simultaneously. Vaccine 1994; 12:1288-94. PMID:7856293; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(94)80054-4.
24. Campbell WN, Hendrix E, Cryz S Jr., Cross AS. Immunogenicity of a 24-valent Klebsiella capsular polysaccharide vaccine and an eight-valent Pseudomonas O-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine administered to victims of acute trauma. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23:179-81. PMID:8816151; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/23.1.179.
25. Cryz SJ Jr., Fürer E, Sadoff JC, Fredeking T, Que JU, Cross AS. Production and characterization of a human hyperimmune intravenous immunoglobulin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella species. J Infect Dis 1991; 163:1055-61. PMID:1902245; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/163.5.1055.
26. Donta ST, Peduzzi P, Cross AS, Sadoff J, Haakenson C, Cryz SJ Jr., Kauffman C, Bradley S, Gafford G, Elliston D, et al.; The Federal Hyperimmune Immunoglobulin Trial Study Group. Immunoprophylaxis against klebsiella and pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. J Infect Dis 1996; 174:537-43. PMID:8769611; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/174.3.537.
27. Staub A-M. Chapter 4. The role of the polysaccharide moiety in determining the specificity and immunological activity of the O-antigen complex of Salmonellae. In.Bacterial Endotoxins; Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Institute of Microbiology of Rutgers, The State University.Ed. M. Landy and W. Braun. Institute of Microbiology, New Brunswick, NJ p38-48.
28. Cross AS, Sidberry H, Sadoff JC. The human antibody response during natural bacteremic infection with gram-negative bacilli against lipopolysaccharide core determinants. J Infect Dis 1989; 160:225-36. PMID:2474616; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/160.2.225.
29. Ziegler EJ, Douglas H, Braude AI. Human antiserum for prevention of the local shwartzman reaction and death from bacterial lipopolysaccharides. J Clin Invest 1973; 52:3236-8. PMID:4584346; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI107524.
30. Ziegler EJ, McCutchan JA, Braude AI. Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia with antiserum to core glycolipid. I. The experimental basis of immunity to endotoxin. Eur J Cancer 1979; 15(Suppl):71-6. PMID:397063.
31. Johns M, Skehill A, McCabe WR. Immunization with rough mutants of Salmonella minnesota. IV. Protection by antisera to O and rough antigens against endotoxin. J Infect Dis 1983; 147:57-67. PMID:6185599; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/147.1.57.
32. McCabe WR. Immunization with R mutants of S. Minnesota. I. Protection against challenge with heterologous gram-negative bacilli. J Immunol 1972; 108:601-10. PMID:4622185.
33. McCabe WR, DeMaria A Jr., Berberich H, Johns MA. Immunization with rough mutants of Salmonella minnesota: protective activity of IgM and IgG antibody to the R595 (Re chemotype) mutant. J Infect Dis 1988; 158:291-300. PMID:3042871; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/158.2.291.
34. Ziegler EJ, McCutchan JA, Fierer J, Glauser MP, Sadoff JC, Douglas H, Braude AI. Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and shock with human antiserum to a mutant Escherichia coli. N Engl J Med 1982; 307:1225-30. PMID:6752708; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198211113072001.
35. Baumgartner J-D, Glauser MP, McCutchan JA, Ziegler EJ, van Melle G, Klauber MR, Vogt M, Muehlen E, Luethy R, Chiolero R, et al. Prevention of gramnegative shock and death in surgical patients by antibody to endotoxin core glycolipid. Lancet 1985; 2:59-63. PMID:2861523; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(85)90176-X
36. Calandra T, Glauser MP, Schellekens J, Verhoef J. Treatment of gram-negative septic shock with human IgG antibody to Escherichia coli J5: a prospective, double-blind, randomized trial. J Infect Dis 1988; 158:312-9. PMID:3136210; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/158.2.312.
37. Cometta A, Baumgartner J-D, Lee ML, Hanique G, Glauser M-P; The Intravenous Immunoglobulin Collaborative Study Group. Prophylactic intravenous administration of standard immune globulin as compared with core-lipopolysaccharide immune globulin in patients at high risk of postsurgical infection. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:234-40. PMID:1614464; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199207233270404.
38. J5 Study Group. Treatment of severe infectious purpura in children with human plasma from donors immunized with Escherichia coli J5: a prospective double-blind study. J5 study Group. J Infect Dis 1992; 165:695-701. PMID:1552198; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/165.4.695.
39. Fomsgaard A, Baek L, Fomsgaard JS, Engquist A. Preliminary study on treatment of septic shock patients with antilipopolysaccharide IgG from blood donors. Scand J Infect Dis 1989; 21:697-708. PMID:2617211; http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365548909021700.
40. Goldie AS, Fearon KCH, Ross JA, Barclay GR, Jackson RE, Grant IS, Ramsay G, Blyth AS, Howie JC; The Sepsis Intervention Group. Natural cytokine antagonists and endogenous antiendotoxin core antibodies in sepsis syndrome. JAMA 1995; 274:172-7. PMID:7596007; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1995.03530020090038.
41. Nys M, Damas P, Joassin L, Lamy M. Sequential anti-core glycolipid immunoglobulin antibody activities in patients with and without septic shock and their relation to outcome. Ann Surg 1993; 217:300-6. PMID:8452409; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000658-199303000-00013.
42. Pollack M, Huang AI, Prescott RK, Young LS, Hunter KW, Cruess DF, Tsai CM. Enhanced survival in Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia associated with high levels of circulating antibody to Escherichia coli endotoxin core. J Clin Invest 1983; 72:1874-81. PMID:6358257; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI111150.
43. Schedel I, Dreikhausen U, Nentwig B, Höckenschnieder M, Rauthmann D, Balikcioglu S, Coldewey R, Deicher H. Treatment of gram-negative septic shock with an immunoglobulin preparation: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Crit Care Med 1991; 19:1104-13. PMID:1884609; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199109000-00003.
44. Ziegler EJ, Fisher CJ Jr., Sprung CL, Straube RC, Sadoff JC, Foulke GE, Wortel CH, Fink MP, Dellinger RP, Teng NN, et al. Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and septic shock with HA-1A human monoclonal antibody against endotoxin. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The HA-1A Sepsis Study Group. N Engl J Med 1991; 324:429-36. PMID:1988827; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199102143240701.
45. Greenman RL, Schein RMH, Martin MA, Wenzel RP, MacIntyre NR, Emmanuel G, Chmel H, Kohler RB, McCarthy M, Plouffe J, et al.; The XOMA Sepsis Study Group. A controlled clinical trial of E5 murine monoclonal IgM antibody to endotoxin in the treatment of gram-negative sepsis. JAMA 1991; 266:1097-102. PMID:1865542; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1991.03470080067031.
46. Mattsby-Baltzer I, Kaijser B. Lipid A and anti-lipid A. Infect Immun 1979; 23:758-63. PMID:378836.
47. Abraham E, Wunderink R, Silverman H, Perl TM, Nasraway S, Levy H, Bone R, Wenzel RP, Balk R, Allred R, et al. Efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibody to human tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with sepsis syndrome. A randomized, controlled, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. TNFalpha MAb Sepsis Study Group. JAMA 1995; 273:934-41. PMID:7884952; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1995.03520360048038.
48. Fisher CJ Jr., Agosti JM, Opal SM, Lowry SF, Balk RA, Sadoff JC, Abraham E, Schein RM, Benjamin E; The Soluble TNF Receptor Sepsis Study Group. Treatment of septic shock with the tumor necrosis factor receptor:Fc fusion protein. The Soluble TNF Receptor Sepsis Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:1697-702. PMID:8637514; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199606273342603.
49. Fisher CJ Jr., Dhainaut JF, Opal SM, Pribble JP, Balk RA, Slotman GJ, Iberti TJ, Rackow EC, Shapiro MJ, Greenman RL, et al. Recombinant human interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in the treatment of patients with sepsis syndrome. Results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Phase III rhIL-1ra Sepsis Syndrome Study Group. JAMA 1994; 271:1836-43. PMID:8196140; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1994.03510470040032.
50. Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, LaRosa SP, Dhainaut JF, Lopez-Rodriguez A, Steingrub JS, Garber GE, Helterbrand JD, Ely EW, et al.; Recombinant human protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis (PROWESS) study group. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:699-709. PMID:11236773; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200103083441001.
51. Warren BL, Eid A, Singer P, Pillay SS, Carl P, Novak I, Chalupa P, Atherstone A, Pénzes I, Kübler A, et al.; KyberSept Trial Study Group. Caring for the critically ill patient. High-dose antithrombin III in severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001; 286:1869-78. PMID:11597289; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.15.1869.
52. Levin M, Quint PA, Goldstein B, Barton P, Bradley JS, Shemie SD, Yeh T, Kim SS, Cafaro DP, Scannon PJ, et al. Recombinant bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (rBPI21) as adjunctive treatment for children with severe meningococcal sepsis: a randomised trial. rBPI21 Meningococcal Sepsis Study Group. Lancet 2000; 356:961-7. PMID:11041396; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02712-4.
53. Bhattacharjee AK, Opal SM, Palardy JE, Drabick JJ, Collins H, Taylor R, Cotton A, Cross AS. Affinitypurified Escherichia coli J5 lipopolysaccharide-specific IgG protects neutropenic rats against gram-negative bacterial sepsis. J Infect Dis 1994; 170:622-9. PMID:8077720; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/170.3.622.
54. Collins HH, Cross AS, Dobek A, Opal SM, McClain JB, Sadoff JC. Oral ciprofloxacin and a monoclonal antibody to lipopolysaccharide protect leukopenic rats from lethal infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Infect Dis 1989; 159:1073-82. PMID:2723454; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/159.6.1073.
55. Bhattacharjee AK, Opal SM, Taylor R, Naso R, Semenuk M, Zollinger WD, Moran EE, Young L, Hammack C, Sadoff JC, et al. A noncovalent complex vaccine prepared with detoxified Escherichia coli J5 (Rc chemotype) lipopolysaccharide and Neisseria meningitidis Group B outer membrane protein produces protective antibodies against gram-negative bacteremia. J Infect Dis 1996; 173:1157-63. PMID:8627067; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/173.5.1157.
56. Cross AS. SM Opal, HS Warren, JE Palardy, K Glaser, NA Parejo, AK Bhattacharjee. Active immunization with a detoxified E. coli J5 lipopolysaccharide-group B meningococcal outer membrane protein complex vaccine protects animals from experimental sepsis. J Infect Dis 2001; 183:1079-86. PMID:11237833; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/319297.
57. Cross AS, Opal SM, Warren HS, Palardy JE, Glaser K, Parejo NA, Bhattacharjee AK. Active immunization with a detoxified Escherichia coli J5 lipopolysaccharide group B meningococcal outer membrane protein complex vaccine protects animals from experimental sepsis. J Infect Dis 2001; 183:1079-86. PMID:11237833; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/319297.
58. Opal SM, Palardy JE, Chen WH, Parejo NA, Bhattacharjee AK, Cross AS. Active immunization with a detoxified endotoxin vaccine protects against lethal polymicrobial sepsis: its use with CpG adjuvant and potential mechanisms. J Infect Dis 2005; 192:2074-80. PMID:16288370; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/498167.
59. Gathiram P, Wells MT, Brock-Utne JG, Gaffin SL. Antilipopolysaccharide improves survival in primates subjected to heat stroke. Circ Shock 1987; 23:157-64. PMID:3427771.
60. Lachman E, Pitsoe SB, Gaffin SL. Antilipopolysaccharide immunotherapy in management of septic shock of obstetric and gynaecological origin. Lancet 1984; 1:981-3. PMID:6143965; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(84)92324-9.
61. Lugowski C, Jachymek W, Niedziela T, Rowinski S. Serological characterisation of anti-endotoxin sera directed against the conjugates of oligosaccharide core of Escherichia coli type R1, R2, R3, J5 and Salmonella Ra with tetanus toxoid. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1996; 16:21-30. PMID:8954349; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0928-8244(96)00065-X
62. Lukasiewicz J, Jachymek W, Niedziela T, Dzieciatkowska M, Lakomska J, Miedzybrodzki R, Fortuna W, Szymaniec S, Misiuk-Hojlo M, Lugowski C. Serological characterization of anti-endotoxin serum directed against the conjugate of oligosaccharide core of Escherichia coli type R4 with tetanus toxoid. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003; 37:59-67. PMID:12770761; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0928-8244(03)00104-4.
63. Bennett-Guerrero E, McIntosh TJ, Barclay GR, Snyder DS, Gibbs RJ, Mythen MG, Poxton IR. Preparation and preclinical evaluation of a novel liposomal complete-core lipopolysaccharide vaccine. Infect Immun 2000; 68:6202-8. PMID:11035726; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.68.11.6202-6208.2000.
64. Erridge C, Stewart J, Bennett-Guerrero E, McIntosh TJ, Poxton IR. The biological activity of a liposomal complete core lipopolysaccharide vaccine. J Endotoxin Res 2002; 8:39-46. PMID:11981444.
65. Drabick JJ, Bhattacharjee AK, Hoover DL, Siber GE, Morales VE, Young LD, et al. Covalent polymixin B conjugate with human immunoglobulin G as an antiendotoxin reagent. Antimic Agt Chemo 1998; 42:583-8.
66. Di Padova FE, Brade H, Barclay GR, Poxton IR, Liehl E, Schuetze E, Kocher HP, Ramsay G, Schreier MH, McClelland DB, et al. A broadly cross-protective monoclonal antibody binding to Escherichia coli and Salmonella lipopolysaccharides. Infect Immun 1993; 61:3863-72. PMID:8359907.
67. Muller-Loennies S, Brade L, MacKenzie CR, Di Padova FE, Brade H. Identification of a cross-reactive epitope widely present in lipopolysaccharide from enterobacteria and recognized by the cross-protective monoclonal antibody WN1. 222-5. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:25618-27. PMID:12716894; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M302904200.
68. Gomery K, Müller-Loennies S, Brooks CL, Brade L, Kosma P, Di Padova F, Brade H, Evans SV. Antibody WN1. 222-5 mimics Toll-like receptor 4 binding in the recognition of LPS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:20877-82. PMID:23184990; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1209253109.
69. Cross AS, Chen WH, Levine MM. A case for immunization against nosocomial infections. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 83:483-8. PMID:18070981; http://dx.doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0607379.
70. Iwashyna TJ, Ely EW, Smith DM, Langa KM. Longterm cognitive impairment and functional disability among survivors of severe sepsis. JAMA 2010; 304:1787-94. PMID:20978258; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1553.
71. Angus DC. The lingering consequences of sepsis: a hidden public health disaster? [PubMed -indexed for MEDLINE]. JAMA 2010; 304:1833-4. PMID:20978262; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1546.
72. Kahn JM, Benson NM, Appleby D, Carson SS, Iwashyna TJ. Long-term acute care hospital utilization after critical illness. JAMA 2010; 303:2253-9. PMID:20530778; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.761.
73. Chang HJ, Lynm C, Glass RM. JAMA patient page. Sepsis. [PubMed -indexed for MEDLINE]. JAMA 2010; 304:1856. PMID:20978264; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.304.16.1856.
74. Quartin AA, Schein RM, Kett DH, Peduzzi PN; Department of Veterans Affairs Systemic Sepsis Cooperative Studies Group. Magnitude and duration of the effect of sepsis on survival. JAMA 1997; 277:1058-63. PMID:9091694; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03540370048035.
75. Intercell News release, November 9, 2010.