Do chemically contaminated river estuaries in Puget Sound (Washington, USA) affect the survival rate of hatchery-reared Chinook salmon?

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

Volumn 71, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 162-180

  Meador, James P ^a  

^a NORTHWEST FISHERIES SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ESTUARINE POLLUTION; ESTUARY; FISH; JUVENILE; LIFE HISTORY TRAIT; SALMONID; SURVIVAL;

PUGET SOUND; UNITED STATES; WASHINGTON [UNITED STATES];

EID: 84891701195     PISSN: 0706652X     EISSN: 12057533     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/cjfas-2013-0130     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Arkoosh, M.R., Casillas, E., Clemons, E., McCain, B., and Varanasi, U. 1991. Suppression of immunological memory in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from an urban estuary. Fish Shellfish Immun. 1: 261-277. doi:10.1016/S1050-4648(05)80065-8.
2. Arkoosh, M.R., Casillas, E., Huffman, P., Clemons, E., Evered, J., Stein, J.E., and Varanasi, U. 1998. Increased susceptibility of juvenile chinook salmon from a contaminated estuary to Vibrio anguillarum. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 127: 360-374. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0360:ISOJCS>2.0.CO;2.
3. Arkoosh, M.R., Boylen, D., Dietrich, J., Anulacion, B.F., Ylitalo, G., Bravo, C.F., Johnson, L.L., Loge, F.J., and Collier, T.K. 2010. Disease susceptibility of salmon exposed to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Aquat. Toxicol. 98: 51-59. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.01.013. PMID:20207027.
4. Beamish, R.J., and Mahnken, C. 2001. A critical size and period hypothesis to explain natural regulation of salmon abundance and the linkage to climate and climate change. Prog. Oceanogr. 49: 423-437. doi:10.1016/S0079-6611 (01)00034-9.
5. Beauchamp, D.A., and Duffy, E.J. 2011. Stage-specific growth and survival during early marine life of Puget Sound Chinook salmon in the context of temporalspatial environmental conditions and trophic interactions [online]. Final Report to the Pacific Salmon Commission. Report WACFWRU-11-01. Available from http://www.coopunits.org/Washington/Research/Tech_Publications/ [accessed 16 September 2013].
6. Beckvar, N., Dillon, T.M., and Read, L.B. 2005. Approaches for linking wholebody fish tissue residues of mercury or DDT to biological effects thresholds. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 24: 2094-2105. doi:10.1897/04-284R.1. PMID:16152984.
7. Biro, P.A., Morton, A.E., Post, J.R., and Parkinson, E.A. 2004. Over-winter lipid depletion and mortality of age-0 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61(8): 1513-1519. doi:10.1139/f04-083.
8. Bortleson, G.C., Chrzastowski, M.J., and Helgerson, A.K. 1980. Historical changes of shoreline and wetland at eleven major deltas in the Puget Sound region, Washington. US Geological Survey, Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-617, Denver, Colo.
9. Brandenberger, J.M., Louchouarn, P., and Crecelius, E.A. 2011. Natural and posturbanization signatures of hypoxia in two basins of Puget Sound: historical reconstruction of redox sensitive metals and organic matter inputs. Aquat. Geochem. 17: 645-670. doi:10.1007/s10498-011-9129-0.
10. Bravo, C.F., Curtis, L.R., Myers, M.S., Meador, J.P., Johnson, L.L., Buzitis, J., Collier, T.K., Morrow, J.D., Laetz, C., Loge, F.J., and Arkoosh, M.R. 2011. Biomarker responses and disease susceptibility in juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fed a high molecular weight PAH mixture. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 30: 704-714. doi:10.1002/etc.439. PMID:21298713.
11. Brennan, J.S., Higgins, K.F., Cordell, J.R., and Stamatiou, V.A. 2004. Juvenile salmon: composition, timing, distribution, and diet in marine nearshore waters of central Puget Sound in 2001-2002 [online]. King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Seattle, Wash. Available from http:// your.kingcounty.gov/dnrp/library/2004/kcr1658/nearshore-part1.pdf [accessed on 20 February 2013].
12. Brett, J.R. 1995. Energetics. In Physiological ecology of Pacific salmon. Edited by C. Groot, L. Margolis, and W.C. Clarke. UBC Press, Vancouver, B.C. pp. 3-68.
13. Brodeur, R.D., Myers, K.W., and Helle, J.H. 2003. Research conducted by the United States on the early ocean life history of Pacific salmon. North Pac. Anadromous Fish Comm. Bull. 3: 89-131.
14. Burrows, R.E. 1969. The influence of fingerling quality on adult salmon survivals. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 98: 777-784. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1969)98[777: TIOFQO]2.0.CO;2.
15. Carter, J.A., McMichael, G.A., Welch, I.D., Harnish, R.A., and Bellgraph, B.J. 2009. Seasonal juvenile salmonid presence and migratory behavior in the lower Columbia River. PNNL-18246, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Wash.
16. Chittenden, C.M., Sura, S., Butterworth, K.G., Cubitt, K.F., Manel-La, N.P., Balfry, S., Økland, F., and McKinley, R.S. 2008. Riverine, estuarine and marine migratory behaviour and physiology of wild and hatchery-reared coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum) smolts descending the Campbell River, BC, Canada. J. Fish. Biol. 72: 614-628. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007. 01729.x.
17. Cordell, J.R., Tear, L.M., and Jensen, K. 2001a. Biological monitoring at Duwamish River Coastal America restoration and reference sites: a seven-year retrospective. SAFS-UW-0107, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
18. Cordell, J.R., Stamey, M., Tanner, C.D., and Aitkin, J.K. 2001b. Fish assemblages and juvenile salmon diets at a breached-dike wetland site, Spencer Island
19. Washington 1999. SAFS-UW-0104. University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
20. Cordell, J.R., Toft, J.D., Gray, A., Ruggerone, G.T., and Cooksey, M. 2011. Functions of restored wetlands for juvenile salmon in an industrialized estuary. Ecol. Engineer. 37: 343-353. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.11.028.
21. Coronado, C., and Hilborn, R. 1998. Spatial and temporal factors affecting survival in coho and fall chinook in the Pacific Northwest. Bull. Mar. Sci. 62: 409-425.
22. Cowan, J.H., Jr., Rose, K.A., and DeVries, D.R. 2000. Is density-dependent growth in young-of-the-year fishes a question of critical weight? Rev. Fish. Biol. Fish. 10: 61-89. doi:10.1023/A:1008932401381.
23. Crecelius, E.A., Riley, R.G., Bloom, N.S., and Thomas, B.L. 1985. History of contamination of sediments in Commencement Bay, Tacoma, Washington. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OMA 14, Rockville, Md.
24. Cubbage, J. 1991. Bioaccumulation of contaminants in crabs and clams in Bellingham Bay [online]. Washington State Department of Ecology, Report 91-e04, Seattle, Wash. Available from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/biblio/91e04.html [accessed 20 February 2013].
25. Daughton, C.G., and Brooks, B.W. 2011. Active pharmaceutical ingredients and aquatic organisms. In Environmental contaminants in biota: Interpreting tissue concentrations. Edited by W.N. Beyer and J.P. Meador. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, Fla. pp. 287-347.
26. Duffy, E.J. 2009. Factors during early marine life that affect smolt-to-adult survival of ocean-type Puget Sound Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
27. Duffy, E.J., and Beauchamp, D.A. 2008. Seasonal patterns of predation on juvenile Pacific salmon by anadromous cutthroat trout in Puget Sound. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 137: 165-181. doi:10.1577/T07-049.1.
28. Duffy, E.J., and Beauchamp, D.A. 2011. Rapid growth in the early marine period improves the marine survival of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Puget Sound, Washington. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 68(2): 232-240. doi:10. 1139/F10-144.
29. Easton, M.D.L., Luszniak, D., and Von der Geest, E. 2002. Preliminary examination of contaminant loadings in farmed salmon, wild salmon and commercial salmon feed. Chemosphere, 46: 1053-1074. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(01) 00136-9. PMID:11999769.
30. Eisler, R. 1986. Dioxin hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review. US Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Report 85 (1.8).
31. Ellings, C.S., and Hodgson, S. 2007. Nisqually Estuary baseline fish ecology study: 2003-2006 [online]. Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge and Nisqually Indian Tribe, Olympia, Wash. Available from http://nisquallydeltarestoration.org/ pdf/2007%20Nisqually%20Baseline%20Fish%20Ecology%20Final.pdf [accessed 20 February 2013].
32. Era-Miller, B. 2004. Verification of 303(d)-listed Sites in Northwest, Central, and Eastern Regions of Washington State [online]. Washington Dept. of Ecology Publication No. 04-03-035. Available from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/biblio/ 0403035.html [accessed 20 February 2013].
33. Fairchild, W.L., Swansburg, E.O., Arsenault, J.T., and Brown, S.B. 1999. Does an association between pesticide use and subsequent declines in catch of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) represent a case of endocrine disruption? Environ. Health Perspect. 107: 349-357. PMID:10210690.
34. Finstad, A.G., Ugedal, O., Forseth, T., and Næsje, T.F. 2004. Energy-related juvenile winter mortality in a northern population of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61(12): 2358-2368. doi:10.1139/f04-213.
35. Fresh, K.L., Small, D.J., Kim, H., Waldbilling, C., Mizell, M., Carr, M.I., and Stamatiou, L. 2006. Juvenile salmon use of Sinclair Inlet, Washington in 2001 and 2002. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Technical Report No. FPT 05-08, Olympia, Wash.
36. Gardiner, W.R., and Geddes, P. 1980. The influence of body composition on the survival of juvenile salmon. Hydrobiologia, 69: 67-72. doi:10.1007/BF00016537.
37. Giles, S.L., and Cordell, J.R. 1998. Zooplankton composition and abundance in Budd Inlet, Washington. In Proceedings, Puget Sound Research '98, Olympia, Wash. pp. 634-642.
38. Greene, C.M., and Beechie, T.J. 2004. Consequences of potential density-dependent mechanisms on recovery of ocean-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61(4): 590-602. doi:10.1139/f04-024.
39. Hatchery Scientific Review Group. 2002. Hatchery reform recommendations for the Puget Sound and Coastal Washington hatchery reform project [online]. Available from www.hatcheryreform.org [accessed 15 November 2012].
40. Hatchery Scientific Review Group. 2003. Hatchery reform recommendations for the Puget Sound and Coastal Washington Hatchery Reform Project [online]. Available from www.hatcheryreform.org [accessed 15 November 2012].
41. Healey, M.C. 1980. Utilization of the Nanaimo River estuary by juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Fish. Bull. 77: 653-668.
42. Healey, M.C. 1982. Juvenile Pacific salmon in estuaries: the life support system. In Estuarine Comparisons. Edited by V.S. Kennedy. Academic Press, New York. pp. 315-341.
43. Healey, M.C. 1991. Life history of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). In Pacific salmon life histories. Edited by C. Groot and L. Margolis. UBC Press, Vancouver, B.C. pp. 313-393.
44. Heatwole, D. 2006. Habitat mapping and characterization in Port Susan Bay: Summary of 2004 and 2005 monitoring [online]. The Nature Conservancy of Washington, Seattle, Wash. Available from http://waconservation.org/dl/ dl_Report_PSB_HabMapCharSum0405.pdf [accessed 20 February 2013].
45. Higgs, D.A., MacDonald, J.S., Levings, C.D., and Dosanjh, B.S. 1995. Nutrition and feeding habits in relation to life history stage. In Physiological ecology of Pacific salmon. Edited by C. Groot, L. Margolis, and W.C. Clarke. UBC Press, Vancouver, B.C. pp. 161-315.
46. Johansen, S.J.S., Ekli, M., Stangnes, B., and Jobling, M. 2001. Weight gain and lipid deposition in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, during compensatory growth: evidence for lipostatic regulation? Aquacult. Res. 32: 963-974. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2109.2001.00632.x.
47. Johnson, L.L., Ylitalo, G.M., Arkoosh, M.R., Kagley, A.N., Stafford, C., Bolton, J.L., Buzitis, J., Anulacion, B.F., and Collier, T.K. 2007. Contaminant exposure in outmigrant juvenile salmon from Pacific Northwest Estuaries of the United States. Environ. Monit. Assess. 124: 167-194. doi:10.1007/s10661-006-9216-7. PMID:16957861.
48. Karrow, N., Boermans, H., Dixon, D., Hontella, A., Solomon, K., Whyte, J., and Bols, N. 1999. Characterizing the immunotoxicity of creosote to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a microcosm study. Aquat. Toxicol. 45: 223-239. doi:10.1016/S0166-445X(98)00108-8.
49. Kerwin, J. 1999. Salmon and steelhead-habitat limiting factors, Water Resource Inventory Area 11 [online]. Washington State Conservation Commission. Finalreport. Olympia, Wash. Availablefromhttp://www.pugetsoundnearshore. org/supporting_documents/wria_10_lfr.pdf [accessed 20 February 2013].
50. Laetz, C.A., Baldwin, D.H., Collier, T.K., Hebert, V., Stark, J.D., and Scholz, N.L. 2009. The synergistic toxicity of pesticide mixtures: implications for risk assessment and the conservation of endangered Pacific salmon. Environ. Health Perspect. 117: 348-353. PMID:19337507.
51. Lassiter, R.R., and Hallam, T.G. 1990. Survival of the fattest: implications for acute effects of lipophilic chemicals on aquatic populations. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9: 585-595. doi:10.1002/etc.5620090507.
52. Levings, C.D., McAllister, C.D., and Chang, B.D. 1986. Differential use of the Campbell River estuary, British Columbia, by wild and hatchery-reared juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43(7): 1386-1397. doi:10.1139/f86-172.
53. Long, E. R, Hameedi, J., Robertson. A., Dutch, M, Aasen, S., Ricci, C., Welch, K., Kammin, W., Carr, R.S., Johnson, T., Biedenbach, J., Scott, K.J., Mueller, C., and Anderson, J.W. 1999. Sediment quality in Puget Sound, Year 2-Northern Puget Sound. NOS NCCOS CCMA Technical Memo 139, Silver Spring, Md.
54. Long, E.R., Hameedi, J., Robertson, A., Dutch, M., Aasen, S., Welch, K., Magoon, S., Carr, R.S., Johnson, T., Biedenbach, J., Scott, K.J., Mueller, C., and Anderson, J.W. 2000. Sediment quality in Puget Sound, Year 2-Central Puget Sound. NOS NCCOS CCMA Technical Memo 147, Silver Spring
55. Long, E.R., Dutch, M., Aasen, S., Welch, K., Hameedi, J., Magoon, S, Carr, R.S., Johnson, T, Biedenbach, J., Scott, K.J., Mueller, C., and Anderson, J.W. 2002. Sediment quality in Puget Sound, Year 2-Southern Puget Sound. NOS NCCOS CCMA Technical Memo 153, Silver Spring, Md.
56. Long, E.R., Dutch, M., Aasen, S., Welch, K., and Hameedi, M.J. 2003. Chemical contamination, acute toxicity in laboratory tests, and benthic impacts in sediments of Puget Sound. A summary of results of the joint 1997-1999 Ecology/NOAA survey. Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS CCMA 163. Silver Spring, Md.
57. Mac, M.J., Nicholson, L.W., and McCauley, C.A. 1979. PCBs and DDE in commercial fish feeds. Progr. Fish-Cult. 41: 210-211. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1979)41[210: PADICF]2.0.CO;2.
58. Macdonald, J.S., Levings, C.D., McAllister, C.D., Fagerlund, U.H.M., and McBride, J.R. 1988. A field experiment to test the importance of estuaries for chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) survival: short-term results. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45(8): 1366-1377. doi:10.1139/f88-160.
59. MacFarlane, R.B., and Norton, E.C. 2002. Physiological ecology of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at the southern end of their distribution, the San Francisco Estuary and Gulf of the Farallones, California. Fish. Bull. 100: 244-257.
60. Madsen, S.S., Skovbølling, S., Nielsen, C., and Korsgaard, B. 2004. 17-β estradiol and 4-nonylphenol delay smolt development and downstream migration in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Aquat. Toxicol. 68: 109-120. doi:10.1016/j. aquatox.2004.03.008. PMID:15145221.
61. Magnusson, A., and Hilborn, R. 2003. Estuarine influence on survival rates of Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) released from hatcheries on the U.S. Pacific Coast. Estuaries, 26: 1094-1103. doi:10.1007/BF02803366.
62. Marr, J.C.A., Lipton, J., Cacela, D., Hansen, J.A., Bergman, H.L., Meyer, J.S., and Hogstrand, C. 1996. Relationship between copper exposure duration, tissue copper concentration, and rainbow trout growth. Aquat. Toxicol. 36: 17-30. doi:10.1016/S0166-445X(96)00801-6.
63. Maule, A.G., Gannam, A.L., and Davis, J.W. 2007. Chemical contaminants in fish feeds used in federal salmonid hatcheries in the U.S.A. Chemosphere, 67: 1308-1315.
64. McCain, B.B., Brown, D.W., Chan, S.-L., Landahl, J.T., MacLeod, W.D., Jr., Krahn, M.M., Sloan, C.A., Tilbury, K.L., Pierce, S.M., Burrows, D.G., and Varanasi, U. 2000. National benthic surveillance project: Pacific Coast. Organic chemical contaminants, Cycle I to VII (1984-90). US Dept. Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-40, Seattle, Wash.
65. McElroy, A.E., Barron, M.G., Beckvar, N., Driscoll, S.B.K., Meador, J.P., Parkerton, T.F., Preuss, T.G., and Steevens, J.A. 2011. A review of the tissue residue approach for organic and organometallic compounds in aquatic organisms. Integ. Environ. Assess. Manage. 7: 50-74. doi:10.1002/ieam.132.
66. McIntyre, J.K., Baldwin, D.H., Beauchamp, D.A., and Scholz, N.L. 2012. Low-level copper exposures increase visibility and vulnerability of juvenile coho salmon to cutthroat trout predators. Ecol. Appl. 22: 1460-1471. doi:10.1890/ 11-2001.1. PMID:22908706.
67. Meador, J.P. 2006. Rationale and procedures for using the tissue-residue approach for toxicity assessment and determination of tissue, water, and sediment quality guidelines for aquatic organisms. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 12: 1018-1073. doi:10.1080/10807030600801535.
68. Meador, J.P., Collier, T.K., and Stein, J.E. 2002. Use of tissue and sediment-based threshold concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to protect juvenile salmonids listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 12: 493-516. doi:10.1002/aqc.523.
69. Meador, J.P., Sommers, F.C., Ylitalo, G.M., and Sloan, C.A. 2006. Altered growth and related physiological responses in juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 63(10): 2364-2376. doi:10.1139/f06-127.
70. Meador, J.P., Buzitis, J., and Bravo, C. 2008a. Using fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs) in bile from juvenile salmonids to determine exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 27: 845-853. doi: 10.1897/07-434.1. PMID:18333694.
71. Meador, J.P., McCarty, L.S., Escher, B.I., and Adams, W.J. 2008b. The tissueresidue approach for toxicity assessment: concepts, issues, application, and recommendations. J. Environ. Monit. 10: 1486-1498. doi:10.1039/b814041n.
72. Meador, J.P., Ylitalo, G.M., Sommers, F.C., and Boyd, D.T. 2010. Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) outmigrating through a contaminated urban estuary. Dynamics and application. Ecotoxicology, 19: 141-152.
73. Meador, J.P., Sommers, F.C., Cooper, K.A., and Yanagida, G. 2011. Tributyltin and the obesogen metabolic syndrome in a salmonid. Environ. Res. 111: 50-56. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2010.11.012. PMID:21167482.
74. Meyer, J.H., and Vogel, D.A. 1978. An examination of the smaller benthic invertebrates in Hylebos Waterway, Tacoma, Washington [online]. US Fish and Wildlife Service. Olympia, Wash. Available from http://www.fws.gov/wafwo/ fisheries/Publications/FP101.pdf [accesseed 15 October 2012].
75. Myers, J.M., Kope, R.G., Bryant, G.J., Teel, D., Lierheimer, L.J., Wainwright, T.C., Grand, W.S., Waknitz, F.W., Neely, K., Lindley, S.T., and Waples, R.S. 1998. Status review of chinook salmon from Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and California. US Dept. Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-35. Seattle, Wash.
76. Nandor, G.F., Longwill, J.R., and Webb, D.L. 2010. Overview of the coded wire tag program in the greater Pacific Region of North America. In PNAMP Special Publication: Tagging, telemetry and marking measures for monitoring fish populations. Edited by K.S. Wolf and J.S. O'Neal. Pacific Northwest Aquatic Monitoring Partnership Special Publication 2010-002, Chap. 2. pp. 69-94.
77. Nelson, T., Ruggerone, G., Kim, H., Schaefer, R., and Boles, M. 2004. Juvenile Chinook migration, growth and habitat use in the lower Green River, Duwamish River and nearshore of Elliott Bay, 2001-2003. Draft Report. WRIA 9 Juvenile Salmonid Survival Study. King County DNR and NRC. Seattle, Wash.
78. Norton, D. 1986. Results of priority pollutant analyses on water, sediment, and clam samples collected in lower Budd Inlet near McFarland Cascade, Olympia, WA[online]. Washington Dept. of Ecology Report 86e32. Olympia, Wash. Available from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/86e32.pdf [accessed 11 July 2012].
79. Norton, D. 1999. Lower Budd Inlet sediment characterization study: Midwest Site evaluation and chemical screening of selected point sources. Publication No. 99-305. Washington Dept. of Ecology, Olympia, Wash.
80. Olson, O.P., Johnson, L.L., Ylitalo, G.M., Rice, C.A., Cordell, J.R., Collier, T.K., and Steger, J. 2008. Fish habitat use and chemical contaminant exposure at restoration sites in Commencement Bay, Washington [online]. US Dept. of Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo, NMFS-NWFSC-88, 117 p. Available from http://www. nwfsc.noaa.gov/publications/scipubs/display_doc_allinfo.cfm?docmetadataid= 6761 [accessed 27 February 2013].
81. O'Neill, S.M., and West, J.E. 2009. Marine distribution, life history traits, and the accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in chinook salmon from Puget Sound, Washington. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 138: 616-632. doi:10.1577/T08-003.1.
82. Pacific Salmon Commission Chinook Technical Committee. 2002. Pacific Salmon Commission Chinook Technical Committee Report: Annual Exploitation Rate Analysis and Model Calibration [online]. Report TCCHINOOK (02)-3. Available from http://www.psc.org/pubs/TCCHINOOK02-3.pdf [accessed 20 February 2013].
83. PTI. 1991. Reference area performance standards for Puget Sound. EPA Contract 68-D8-0085 [online]. Available from https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/ publications/0609096.pdf [accessed 20 February 2013].
84. Puget Sound Ambient Monitoring Program. 1994. Marine Sediment Monitoring Task. Annual Report 1991, Washington Dept. of Ecology 94-93, Olympia, Wash.
85. Puget Sound Ambient Monitoring Program. 2007. Puget Sound Update: Ninth Report of the Puget Sound Assessment and Monitoring Program. Puget Sound Action Team, Olympia, Wash.
86. Quinn, T.P., Dickerson, B.R., and Vøllestad, L.A. 2005. Marine survival and distribution patterns of two Puget Sound hatchery populations of coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) salmon. Fish. Res. 76: 209-220. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2005.06.008.
87. Reimers, P.E. 1973. The length of residence of juvenile fall chinook salmon in the Sixes River, Oregon. Oregon Fish Comm. 4: 1-43.
88. Rice, C.A., Greene, C.M., Moran, P., Teel, D.J., Kuligowski, D.R., Reisenbichler, R.R., Beamer, E.M., Karr, J.R., and Fresh, K.L. 2011. Abundance, stock origin, and length of marked and unmarked juvenile chinook in the surface waters of greater Puget Sound. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 140: 170-189.
89. Regional Mark Information System. 2006. Regional Mark Information System. Website user manual, 2006 [online]. Regional Mark Processing Center, Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Portland, Ore. www.rmpc.org/files/ rmisuser_v1.pdf [accessed 20 February 2013].
90. Ruggerone, G.T., and Goetz, F.A. 2004. Survival of Puget Sound chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in response to climate-induced competition with pink salmon (O. gorbuscha). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61(9): 1756-1770. doi:10. 1139/f04-112.
91. Ruggerone, G.T., and Weitkamp, D.E. 2004. WRIA 9 Chinook Salmon Research Framework: identifying key research questions about Chinook salmon life histories and habitat use in the middle and lower Green River, Duwamish Waterway, and marine nearshore areas [online]. Resources Consultants Inc., Parametrix Inc., and the WRIA 9 Technical Committee. Seattle, Wash. Available from http://your.kingcounty.gov/dnrp/library/2004/kcr1613.pdf [accessed 20 February 2013].
92. Ryding, K.E., and Skalski, J.R. 1999. Multivariate regression relationships between ocean conditions and early marine survival of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56(12): 2374-2384. doi:10. 1139/f99-177.
93. Sandahl, J.F., Baldwin, D.H., Jenkins, J.J., and Scholz, N.L. 2004. Odor-evoked field potentials as indicators of sublethal neurotoxicity in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) exposed to copper, chlorpyrifos, and esfenvalerate. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61(3): 404-413. doi:10.1139/f04-011.
94. Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., French, B.L., Berejikian, B.A., Quinn, T.P., Casillas, E., and Collier, T.K. 2000. Diazinon disrupts antipredator and homing behaviors in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57(9): 1911-1918. doi:10.1139/f00-147.
95. Scott, G.R., and Sloman, K.A. 2004. The effects of environmental pollutants on complex fish behaviour: integrating behavioural and physiological indicators of toxicity. Aquat. Toxicol. 68: 369-392. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.03.016. PMID:15177953.
96. Seattle Public Utilities. 2008. Synthesis of salmon research and monitoring-Investigations conducted in the western Lake Washington basin [online]. Seattle Public Utilities. Available from http://www.govlink.org/watersheds/8/ pdf/LWGI_SalmonSyn123108.pdf [accessed 20 February 2013].
97. Shreffler, D.K., Simenstad, C.A., and Thom, R.M. 1990. Temporal residence by juvenile salmon in a restored estuarine wetland. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47(11): 2079-2084. doi:10.1139/f90-232.
98. Simenstad, C.A. 2003. Commencement Bay aquatic ecosystem assessment. Ecosystem-scale restoration for juvenile salmon recovery. SoF-UW-2003, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
99. Simenstad, C.A., Fresh, K.L., and Salo, E.O. 1982. The role of Puget Sound and Washington coastal estuaries in the life history of Pacific salmon: an unappreciated function. In Estuarine comparisons. Edited by V.S. Kennedy. Academic Press, New York. pp. 343-364.
100. Simenstad, C., Ramirez, M., Burke, J., Logsdon, M., Shipman, H., Tanner, C., Toft, J., Craig, B., Davis, C., Fung, J., Bloch, P., Fresh, K., Campbell, S., Myers, D., Iverson, E., Bailey, A., Schlenger, P., Kiblinger, C., Myre, P., Gertsel, W.I., and MacLennan, A. 2011. Historical change of Puget Sound shorelines: Puget Sound nearshore ecosystem project change analysis. Puget Sound Nearshore Report No. 2011-01. Published by Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Wash., and US Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle, Wash.
101. Sloan, C.A., Anulacion, B.F., Bolton, J.L., Boyd, D., Olson, O.P., Sol, S.Y., Ylitalo, G.M., and Johnson, L.L. 2010. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in outmigrant juvenile Chinook salmon from the lower Columbia River and estuary and Puget Sound, Washington. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 58: 403-414. doi:10.1007/s00244-009-9391-y. PMID:19771462.
102. Sokal, R.R., and Rohlf, F.J. 1995. Biometry. 3rd ed. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.
103. Spromberg, J.A., and Meador, J.P. 2005. Population-level effects on chinook salmon from chronic toxicity test measurement endpoints. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manage. 1: 9-21. doi:10.1897/IEAM_2004a-005.1.
104. Thom, R.M., and Hallum, L. 1990. Long-term changes in the areal extent of tidal marshes, eelgrass meadows and kelp forests of Puget Sound. US EPA. EPA 910/9-91-005 and FRI-UW-9008. University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
105. Thorpe, J.E. 1994. Salmonid fishes and the estuarine environment. Estuaries, 17: 76-93. doi:10.2307/1352336.
106. USDOC. 2005. Endangered and threatened species; designation of critical habitat for 12 evolutionarily significant units of West Coast Salmon and Steelhead in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin. 50 CFR Part 226, Washington, D.C.
107. USEPA. 1988. Budd Inlet Action Plan: initial data summaries and problem identification. EPA/910/9-88/230 (TC-3338-27). Region X-Office of Puget Sound, Seattle, Wash.
108. Varanasi, U., Casillas, E., Arkoosh, M.R., Hom, T., Misitano, D.A., Brown, D.W., Chan, S.-L., Collier, T.K., McCain, B.B., and Stein, J.E. 1993. Contaminant exposure and associated biological effects in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from urban and nonurban estuaries of Puget Sound. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS NWFSC-8. Seattle, Wash.
109. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2000-2005. Juvenile salmonid production evaluation report. Green River [online]. Available from http:// wdfw.wa.gov/publications/search.php?Cat=Fish/Shellfish%20Research%20 and%20Management [accessed 20 February 2013].
110. Washington State Department of Ecology. 1995. Sediment management standards. Chapter 173-204 WAC [online]. Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia, Wash. Available from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/tcp/ smu/sed_standards.htm [accessed 20 February 2013].
111. Washington State Department of Ecology. 2012. Puget Sound initiative cleanup sites [online]. Washington State Department of Ecology. Available from http:// www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/tcp/sites_brochure/psi/overview/psi_baywide. html [accessed 20 February 2013].
112. Weitkamp, L.A. 2010. Marine distributions of chinook salmon from the west coast of North America determined by coded wire tag recoveries. Tran. Am. Fish. Soc. 139: 147-170. doi:10.1577/T08-225.1.
113. Windward Environmental. 2010. Lower Duwamish Waterway remedial investigation report [online]. Available from http://cleanupsites.org/t115/documents/ Appendix%20C/Windward%20Environmental%20LLC%202010.pdf [accessed 20 February 2013].
114. Wood, C.C. 1987. Predation of juvenile Pacific salmon by the common merganser (Mergus merganser) on Eastern Vancouver Island. 1: Predation during the seaward migration. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44(5): 941-949. doi:10.1139/f87-112.