Testicular hemorrhage, necrosis, and vasculopathy: Likely manifestations of intermittent torsion that clinically mimic a neoplasm

American Journal of Surgical Pathology

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 34-44

  Kao, Chia Sui ^a   Zhang, Chen ^a   Ulbright, Thomas M ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

infarction; necrosis; testis; torsion; vasculitis; vasculopathy

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BIOPSY; BLEEDING; CHILD; DIAGNOSTIC ERROR; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; FIBROSIS; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NECROSIS; ORCHIECTOMY; PATHOLOGY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; TESTIS; TESTIS DISEASE; TESTIS TUMOR; TORSION; VASCULARIZATION; VASCULITIS; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; BIOPSY; CHILD; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DIAGNOSTIC ERRORS; FIBROSIS; HEMORRHAGE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NECROSIS; ORCHIECTOMY; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; TESTICULAR DISEASES; TESTICULAR NEOPLASMS; TESTIS; TORSION ABNORMALITY; VASCULITIS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84891633078     PISSN: 01475185     EISSN: 15320979     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/PAS.0b013e31829c0206     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Skoglund RW, McRoberts JW, Ragde H. Torsion of the spermatic cord: a review of the literature and an analysis of 70 new cases. J Urol. 1970;104:604-607.
2. Hourihane DB. Infected infarcts of the testis: a study of 18 cases preceded by pyogenic epididymo-orchitis. J Clin Pathol. 1975;23: 668-675.
3. Levine T. Testicular and epididymal vasculitides. Is morphology a help in classification and prognosis? J Urol Pathol. 1994;2:81-88.
4. Nayal W, Brassett C, Singh L, et al. Segmental testicular ischaemia mimicking testicular tumour. Br J Urol. 1996;78:318-319.
5. Shurbaji MS, Epstein JI. Testicular vasculitis: implications for systemic disease. Hum Pathol. 1988;19:186-189.
6. Brimo F, Lachapelle J, Epstein JI. Testicular vasculitis: a series of 19 cases. Urology. 2011;77:1043-1048.
7. McGuire BB, O'Brien MF, Akhtar M, et al. Testicular vasculitis mimicking a testicular neoplasm. Ir Med J. 2006;99:27-28.
8. Fraenkel-Rubin M, Ergas D, Sthoeger ZM. Limited polyarteritis nodosa of the male and female reproductive systems: diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61:362-364.
9. Maricic A, Stifter S, Valencic M, et al. Primary testicular necrotizing vasculitis clinically presented as neoplasm of the testicle: a case report. World J Surg Oncol. 2011;9:63.
10. Hernandez-Rodriguez J, Tan CD, Koening CL, et al. Testicular vasculitis: findings differentiating isolated disease from systemic disease in 72 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2012;91:75-85.
11. Dotan ZA, Laufer M, Heldenberg E, et al. Isolated testicular polyarteritis nodosa mimicking testicular neoplasm-long-term follow-up. Urology. 2003;62:352.
12. Atis G, Memis OF, Gungor HS, et al. Testicular polyarteritis nodosa mimicking testicular neoplasm. Sci World J. 2010;10: 1915-1918.
13. Joudi FN, Austin JC, Vogelgesang SA, et al. Isolated testicular vasculitis presenting as a tumor-like lesion. J Urol. 2004;171:799.
14. Raj GV, Ellington KS, Polascik TJ. Autoimmune testicular vasculitis. Urology. 2003;61:1035.
15. Kishino T, Fujimoto K, Hayashi Y, et al. A case of polyarteritis nodosa presenting as a mass in scrotum. Hinyokika Kiyo. 2001; 47:211-213.
16. Persellin ST, Menke DM. Isolated polyarteritis nodosa of the male reproductive system. J Rheumatol. 1992;19:985-988.
17. Warfield AT, Lee SJ, Phillips SM, et al. Isolated testicular vasculitis mimicking a testicular neoplasm. J Clin Pathol. 1994;47:1121-1123.
18. Mukamel E, Abarbanel J, Savion M, et al. Testicular mass as a presenting symptom of isolated polyarteritis nodosa. Am J Clin Pathol. 1995;103:215-217.
19. Pastor-Navarro H, Broseta-Viana L, Donate-Moreno MJ, et al. Isolated testicular polyarteritis nodosa. Urology. 2007;70:e177-e178.
20. Fulgham PF, Jensen P. Sonographic appearance of isolated necrotizing vasculitis of the testis. J Clin Ultrasound. 2006;34:99-107.
21. Susanto CR, Fedder G, Looijen-Salamon MG. Acute, painful, and swollen testicle as the presenting feature in polyarteritis nodosa. Eur J Intern Med. 2003;14:441-443.
22. Huisman TK, Collins WT Jr., Voulgarakis GR. Polyarteritis nodosa masquerading as a primary testicular neoplasm: a case report and review of the literature. J Urol. 1990;144:1236-1238.
23. Meeuwissen J, Maertens J, Verbeken E, et al. Case reports: testicular pain as a manifestation of polyarteritis nodosa. Clin Rheumatol. 2008;27:1463-1466.
24. Davenport A, Downey SE, Goel S, et al. Wegener's granulomatosis involving the urogenital tract. Br J Urol. 1996;78:354-357.
25. Teichman JM, Mattrey RF, Demby AM, et al. Polyarteritis nodosa presenting as acute orchitis: a case report and review of the literature. J Urol. 1993;149:1139-1140.
26. Lee LM, Moloney PJ, Wong HC, et al. Testicular pain: an unusual presentation of polyarteritis nodosa. J Urol. 1983;129:1243-1244.
27. Kariv R, Sidi Y, Gur H. Systemic vasculitis presenting as a tumorlike lesion. Four case reports and an analysis of 79 reported cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2000;79:349-359.
28. Leibovici D, Strauss S, Sharon A. Acute, painful, swollen testis in polyarteritis nodosa: a diagnostic problem. Harefuah. 1999;136: 938-939. 1002.
29. Hardoff D, Jaffe M, Front H. Recurrent episodes of testicular swelling preceding Henoch-Schonlein purpura by 11 months. Eur J Pediatr. 1987;146:613-614.
30. Yuminaga Y, Richards B, Rasiah K, et al. Polyarteritis nodosa presenting with bilateral testicular swelling and complicated by unilateral facial nerve palsy. Korean J Urol. 2011;52:364-367.
31. Eilber KS, Freedland SJ, Rajfer J. Polyarteritis nodosa presenting as hematuria and a testicular mass. J Urol. 2001;166:624.
32. Palmer-Toy DEMF, Young RH. Granulomatous orchitis and vasculitis with testicular infarction complicating Crohn's disease: a hitherto undescribed tumor-like lesion of the testis. J Urol Pathol. 1999;11:143-150.
33. Balzer BL, Ulbright TM. Spontaneous regression of testicular germ cell tumors: an analysis of 42 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30: 858-865.
34. Arkin A. A clinical and pathological study of periarteritis nodosa: a report of five cases, one histologically healed. Am J Pathol. 1930;6:401-426. 405.
35. Frohnert PP, Sheps SG. Long-term follow-up study of periarteritis nodosa. Am J Med. 1967;43:8-14.
36. Kitzmiller JL, Watt N, Driscoll SG. Decidual arteriopathy in hypertension and diabetes in pregnancy: immunofluorescent studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981;141:773-779.
37. Fujimoto T. Pathology of malignant nephrosclerosis with special reference to the difference between histologic manifestations of pure and exacerbated forms. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1978;125:135-153.
38. Gustafsson F. Hypertensive arteriolar necrosis revisited. Blood Press. 1997;6:71-77.
39. Sharma BK, Sharma N, Jain S. Hypertension and the kidneys- interrelationship and therapeutic approach. J Indian Med Assoc. 1999;97:91-95. 105.
40. Zhou F, Liu Y, Zou W, et al. [Malignant hypertension presenting with renal damage: a clinical and pathological analyses]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2001;40:165-168.
41. Beilin LJ, Goldby FS, Mohring J. High arterial pressure versus humoral factors in the pathogenesis of the vascular lesions of malignant hypertension. Clin Sci Mol Med. 1977;52:111-117.
42. Masson GM, Del Greco F, Corcoran AC, et al. Metabolic and pathologic effects of renin in nephrectomized rats. Am J Med Sci. 1956;231:198-204.
43. Giese J. Acute hypertensive vascular disease.
44. Relation between blood pressure changes and vascular lesions in different forms of acute hypertension. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1964; 62:481-496.
45. Wiener J, Spiro D, Lattes RG. The cellular pathology of experimental hypertension. II. Arteriolar hyalinosis and fibrinoid change. Am J Pathol. 1965;47:457-485.
46. Dunn EK, Chen PC, Lipschitz SS, et al. Testicular scintigraphic findings two to three months after torsion. Correlation with sonography and histopathology. Clin Nucl Med. 1991;16:37-39.
47. Ulbright TM, Katzenstein AL. Solitary necrotizing granulomas of the lung: differentiating features and etiology. Am J Surg Pathol. 1980;4:13-28.
48. Stillwell TJ, Kramer SA. Intermittent testicular torsion. Pediatrics. 1986;77:908-911.
49. Schulsinger D, Glassberg K, Strashun A. Intermittent torsion: association with horizontal lie of the testicle. J Urol. 1991;145: 1053-1055.
50. Eaton SH, Cendron MA, Estrada CR, et al. Intermittent testicular torsion: diagnostic features and management outcomes. J Urol. 2005;174:1532-1535; discussion 1535.
51. Lewis LC. Testis tumors: report on 250 cases. J Urol. 1948;59:763-772.
52. Ringdahl E, Teague L. Testicular torsion. Am Fam Physician. 2006;74:1739-1743.
53. Sanelli PC, Burke BJ, Lee L. Color and spectral doppler sonography of partial torsion of the spermatic cord. Am J Roentgenol. 1999; 172:49-51.
54. Hayn MH, Herz DB, Bellinger MF, et al. Intermittent torsion of the spermatic cord portends an increased risk of acute testicular infarction. J Urol. 2008;180:1729-1732.
55. Subbanna PK, Singh NV, Swaminathan RP. Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: A rare isolated cutaneous vasculitis. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2012;3:21-24.
56. Gauchotte E, Gauchotte G, Marie B, et al. An isolated vasculitis of uterine cervix and isthmus. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2009;38:521-523.
57. Gambino G, Rizzuto MR, Spallitta IS, et al. Isolated polyarteritis nodosa of the large bowel: a case report. Chir Ital. 2008;60:469-473.
58. Hoppe E, de Ybarlucea LR, Collet J, et al. Isolated vasculitis of the female genital tract: a case series and review of literature. Virchows Arch. 2007;451:1083-1089.
59. Kumar B, Krishnani N, Misra R, et al. Isolated necrotizing vasculitis of gallbladder: a report of two cases and review of literature. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2003;46:429-431.
60. Kini U, Babu MK, Mhaskar R. Isolated necrotising arteritis of the cervix and myometrium: a much neglected but puzzling entity. J Assoc Physicians India. 2002;50:967-969.
61. Trueb RM, Scheidegger EP, Pericin M, et al. Periarteritis nodosa presenting as a breast lesion: report of a case and review of the literature. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141:1117-1121.
62. Abu-Farsakh H, Mody D, Brown RW, et al. Isolated vasculitis involving the female genital tract: clinicopathologic spectrum and phenotyping of inflammatory cells. Mod Pathol. 1994;7:610-615.
63. Morgan AJ, Schwartz RA. Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: a comprehensive review. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49:750-756.
64. Inoue Y, Yamashita M, Shuin T. Localized polyarteritis nodosa presenting as epididymal mass: a case report. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1997;43:895-897.
65. Womack C, Ansell ID. Isolated arteritis of the epididymis. J Clin Pathol. 1985;38:797-800.
66. Endo Y, Suzuki Y, Matsuzawa I, et al. Case of isolated polyarteritis nodosa appearing in bilateral epididymis. Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi. 2010;101:570-573.
67. Kameyama K, Kuramochi S, Kamio N, et al. Isolated periarteritis nodosa of the spermatic cord presenting as a scrotal mass: report of a case. Heart Vessels. 1998;13:152-154.
68. Colombat M, Carton S, Turblin JM. Isolated vasculitis of the spermatic cord. Ann Urol (Paris). 1999;33:277-279.
69. Jacobsen GK, Henriksen OB, von der Maase H. Carcinoma in situ of testicular tissue adjacent to malignant germ-cell tumors: a study of 105 cases. Cancer. 1981;47:2660-2662.
70. Skakkebaek NE. Atypical germ cells in the adjacent "normal" tissue of testicular tumours. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A. 1975;83:127-130.
71. Coffin CM, Ewing S, Dehner LP. Frequency of intratubular germ cell neoplasia with invasive testicular germ cell tumors. Histologic and immunocytochemical features. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1985;109: 555-559.
72. Jones TD, Ulbright TM, Eble JN, et al. OCT4: a sensitive and specific biomarker for intratubular germ cell neoplasia of the testis. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10:8544-8547.
73. Burke AP, Mostofi FK. Intratubular malignant germ cells in testicular biopsies: clinical course and identification by staining for placental alkaline phosphatase. Mod Pathol. 1988;1:475-479.
74. Giwercman A, Cantell L, Marks A. Placental-like alkaline phosphatase as a marker of carcinoma-in-situ of the testis. Comparison with monoclonal antibodies M2A and 43-9F. APMIS. 1991;99:586-594.
75. Giwercman A, Marks A, Bailey D, et al. A monoclonal antibody as a marker for carcinoma in situ germ cells of the human adult testis. APMIS. 1988;96:667-670.
76. Marks A, Sutherland DR, Bailey D, et al. Characterization and distribution of an oncofetal antigen (M2A antigen) expressed on testicular germ cell tumours. Br J Cancer. 1999;80:569-578.