The long-term psychiatric and medical prognosis of perinatal mental illness

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 49-60

  Meltzer Brody, Samantha ^a   Stuebe, Alison ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Bipolar disorder; Gestational diabetes; Lactation; Major depression; Obsessive compulsive disorder; Obstetrical complications; Perinatal depression; Perinatal mental illness

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BIPOLAR DEPRESSION; CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK; CHILDBIRTH; CLINICAL PRACTICE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; LACTATION DISORDER; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MEDICAL HISTORY; MENTAL DISEASE; MOOD DISORDER; NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PERINATAL MENTAL ILLNESS; PERINATAL PERIOD; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PUERPERAL DEPRESSION; PUERPERIUM; RISK ASSESSMENT; WEIGHT GAIN;

BIPOLAR DISORDER; GESTATIONAL DIABETES; LACTATION; MAJOR DEPRESSION; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; OBSTETRICAL COMPLICATIONS; PERINATAL DEPRESSION; PERINATAL MENTAL ILLNESS;

ANXIETY; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BODY WEIGHT; DEPRESSION, POSTPARTUM; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DIABETES, GESTATIONAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; LACTATION; MOTHERS; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PERIPARTUM PERIOD; PRE-ECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY; PROGNOSIS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84891626458     PISSN: 15216934     EISSN: 15321932     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.009     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Misra DP, Guyer B, Allston A. Integrated perinatal health framework. A multiple determinants model with a life span approach. Am J Prev Med 2003;25:65-75.
2. Saade GR. Pregnancy as a window to future health [editorial comment]. Obstet Gynecol 2009;114:958-60.
3. O'Hara MW, Swain AM. Rates and risk of postpartum depression: a meta-analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry 1996;8:37-54.
4. Flynn HA, Davis M, Marcus SM, et al. Rates of maternal depression in pediatric emergency department and relationship to child service utilization. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2004;26:316-22.
5. Marcus S, Lopez JF, McDonough S, et al. Depressive symptoms during pregnancy: impact on neuroendocrine and neonatal outcomes. Infant Behav Dev 2011;34:26-34.
6. Halbreich U. The association between pregnancy processes, preterm delivery, low birth weight, and postpartum depressions: the need for interdisciplinary integration [review]. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193:1312-22.
7. Ibanez G, Charles MA, Forhan A, et al. Depression and anxiety in women during pregnancy and neonatal outcome: data from the EDEN mother-child cohort. Early Hum Dev 2012;88:643-9.
8. Grote NK, Bridge JA, Gavin AR, et al. A meta-analysis of depression during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth restriction. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010;67:1012-24.
9. Gentile S. Suicidal mothers. J Inj Violence Res 2011;3:90-7.
10. Petik D, Czeizel B, Banhidy F, et al. A study of the risk of mental retardation among children of pregnant women who have attempted suicide by means of a drug overdose. J Inj Violence Res 2012;4:10-9.
11. Gidai J, Acs N, Banhidy F, et al. Congenital abnormalities in children of 43 pregnant women who attempted suicide with large doses of nitrazepam. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2010;19:175-82.
12. McMahon C, Barnett B, Kowalenko N, et al. Psychological factors associated with persistent postnatal depression: past and current relationships, defence styles and the mediating role of insecure attachment style. J Affect Disord 2005;84: 15-24.
13. Dipietro JA, Costigan KA, Sipsma HL. Continuity in self-report measures of maternal anxiety, stress, and depressive symptoms from pregnancy through two years postpartum. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2008;29:115-24.
14. Gaynes BN, Gavin N, Meltzer-Brody S, Lohr KN, Swinson T, Gartlehner G, Brody S, Miller WC. Perinatal depression: prevalence, screening accuracy, and screening outcomes. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ). 2005 Feb;(119):1-8.
15. Meltzer-Brody S, Bledsoe-Mansori SE, Johnson N, et al. A prospective study of perinatal depression and trauma history in pregnant minority adolescents. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013;208(211):e1-7.
16. Milgrom J, Gemmill AW, Bilszta JL, et al. Antenatal risk factors for postnatal depression: a large prospective study. J Affect Disord 2008;108:147-57.
17. Lindahl V, Pearson JL, Colpe L. Prevalence of suicidality during pregnancy and the postpartum. ArchWomens Ment Health 2005;8:77-87.
18. Austin MP, Kildea S, Sullivan E. Maternal mortality and psychiatric morbidity in the perinatal period: challenges and opportunities for prevention in the Australian setting. Med J Aust 2007;186:36-47.
19. McLearn KT, Minkovitz CS, Strobino DM, et al. Maternal depressive symptoms at 2 to 4 months post partum and early parenting practices. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006;160:279-84.
20. Paulson JF, Dauber S, Leiferman JA. Individual and combined effects of postpartum depression in mothers and fathers on parenting behavior. Pediatrics 2006;118:659-68.
21. Paulson JF, Bazemore SD. Prenatal and postpartum depression in fathers and its association with maternal depression: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2010;303:1961-9.
22. Beck CT. A meta-analysis of predictors of postpartum depression. Nurs Res 1996;45:297-303.
23. Di Florio A, Forty L, Gordon-Smith K, et al. Perinatal episodes across the mood disorder spectrum. JAMA Psychiatry 2013; 70:168-75.
24. Forty L, Jones L, Macgregor S, et al. Familiality of postpartum depression in unipolar disorder: results of a family study. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:1549-53.
25. Viguera AC, Tondo L, Koukopoulos AE, et al. Episodes of mood disorders in 2252 pregnancies and postpartum periods. Am J Psychiatry 2011;168:1179-85.
26. Cohen LS, Wang B, Nonacs R, et al. Treatment of mood disorders during pregnancy and postpartum. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2010;33:273-93.
27. Viguera AC, Nonacs R, Cohen LS, et al. Risk of recurrence of bipolar disorder in pregnant and nonpregnant women after discontinuing lithium maintenance. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:179-84.
28. Viguera AC, Whitfield T, Baldessarini RJ, et al. Risk of recurrence in women with bipolar disorder during pregnancy: prospective study of mood stabilizer discontinuation. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:1817-24.
29. Wisner KL, Sit DK, McShea MC, et al. Onset timing, thoughts of self-harm, and diagnoses in postpartum women with screen-positive depression findings. JAMA Psychiatry 2013;70:490-8.
30. Austin MP, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Priest SR, et al. Depressive and anxiety disorders in the postpartum period: how prevalent are they and can we improve their detection? Arch Womens Ment Health 2010;13:395-401.
31. Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Pedersen CB, et al. New parents and mental disorders: a population-based register study. JAMA 2006;296:2582-9.
32. Wisner KL, Perel JM, Peindl KS, et al. Prevention of recurrent postpartum depression: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:82-6.
33. Rubertsson C, Wickberg B, Gustavsson P, et al. Depressive symptoms in early pregnancy, two months and one year postpartum-prevalence and psychosocial risk factors in a national Swedish sample. Arch Womens Ment Health 2005;8: 97-104.
34. Wisner KL, Moses-Kolko EL, Sit DK. Postpartum depression: a disorder in search of a definition. Arch Womens Ment Health 2010;13:37-40.
35. Bloch M, Daly RC, Rubinow DR. Endocrine factors in the etiology of postpartum depression. Compr Psychiatry 2003;44: 234-46.
36. Bloch M, Rubinow DR, Schmidt PJ, et al. Cortisol response to ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone in a model of pregnancy and parturition in euthymic women with and without a history of postpartum depression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:695-9.
37. Murphy-Eberenz K, Zandi PP, March D, et al. Is perinatal depression familial? J Affect Disord 2006;90:49-55.
38. Treloar SA, Martin NG, Bucholz KK, et al. Genetic influences on post-natal depressive symptoms: findings from an Australian twin sample. Psychol Med 1999;29:645-54.
39. Mahon PB, Payne JL, MacKinnon DF, et al. Genome-wide linkage and follow-up association study of postpartum mood symptoms. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166:1229-37.
40. Tarantino LM, Sullivan PF, Meltzer-Brody S. Using animal models to disentangle the role of genetic, epigenetic and environmental influences on behavioral outcomes associated with maternal anxiety and depression [review]. Front Psychiatry 2011;18:2.
41. Meltzer-Brody S. New insights into perinatal depression: pathogenesis and treatment during pregnancy and postpartum [review]. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2011;13:89-100.
42. Wisner KL, Perel JM, Peindl KS, et al. Prevention of postpartum depression: a pilot randomized clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:1290-2.
43. Dennis CL. Psychosocial and psychological interventions for prevention of postnatal depression: systematic review. BMJ 2005;331:15.
44. Clatworthy J. The effectiveness of antenatal interventions to prevent postnatal depression in high-risk women. J Affect Disord 2012;137:25-34.
45. Wisner KL, Parry BL, Piontek CM. Clinical practice. Postpartum depression. N Engl J Med 2002;347:194-9.
46. Jones I, Craddock N. Searching for the puerperal trigger: molecular genetic studies of bipolar affective puerperal psychosis. Psychopharmacol Bull 2007;40:115-28.
47. Jones I, Craddock N. Familiality of the puerperal trigger in bipolar disorder: results of a family study. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:913-7.
48. Jones I, Hamshere M, Nangle JM, et al. Bipolar affective puerperal psychosis: genome-wide significant evidence for linkage to chromosome 16. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:1099-104.
49. Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Meltzer-Brody S, et al. Psychiatric disorders with postpartum onset: possible early manifestations of bipolar affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012;69:428-34.
50. Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Mendelson T, et al. Risks and predictors of readmission for a mental disorder during the postpartum period. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66:189-95.
51. Cohen LS, Sichel DA, Robertson LM, et al. Postpartum prophylaxis for women with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:1641-5.
52. Chaudron LH, Pies RW. The relationship between postpartum psychosis and bipolar disorder: a review. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64:1284-92.
53. Bergink V, Bouvy PF, Vervoort JS, et al. Prevention of postpartum psychosis and mania in women at high risk. Am J Psychiatry 2012;169:609-15.
54. Yonkers KA,Wisner KL, Stowe Z, et al. Management of bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:608-20.
55. Payne JL, Roy PS, Murphy-Eberenz K, et al. Reproductive cycle-associated mood symptoms in women with major depression and bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2007;99:221-9.
56. Spinelli MG. Postpartum psychosis: detection of risk and management. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166:405-8.
57. Labad J, Menchon JM, Alonso P, et al. Female reproductive cycle and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66:428-35.
58. Altemus M, Neeb CC, Davis A, et al. Phenotypic differences between pregnancy-onset and postpartum-onset major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2012;73:e1485-91.
59. Uguz F, Akman C, Kaya N, et al. Postpartum-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: incidence, clinical features, and related factors. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:132-8.
60. Brandes M, Soares CN, Cohen LS. Postpartum onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: diagnosis and management. Arch Womens Ment Health 2004;7:99-110.
61. Abramowitz JS, Meltzer-Brody S, Leserman J, et al. Obsessional thoughts and compulsive behaviors in a sample of women with postpartum mood symptoms. Arch Women Ment Health 2010;13:523-30.
62. Vulink NC, Denys D, Bus L, et al. Female hormones affect symptom severity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;21:171-5.
63. Leckman JF, Goodman WK, North WG, et al. The role of central oxytocin in obsessive compulsive disorder and related normal behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1994;19:723-49.
64. Leckman JF, Goodman WK, North WG, et al. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of oxytocin in obsessivecompulsive disorder. Comparison with Tourette's syndrome and healthy controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51: 782-92.
65. Abramowitz JS, Nelson CA, Rygwall R, et al. The cognitive mediation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: a longitudinal study. J Anxiety Disord 2007;21:91-104.
66. Challacombe FL, Salkovskis PM. Intensive cognitive-behavioural treatment for women with postnatal obsessive-compulsive disorder: a consecutive case series. Behav Res Ther 2011;49:422-6.
67. Misri S, Milis L. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in the postpartum: open-label trial of quetiapine augmentation. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004;24:624-7.
68. Phelan S. Pregnancy: a "teachable moment" for weight control and obesity prevention. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010 Feb; 202(2):135.e1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2009.06.008.
69. Herring SJ, Rich-Edwards JW, Oken E, et al. Association of postpartum depression with weight retention 1 year after childbirth. Obesity 2008;16:1296-301.
70. Taveras EM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Rich-Edwards JW, et al. Association of maternal short sleep duration with adiposity and cardiometabolic status at 3 years postpartum. Obesity 2011;19:171-8.
71. Bodnar LM, Wisner KL, Moses-Kolko E, et al. Prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and the likelihood of major depressive disorder during pregnancy. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70:1290-6.
72. Bogaerts AF, Van den Bergh BR, Witters I, Devlieger R. Anxiety during early pregnancy predicts postpartum weight retention in obese mothers. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013 Feb 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oby.20352.
73. Pedersen P, Baker JL, Henriksen TB, et al. Influence of psychosocial factors on postpartum weight retention. Obesity 2011; 19:639-46.
74. Rooney B, Schauberger C. Excess pregnancy weight gain and long-term obesity: one decade later. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 100:245-52.
75. Rooney BL, Schauberger CW, Mathiason MA. Impact of perinatal weight change on long-term obesity and obesity-related illnesses. Obstet Gynecol 2005;106:1349-56.
76. Prairie BA, Wisniewski SR, Luther JF, et al. Postpartum lipid levels in women with major depression. J Womens Health 2012;21:534-8.
77. Grigoriadis S, Vonderporten EH, Mamisashvili L, et al. The impact of maternal depression during pregnancy on perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2013;74:e321-41.
78. Kurki T, Hiilesmaa V, Raitasalo R, et al. Depression and anxiety in early pregnancy and risk for preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:487-90.
79. Qiu C, Williams MA, Calderon-Margalit R, et al. Preeclampsia risk in relation to maternal mood and anxiety disorders diagnosed before or during early pregnancy. Am J Hypertens 2009;22:397-402.
80. Henrichs J, Schenk JJ, Roza SJ, et al. Maternal psychological distress and fetal growth trajectories: the Generation R Study. Psychol Med 2010;40:633-43.
81. Vollebregt KC, van der Wal MF, Wolf H, et al. Is psychosocial stress in first ongoing pregnancies associated with preeclampsia and gestational hypertension? BJOG 2008;115:607-15.
82. Kozhimannil KB, Pereira MA, Harlow BL. Association between diabetes and perinatal depression among low-income mothers. JAMA 2009;301:842-7.
83. Nicklas JM, Miller LJ, Zera CA, Davis RB, Levkoff SE, Seely EW. Factors associated with depressive symptoms in the early postpartum period among women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus. Matern Child Health J. 2012 Nov 3.
84. Hoedjes M, Berks D, Vogel I, et al. Postpartum depression after mild and severe preeclampsia. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2011;20:1535-42.
85. Miles MS, Holditch-Davis D, Schwartz TA, Scher M. Depressive symptoms in mothers of prematurely born infants. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2007 Feb;28(1):36-44.
86. Meyer EC, Coll CT, Lester BM, et al. Family-based intervention improves maternal psychological well-being and feeding interaction of preterm infants. Pediatrics 1994;93:241-6.
87. Miles MS, Holditch-Davis D, Burchinal P, et al. Distress and growth outcomes in mothers of medically fragile infants. Nurs Res 1999;48:129-40.
88. Davis L, Edwards H, Mohay H, et al. The impact of very premature birth on the psychological health of mothers. Early Hum Dev 2003;73:61-70.
89. Silverstein M, Feinberg E, Young R, et al. Maternal depression, perceptions of children's social aptitude and reported activity restriction among former very low birthweight infants. Arch Dis Child 2010;95:521-5.
90. Carter JD, Mulder RT, Bartram AF. Infants in a neonatal intensive care unit: parental response. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005;90:F109-13.
91. Poehlmann J, Schwichtenberg AJ, Bolt D, et al. Predictors of depressive symptom trajectories in mothers of preterm or low birth weight infants. J Fam Psychol 2009;23:690-704.
92. Shaw RJ, Deblois T, Ikuta L, et al. Acute stress disorder among parents of infants in the neonatal intensive care nursery. Psychosomatics 2006;47:206-12.
93. Vanderbilt D, Bushley T, Young R, et al. Acute posttraumatic stress symptoms among urban mothers with newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit: a preliminary study. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2009;30:50-6.
94. Irgens HU, Reisaeter L, Irgens LM, et al. Long term mortality of mothers and fathers after pre-eclampsia: population based cohort study. BMJ 2001;323:1213-7.
95. Wolf M, Hubel C, Lam C, et al. Preeclampsia and future cardiovascular disease: potential role of altered angiogenesis and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:6239-43.
96. Wolf M, Sandler L, Jimenez-Kimble R, et al. Insulin resistance but not inflammation is associated with gestational hypertension. Hypertension 2002;40:886-91.
97. Retnakaran R, Qi Y, Connelly PW, et al. Glucose intolerance in pregnancy and postpartum risk of metabolic syndrome in young women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:670-7.
98. Retnakaran R, Shah BR. Mild glucose intolerance in pregnancy and risk of cardiovascular disease: a population-based cohort study. CMAJ 2009;181:371-6.
99. Pan A, Keum N, Okereke OI, et al. Bidirectional association between depression and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Diabetes Care 2012;35:1171-80.
100. Dennis C-L, McQueen K. The relationship between infant-feeding outcomes and postpartum depression: a qualitative systematic review. Pediatrics 2009;123:e736-51.
101. Paul IM, Downs DS, Schaefer EW, et al. Postpartum anxiety and maternal-infant health outcomes. Pediatrics 2013;131: e1218-24.
102. Ystrom E. Breastfeeding cessation and symptoms of anxiety and depression: a longitudinal cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2012;12:36.
103. Stuebe AM, Grewen K, Pedersen CA, et al. Failed lactation and perinatal depression: common problems with shared neuroendocrine mechanisms? J Womens Health 2012;21:264-72.
104. Stuebe AM, Willett WC, Xue F, et al. Lactation and incidence of premenopausal breast cancer: a longitudinal study. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:1364-671.
105. Danforth KN, Tworoger SS, Hecht JL, et al. Breastfeeding and risk of ovarian cancer in two prospective cohorts. Cancer Causes Control 2007;18:517-23.
106. Stuebe AM, Rich-Edwards JW, Willett WC, et al. Duration of lactation and incidence of Type 2 Diabetes. JAMA 2005;294: 2601-10.
107. Stuebe AM, Schwarz EB, Grewen K, et al. Duration of lactation and incidence of maternal hypertension: a longitudinal cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2011;174:1147-58.
108. Schwarz EB, Stuebe AM, Allison MA, et al. Impact of lactation on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. J Gen Intern Med 2008;23:321-2.
109. Cramer DW, Titus-Ernstoff L, McKolanis JR, et al. Conditions associated with antibodies against the tumor-associated antigen MUC1 and their relationship to risk for ovarian cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14:1125-31.
110. Stuebe AM, Rich-Edwards JW. The reset hypothesis: lactation and maternal metabolism. Am J Perinatol 2009;26:81-8.
111. Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Moss JR, et al. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2477-86.
112. Bogaerts AF, Devlieger R, Nuyts E, et al. Effects of lifestyle intervention in obese pregnant women on gestational weight gain and mental health: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Obes 2013;37:814-21.
113. Skrundz M, Bolten M, Nast I, et al. Plasma oxytocin concentration during pregnancy is associated with development of postpartum depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011;36:1886-93.
114. Stuebe AM, Grewen K, Meltzer-Brody S. Association between maternal mood and oxytocin response to breastfeeding. J Womens Health 2013;22:352-61.
115. Gimpl G, Fahrenholz F. The oxytocin receptor system: structure, function, and regulation. Physiol Rev 2001;81:629-83.
116. Camerino C. Low sympathetic tone and obese phenotype in oxytocin-deficient mice. Obesity 2009;17:980-4.
117. Morton GJ, Thatcher BS, Reidelberger RD, et al. Peripheral oxytocin suppresses food intake and causes weight loss in dietinduced obese rats. Am J Physiol 2012;302:E134-44.