Introduction to Polymer Rheology

Introduction to Polymer Rheology

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages

  Shaw, Montgomery T ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84891584388     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118170229     Document Type: Book

References (154)

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11. M. T. Shaw and W. J. MacKnight, Introduction to Polymer Viscoelasticity, 3rd edition, Wiley, New York, 2005.
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35. M. T. Shaw and W. J. McKnight, Introduction to Polymer Viscoelasticity, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 2005.
36. P. Wood-Adams and S. Costeux, "Thermorheological behavior of polyethylene: Effects of microstructure and long chain branching," Macromolecules, 34, 6281-6290 (2001).
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40. G. Kiss and R. S. Porter, "Rheology of concentrated solutions of poly(y-benzyl-glutamate)," J. Polym. Sei., Polym. Symp., 65, 913-211 (1978).
41. P. A. Janmey, M. E. McCormick, S. Rammensee, J. L. Leight, P. C. Georges and F. C. MacKintosh, "Negative normal stress in semiflexible biopolymer gels," Nature Mater., 6(1), 48-51 (2007).
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45. P. T. Mather, A. Romo-Uribe, C. D. Han and S. S. Kim, "Rheo-optical evidence of a flowinduced isotropic-nematic transition in a thermotropic liquid-crystalline polymer," Macromolecules, 30, 7977-7989 (1997).
46. Y. An and M. T. Shaw, "Actuating properties of soft gels with ordered iron particles: Basis for a shear actuator," Smart Mater. Struct., 12, 157-163 (2003).
47. M. Mackay and G. K. Dick, "A comparison of the dimensions of a truncated cone measured with various techniques: The cone measurement project," J. Rheol., 39, 673-677 (1995).
48. R. I. Tanner, "A theory of die-swell," J. Polym. Sei. Part A: Polym. Chem., 8, 2067-2078 (1970).
49. N. Y. Tuna and B. A. Finlayson, "Exit pressure experiments for low density polyethylene melts," J. Rheol. 32, 285-308 (1988).
50. L. M. Quinzani, R. C. Armstrong, and R. A. Brown, "Use of coupled birefringence and LDV studies of flow through a planar contraction to test constitutive equations for concentrated polymer solutions," J. Rheol., 39, 1201-1228 (1995).
51. H. J. Park, D. G. Kiriakidis, E. Mitsoulis, and K. J. Lee, "Birefringence studies in die flows of an HDPE melt," J. Rheol, 36, 1563-1583 (1992).
52. T. Hasegawa, H. Asama and T. Narumi, Nihon Reoroji Gakkaishi (J. Rheol. Japan), 31, 243-252 (2003).
53. J. C. Savins, "A pitot tube method for measuring the first normal stress difference and its influence on laminar velocity profile determinations," AIChEJ., 11, 673-677 (1965).
54. S. Okubo and Y. Hori, "Experimental determination of secondary normal stress difference in annular flow of polymer melts," J. Rheol, 24, 275-286 (1980).
55. D. G. Baird, "A possible method for determining normal stress differences from hole pressure error data," Trans. Soc. Rheol, 192, 147-151 (1975).
56. D. Hadjistamov, "Determination of the onset of shear thinning of polydimethyl siloxane," J. Appl. Polym. Sei., 108, 2356-2364 (2008).
57. S.-G. Baek and J. J. Magda, "Monolithic rheometer plate fabricated using silicon micromachining technology and containing miniature pressure sensors for Ni and N2 measurements,".J. Rheol, 47, 1249-1260 (2003).
58. F. T. Trouton, "On the coefficient of viscous traction and its relation to that of viscosity," Proc. Roy. Soc, A77, 426-140 (1906).
59. l.-J. Chen, G. E. Hagler, L. E. Abbott, D. C. Bogue and J. L. White, "Interpretation of tensile and melt spinning experiments of low density and high density polyethylene," Trans. Soc. Rheol., 16, 473-494(1972).
60. M. T. Shaw and F. B. Lin, "Material functions in extension using arbitrary deformation programs," in Current Topics in Polymer Science Vol. II (S. Inoue, L. A. Utracki and R. M. Ottenbrite, eds.), Hanser, Munich, 1987, pp. 137-148.
61. M. L. Sentmanat, "Miniature universal testing platform: from extensional melt rheology to solid-state deformation behavior," Rheol. Acta, 43, 657-669 (2004).
62. P. H. Paul, M. G. Garguilo and O. J. Rakestraw, "Imaging of pressure- and electrokinetically driven flows through open capillaries," Anal. Chem., 70, 2459-2467 (1998).
63. C. D. McGrady and D. G. Baird, "Note: Method for overcoming ductile failure in Miinstedt-type extensional rheometers," J. Rheol, 53, 539-145 (2009).
64. K. K. Chao and M. C. Williams, "The ductless siphon: A useful test for evaluating dilute polymer solution elongational behavior. Consistency with molecular theory and parameters," J. Rheol., 27, 451-174 (1983).
65. T. Sridhar and R. K. Gupta, "Material properties of viscoelastic liquids in uniaxial extension," J. Rheol., 35, 363-377 (1991).
66. W. R. Burghardt and J-M. Li, "Uniaxial extensional characterization of a shear thinning fluid using axisymmetric flow birefringence," J. Rheol., 43, 147-165 (1999).
67. H. Münstedt, "New universal extensional rheometer for polymer melts, measurements on a polystyrene sample," J. Rheol, 23, 421-436 (1979).
68. J. R. Collier, O. Romanoschi and S. Petrovan, "Elongational rheology of polymer melts and solutions," J. Appl. Polym. Sei., 69, 2357-2367 (1998).
69. D. G. Baird, T. W. Chan, C. McGrady and S. M. Mazahir, "Evaluation of the use a semihyperbolic die for measuring elongational viscosity of polymer melts," Appl. Rheol, 20, 34900-1-34900-12 (2010).
70. M. Sentmanat, B. N. Wang and G. H. McKinley, "Measuring the transient extensional rheology of polyethylene melts using the SER universal testing platform," J. Rheol, 49, 585-606 (2005).
71. P. Hachmann and J. Meissner, "Rheometer for equibiaxial and planar elongations of polymer melts," J. Rheol, 47, 989-1010 (2003).
72. D. D. Joye, G. W. Poehlein and C. D. Denson, "A bubble inflation technique for the measurement of viscoelastic properties in equal biaxial extensional flow," J. Rheol., 16, 421-445 (1972).
73. P. A. O'Connell and G. B. McKenna, "Novel nanobubble inflation method for determining the viscoelastic properties of ultrathin polymer films," Rev. Sei. Instrum., 78, 013901-013911 (2007).
74. E. B. Bagley and D. D. Christianson. "Uniaxial compression of viscoelastic rings-effect of friction at the platen/sample interface for gels and doughs," J. Rheol., 32, 555-573 (1988).
75. D. C. Venerus, T.-Y. Shiu, T. Kashyap and J. Hosttetler, "Continuous lubricated squeezing flow: A novel technique for equibiaxial elongational viscosity measurements on polymer melts," J. Rheol, 54, 1083-1095 (2010).
76. R. L. Powell, L. A. Mondy, G. G. Stoker, W. J. Milliken and A. L. Graham, "Development of a falling ball rheometer with applications to opaque systems: measurements of the rheology of suspensions of rods," J. Rheol, 33, 1173-1188 (1989).
77. C. S. Nickerson and J. A. Kornfield, "A 'cleat' geometry for suppressing wall slip," J. Rheol, 49, 865-874(2005).
78. L. Zhu, N. Sun, K. Papadopoulos and D. De Kee, "A slotted plate device for measuring yield stress," J. Rheol., 45, 1105-1122 (2001).
79. J. R. Van Wazer, J. W. Lyons, K. Y. Kim and R. E. Colwell, Viscosity and Flow Measurement, Wiley, New York, 1963.
80. See, for example, the website: www.rheo-NMR.com.
81. P. T. Callaghan, "Rheo-NMR: A new window on the rheology of complex fluids," in Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 9: Advances in NMR (D. M. Grant and R. K. Harris, eds.), Wiley, New York, 2002.
82. Y.-W. Inn, L. Wang and M. T. Shaw, "Efforts to find stick-slip flow in the land of a die under sharkskin melt fracture conditions: Polybutadiene," Macromol Symp., 158, 65-75 (2000).
83. R.-J. Wu, M. T. Shaw and R. A. Weiss, "A rheo-light-scattering instrument for the study of phase behavior of polymer blends under simple-shear flow," Rev. Sei. Instrum., 66, 2914-2921 (1995).
84. Z. Hong, M. T. Shaw and R. A. Weiss, "Effect of shear flow on the morphology and phase behavior of a near-critical SAN/PMMA blend," Macromolecules, 31, 6211-6216 (1998).
85. B. Wang, J. Guan, S. M. Anthony, S. C. Bae, K. S. Schweizer and S. Granick, "Confining potential when a biopolymer filament reptates," Phys. Rev. Lett., 104, 118301 (2010). (4 pages)
86. W. H. Press, B. P. Flannery, S. A. Teukolsky and W. T. Vetterling, Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN: The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992.
87. H. C. Hershey, J. L. Zakin and R. Simha, "Numerical Differentiation of Equally Spaced and Not Equally Spaced Experimental Data," I&ECFund., 6,413-421 (1967).
88. M. Mooney, "Explicit Formulas for Slip and Fluidity," J. Rheol., 2, 210-222 (1931).
89. S. Middleman, The Flow of High Polymers, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1968.
90. M. T. Shaw and Z. Liu, "Single-point determination of nonlinear rheological data from parallel-plate torsional flow," Appl. Rheol., 16, 70-79 (2006).
91. J. E. Mark and M. A. Llórente, "Photoelastic studies of some polybutadiene networks," Polym. J., 13, 543-553(1981).
92. J. W. M. Noordermeer and J. D. Ferry, "Nonlinear relaxation of stress and birefringence in simple extension of 1,2-polybutadiene," J. Polym. Sei, Polym. Phys. Ed., 14, 509-520 (1985).
93. See, for example, M. T. Shaw and W. J. MacKnight, Introduction to Polymer Viscoelasticity, Wiley, New York, 2005, Chapter 6.
94. R. B. Bird, R. C. Armstrong and O. Hassager Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1987.
95. R. G. Larson, Constitutive Equations for Polymer Melts and Solutions. Butterworth, New York, 1988.
96. M. H. Wagner "Zur netzwerktheorie von Polymer-Schmelzen," Rheol. Acta, 18, 33-50 (1979).
97. M. Narkis, I. L. Hopkins and A. V. Tobolsky, "Studies on the stress relaxation of polystyrenes in the rubbery-flow region," Polym. Eng. Sei., 10, 66-69 (1970).
98. C. P. Lindsey and G. D. Paterson, "Detailed comparison of the Williams-Watts and Cole- Davidson functions," J. Chem. Phys., 73, 3348-3357 (1980).
99. R. I. Tanner and J. M. Simmons, "Combined simple and sinusoidal shearing in elastic liquids," Chem. Eng. Sei., 22, 1803-1815 (1967).
100. J. M. Dealy, "Official nomenclature for material functions describing the response of a viscoelastic fluid to various shearing and extensional deformations," J. Rheol., 39, 253-265 (1995).
101. R. B. Bird, R. C. Armstrong and O. Hassager, Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids, Vol. 1, 1st ed. (Wiley, New York, 1977), pp. 80-84.
102. M. T. Shaw and W. J. MacKnight, Introduction to Polymer Viscoelasticity, 3rd ed., Wiley, New York, 2005.
103. B. H. Zimm, "Dynamics of polymer molecules in dilute solution: viscoelasticity, flow birefringence and dielectric loss," J. Chem. Phys., 24, 269-278 (1956).
104. F. Bueche, "Influence of rate of shear on the apparent viscosity of A-Dilute polymer solutions, and B-Bulk polymers," J. Chem. Phys., 22, 1570-1576 (1954)
105. F. Bueche, J. K. Wood, and J. R. Wray, "Variation of viscosity of coiling polymers with shear rate," J. Chem. Phys., 24, 903 (1956)
106. F. Bueche and S. W. Harding, "New absolute molecular weight method (linear high polymers)," J. Chem. Phys., 27, 1210 (1957).
107. W. W. Graessley, "Molecular entanglement theory of flow behavior in amorphous polymers," J. Chem. Phys., 43, 2696-2703 (1965).
108. R. G. Larson, T. Sridhar, L. G. Leal, G. H. McKinley, A. E. Likhtman and T. C. B. McLeish, "Definitions of entanglement spacing and time constants in the tube model," J. Rheol., 47, 809-818(2003).
109. R. G. Larson, The Structure and Rheology of Complex Fluids, Oxford University Press, New York, 1999, pp. 156-162.
110. S. C. Glotzer and W. Paul, "Molecular and mesoscale simulation methods for polymer materials," Ë««. Rev. Mater. Res., 32, 401-136 (2002).
111. Authors of a few of the more widely cited texts on polymer processing are: J. M. McKelvey (1962), S. Middleman (1977), D. G. Baird and D. I. Collias (1995), T. A. Osswald (1998), and Z. Tadmor and C. G. Gogos (2006).
112. C. E. Rogers, W. I. Vroom and R. F. Westover, "Getting the most from a polymer by vacuum-compression molding," Modern Plastics, 45(13), 200, 203, 205, 206 (1968).
113. S. Mukesh, "Basics Concepts of Operation, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting, Part I," The Chemical Engineers' Resource Page, www.cheresources.com.
114. R. P. Quirk and M. A. A. Alsamarraie, in Polymer Handbook, 4th Edition, (J. Brandrup and E. H. Immergut, eds.), John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989, p. V/20.
115. P. J. Flory, R. A. Orwoll and A. Vrij, "Statistical thermodynamics of chain molecule liquids. I. An equation of state for normal paraffin hydrocarbons," J. Am. Chem. Soc, 86, 3507-3514 (1964).
116. I. C. Sanchez and R. H. Lacombe, "An elementary molecular theory of classical fluids. Pure fluids," J. Phys. Chem., 80, 2352-2362 (1976).
117. S. J. Han, D. J. Lohse, P. D. Condo and L. H. Sperling, "Pressure-volume-temperature properties of polyolefin liquids and their melt miscibility," J. Polym. Sei. Part B Polym. Phys., 37, 2835-2844 (1999) (Note: there is an error in equation 16 describing the FOV equation; it should have a divide sign between the first two terms on the right-hand side.)
118. R. Longworth and E. T. Pieski, "Melt index as a measure of newtonian melt viscosity," J. Polym. Sei. Part B Polym. Lett., 3, 221-226 (1972).
119. W. Gleissle, "Influence of the measuring apparatus and method on the value of melt index," Rheology, 94, March 1994, pp. 133-22.
120. ASTM International, D123 8-10.
121. G. H. Brother and L. L. McKinney, "Protein plastics from soybean products," Ind. Engr. Chem., 32, 1002-1006 (1940).
122. S. Tonogai and S. Seto, "Monohole flow test with high-frequency preheating for evaluating flowability of thermosetting compounds," Polym. Eng. Sei., 21, 301-306 (1981).
123. U. F. González, S. F. Shen and C. Cohen, "Rheological characterization of fast-reacting thermosets through spiral flow experiments," Polym. Eng. Sei., 32, 172-181 (1992).
124. E. Ehabé, F. Bonfíls, C. Aymard, A. K. Akinlabi and J. Sainte Beuve, "Modelling of Mooney viscosity relaxation in natural rubber," Polym. Test., 24, 620-627 (2005).
125. An interesting story concerning W. S. Gösset and the Student t distribution is at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sealy_Gosset
126. W. H. Press, B. P. Flannery, S. A. Teukolsky and W. T. Vetterling, Numerical Recipes, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1992.
127. C. Wan, C. Lu, D. B. Todd, L. Zhu, V. Tan, M.-W. Young, C. G. Gogos, "Determining melt flow index on-line using a helical barrel rheometer," SPE ANTEC Proc, 66, 223-227 (2008). [For more details, see A. M. Kraynik, J. H. Aubert, R. N. Chapman, and D. C. Gyure, "The helical screw rheometer," SPE ANTEC Proc, 48, 403-106 (1984).]
128. M. M. Cross and A. Kaye, "Simple procedures for obtaining viscosity-shear rate data from a parallel disk viscosimeter," Polymer 28, 435-440 (1987).
129. R. M. McGlamery and A. A. Harban, "Two instruments for measuring the low-shear viscosity of polymer melts," Mater. Res. Std., 3, 1003-1007 (1963). See also ASTM D2171-07el.
130. P. J. Leider and R. B. Bird, "Squeezing flow between parallel disks. I. Theoretical analysis," Ind. Eng. Chem. Fund., 13, 336-341 (1974).
131. G. K. Batchelor, "Effect of Brownian-motion on bulk stress in a suspension of spherical particles,"J. FluidMech., 83, 97-117 (1977).
132. For example, A. B. Metzner, "Rheology of suspensions in polymeric liquids," J. Rheol., 29, 739-775 (1985).
133. C. Y. Li, "Nanoparticle assembly: Anisotropy unnecessary," Nature Mater., 8, 249-250 (2009).
134. D. L. Faulkner and L. R. Schmidt, "Glass bead-filled polypropylene. Part I: Rheological and mechanical properties," Polym. Eng. Sei., 7, 657-665, (1977).
135. A. V. Shenoy, Rheology of Filled Polymer Systems, Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1999.
136. N. Minagawa and J. L. White, "Coextrusion of unfilled and titanium dioxide-filled polyethylene. Influence of viscosity and die cross-section on interface shape," Polym. Eng. Sei., 15,825-830(1975).
137. S.-P. Sun, J. R. Olson, M. Wei and M. T. Shaw, "Rheology of Hydroxyapatite Needles Suspended in an Organic Fluid," Rheol. Acta, 50(1), 65-74 (2011).
138. E. A. Cole, F. N. Cogswell, J. Huxtable and S. Turner, "Fiber-foam: A rheological phenomenon and a novel product," Polym. Eng. Sei., 19, 12-17 (1979).
139. C. Kothapalli, M. Wei and M. T. Shaw, "Solvent-specific gel-like transition via complexation of polyelectrolyte and charged nanoparticles in binary fluid mixtures: A rheological study," Soft Matter., 4, 600-605 (2008).
140. J.-H. Lee, "Development of an Electrospinning Device for Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymer (TLCP) Melts," MS Thesis, University of Connecticut, 2004.
141. T. Guo, G. M. Harrison and A. A. Ogale, "Rheological behavior of thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyester Vectra A950," SPE ANTEC Proc. 59, Paper #0719 (2001).
142. K. F. Wissbrun, "Rheology of rod-like polymers in the liquid crystalline state," J. Rheol., 25, 619-662(1981).
143. L. L. Blyler, Jr. and T. W. Haas, "The influence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding on the flow behavior of polymer melts," J. Appl. Polym. Sei., 13, 2721-2733 (1969).
144. Y. S. Gan, J. Francois, J. M. Guenet, B. Gauthier-Manuel, C. Allain, "A direct demonstration of the occurrence of physical gelation in atactic polystyrene solutions," Makromol. Chem., Rapid Comm., 6, 225-230 (1985).
145. C. I. Chung and J. C. Gale, "Newtonian behavior of a styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer," J. Polym. Sei., PartB: Polym. Phys., 14, 1149-1156 (1976).
146. J. Rose, R. Osbaldiston, W. Smith, S. Farquharson and M. T. Shaw, "In-situ monitoring of a polymer cure using dynamic rheometry and Raman spectroscopy," SPE ANTEC Proc., 44, 939-945 (1998).
147. M. T. Shaw, "Rheology as a tool for the polymer scientist," SPE ANTEC Proc. , 47, 1906-1908 (2001).
148. J. B. Enns and J. K. Gillham, "The time-temperature-transformation (TTT) cure diagram: Modeling the cure behavior of thermosets," J. Appl. Polym. Sei., 28, 2567-2591 (1983).
149. S. L. Simon and J. K. Gillham, "Thermosetting cure diagrams: Calculation and application," J. Appl. Polym. Sei., 53(6), 709-737 (1994).
150. M. Kunitz, "An empirical formula for the relation between viscosity of solution and volume of solute," J. Gen. Physiol, 9, 715-725 (1926).
151. T. Kitano, T. Kataoka and Y. Nagatsuka, "Shear flow rheological properties of vinylon- and glass-fiber reinforced polyethylene melts," Rheol. Acta, 23, 20-30 (1984).
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