Connections for the Digital Age: Multimedia Communications for Mobile, Nomadic, and Fixed Devices

Connections for the Digital Age: Multimedia Communications for Mobile, Nomadic, and Fixed Devices

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages

  Carne, Bryan E ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84891584275     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118104521     Document Type: Book

References (294)

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2. The terms voice and audio are included in this list to emphasize the difference between spoken voice and music. They are both audible sounds.
3. John Palfrey and Urs Gasser, Born Digital. Philadelphia : Basic Books, 2008, p. 346. Also, Ericsson, What Consumers Want from TV/Video Solutions, White Paper 284 23-3130 Uen, June 2009, p. 4. An earlier book that gives an interesting perspective is Alex Lightman with William Ropjas, Brave New Unwired World: The Digital Big Bang and the Infinite Internet. John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
4. Some have coined the phrase echo boomer for the sons and daughters of baby boomers. Echo boomers can very well be digital natives.
5. Http://www.amazon.com/electronics.
6. I.e., four units wide by three units high.
7. Blu-Ray discs are DVDs in which the storage capacity has been boosted from the 4.7 GB of an ordinary DVD to 27 GB through the use of blue-laser recording.
8. Matthew Garrahan, " Viewers Pull Plug on US Cable Television, " Financial Times., November 17, 2010. FT.com.
9. Multipoint-to-multipoint service (MP2MP), i.e., conferencing, can be considered to be multiple P2MP connections one (or more) at a time.
10. Audio is used to signify a variety of sounds, including speech and music.
11. See Figure 1.1.
12. E. C. Molina, " The Theory of Probabilities Applied to Telephone Trunking Problems, " Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 1, pp. 69-81, 1922.
13. CommsUpdate, " Analogue shut-down begins this week, " Telegeography, February 11, 2008.
14. See Figure 1.1.
15. Telegeography Wireless Operator Metrics Research Service, www.telegeography.com/products/wom/index.php.
16. Http://www.chinamobileltd.com/about.php.
17. AT & T Annual Report, 2008, www.att.com/Common/about_us/annual_report/pdfs/2008ATT_FullReport.pdf.
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29. T. Berners-Lee and R. Cailliau, World Wide Web: Proposal for a Hypertext Project, November 12, 1990. Http://www.w3.org/Proposal.html.
30. Http://www.internet2.edu/about/.
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33. CIA World Factbook, 2010, p. 720.
34. Http://www.worlddab.org.
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36. Section 623(1) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, and 47 CFR 76.905(b) (1 & 2).
37. 47 CFR76.906.
38. Http://www.ncta.com/ContentView.aspx?contentId=66.
39. Http://www.comcast.com/corporate/about/pressroom/corporateoverview.
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41. Http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/fields/2013.html.
42. Http://fcc.gov/mb/audio/digital/index.html.
43. Http://www.ibiquity.com/hd_radio.
44. Http://www.t-dmb.org.
45. Number 20 is the European Union-only individual countries are included in the Table.
46. Verizon Communications 2008 Annual Report, http://investor.verizon.com/financial/annual/2008/index.html.
47. CommsUpdate, " AT & T Profit Up on Back of Mobile Performance, " Telegeography, 24 July 2008.
48. CommsUpdate, " Verizon Launches VoIP over Fibre Service, " Telegeography, 4 June 2010.
49. Ray Le Maistre, " BT Ramps FTTx Plans, Turns a Profit, " Light Reading Europe, May 13, 2010.
50. Ray Le Maistre, " FT Unveils New Action Plan, " Light Reading Europe, July 5, 2010.
51. This paragraph is a summary of several newsletters from Telegeography and Light Reading.
52. CommsUpdate, " Cellcos in Battle for Rights to Single Next Generation Mobile Broadcasting Permit, " Telegeography, June 4, 2010.
53. Http://www.timewarnercable.com/Corporate/about/highlights/default.html.
54. Steve Donahue, " Hillcrest Creates Hulu Workaround for TV Browser, " Light Reading Cable, May 26, 2010.
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56. Terabits per second, i.e., 10 12 bits per second.
57. Unsigned, " NTT Demos 14 Tbit/s, " Light Reading Daily, September 29, 2006.
58. Carol Wilson, " Will Telcos Embrace OTT Video in 2010? " Cable Digital News, December 8, 2009.
59. Carol Wilson, " Qwest Ready to Ride Video ' s Over-the-Top Wave, " Cable Digital News, December 8, 2009.
60. Light Reading, Survey: Internet Video Content, Light Reading Daily, November 29, 2006.
61. G. Keith Cambron, " Next Generation Network and Why We ' ll Never See It, " IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 44, no. 10, October 2006, pp. 8, 10, 12.
62. David S. Isenberg, " The Dawn of the Stupid Network, " ACM Networker 2.1, February/March 1998, pp. 24-31.
63. Fatna Belqasmi et al., " Ambient Network Composition, " IEEE Network, vol. 22, no. 4, July-August 2008, pp. 6-12.
64. A. H. Reeves French Patent 852,185, October 3, 1938. Also A. H. Reeves US Patent 2,272,070, February 3, 1942.
65. E. Bryan Carne, Telecommunications Topics, Prentice Hall PTR, 1999, pp. 192-207.
66. M. R. Schroeder and B. S. Atal, " Code-Excited Linear Prediction (CELP): High-Quality Speech at Very Low Bit Rates, " Proceedings, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), vol. 10, pp. 937-940, 1985.
67. Http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg.
68. Http://erg.abdn.ac.uk/research/future-net/digital-video/mpeg2.html.
69. P. N. Tudor, " MPEG-2 Video Compression, " IEE Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal, December 1995 ; available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/papers/paper_14_14.shtml.
70. DVB Fact Sheet, " Second Generation Cable: The World ' s Most Advanced Digital Cable TV System, " DVB Project Office, www.dvb@dvb.org, April 2009.
71. Http://www.ATSC.org.
72. CableLabs, " EQAM Architectural Overview, " Technical Report CM-TR-MHA-V02-081209, December 9, 2008.
73. Andrew J. Viterbi, CDMA Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication. Reading, MA : Addison Wesley Longman, 1995.
74. James W. Cooley and John W. Tukey, " An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex Fourier series, " Mathematics of Computation, vol. 19, no. 90, April 1965, pp. 297-301. Http://www.jstor.org/pss/2003354
75. Ronald N. Bracewell, The Fourier Transform and Its Applications, 2nd edition. New York : McGraw-Hill, 1986.
76. Steve Bush, " All-optical signal processing on silicon reaches 100 Gbit/s. " Http://www.electronicsweekly.com, April 14, 2009.
77. Jianjun Yu and Xiang Zhou, " Ultra-High-Capacity DWDM Transmission System for 100G and Beyond, " IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 48, no. 3, March 2010, pp. S56-S64.
78. Craig Matsumoto, " The Terabit Ethernet Chase Begins, " Light Reading Daily, October 26, 2010.
79. M. T. Hills, Telecommunication Switching Principles. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press, 1979.
80. Daniel Minoli, Enterprise Networking: Fractional T1 to SONET, Frame Relay to BISDN. Boston: Artech House, 1993.
81. M. de Prycker, Asynchronous Transfer Mode, Solution for Broadband ISDN, Second Edition. Chichester, U.K.: Ellis Horwood, 1993.
82. When used in a computer, an 8-bit word (octet) is known as a byte (B).
83. International Organization for Standardization, Standard 7498-1.
84. R. Braden, Requirements for Internet Hosts-Communications Layers, IETF RFC 1142, October 1989.
85. Some authors use the nomenclature " network interface layers. "
86. Carolyn Duffy Marsan, " Big Step for IPv6: Comcast Starts Trials, " NetworkWorld, January 27, 2010. Http://www.networkworld.com/news/2010/012710-comcast-ipv6trials.html.
87. The all-ones and all-zeros addresses are used for special functions, hence-2.
88. Lixia Zhang, " A Retrospective View of Network Address Translation, " IEEE Network, vol. 22, no. 5, September/October 2008, pp. 8-12.
89. Andreas Muller and Georg Carle, " Behavior and Classification of NAT Devices and Implications for NAT Traversal, " IEEE Network, vol. 22, no. 5, September/October 2008, pp. 14-19.
90. Michael Tuxen et al., " Network Address Translation for the Stream Control Transmission Protocol, " IEEE Network, vol. 22, no. 5, September/October 2008, pp. 26-32.
91. Even if no other degradation occurs, quantization of the samples will result in a slightly different output from the voice signal that was input.
92. H. Schulzrinne et al., " RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications, " IETF RFC 3550.
93. T. Friedman et al., " RTP Control Protocol Extended Reports (RTCP XR), " IETF RFC 3611, November 2003.
94. ITU-T, " Functionality and Interface Specifications for GSTN Transport Network Equipment for Interconnecting GSTN and IP Networks, " G.799.1.
95. ITU-T Recommendation H.323: " Packet-based Multimedia Communications Systems, " http://www.itu.int/rec/T-RECH.323200606I/en. A useful tutorial is found at http://www.iec.org/online/ tutorials/h323/topic09.asp. A comprehensive description is given in http://hive1.hive.packetizer.com/users/packetizer/papers/h323/h323_protocol_overview.pdf.
96. The numbers refer to the signal paths shown in Figure 3.5.
97. J. Rosenberg et al., " SIP: Session Initiation Protocol, " IETF RFC 3261.
98. The numbers refer to the signal paths shown in Figure 3.6.
99. B. Campbell et al., " Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Extension for Instant Messaging, " IETF RFC 3428.
100. A. B. Roach, " Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)-Specific Event Notification, " IETF RFC 3265, June 2002.
101. J. Peterson, " S/MIME Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Requirement for the Session Initiation Protocol, " IETF RFC 3853, July 2004.
102. NIST, " Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), " FIPS 197, November 2001.
103. B. Ramsdell et al., " Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 3.1 Message Specification, " IETF RFC 3851, July 2004.
104. R. Sparks, " Actions Addressing Identified Issues with the Session Initiation Protocol's (SIP) Non-INVITE Transaction, " IETF RFC 4320.
105. J. Elwell, " Connected Identity in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), " IETF RFC 4916, June 2007.
106. Robert M. Metcalfe and David R. Boggs, " Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks, " Communications of the ACM, vol. 19, no. 5, July 1976, pp. 395-404.
107. John D'Ambrosia, " The Next Generation of Ethernet, " IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 46, no. 2, February 2008, pp. S8, S10, S15.
108. Http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/802.3.html.
109. IEEE 802.1Q, " Local and Metropolitan Area Networks, Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks, " 2003.
110. R. Braden et al., " Integrated Services in the Internet Architecture: An Overview, " IETF RFC 1633, June 1994.
111. R. Braden et al., " Resource ReserVation Protocol (RSVP), " IETF RFC 2205, September 1997.
112. F. Baker et al., " Aggregation of RSVP for IPv4 and IPv6 Reservations, " IETF RFC 3175, September 2001.
113. S. Blake et al., " An Architecture for Differentiated Services, " IETF RFC 2475, December 1998.
114. B. Davie et al., " An Expedited Forward PHB (Per-Hop Behavior), " IETF RFC 3246, March 2002.
115. J Heinanen et al., " Assured Forwarding PHB Group, " IETF RFC 2597, June 1999.
116. Http://www.metroethernetforum.org
117. Rafael Sanchez et al., " Ethernet as a Carrier Grade Technology: Developments and Innovations, " IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 46, no. 9, September 2008, pp. 88-94.
118. Andy Reid et al., " Carrier Internet, " IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 46, no. 9, September 2008, pp. 96-103.
119. A. Vainshtein et al., " Structure-Aware Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) Circuit Emulation Service over Packet Switched Network, " IETF RFC 5086, December 2007.
120. A. Vainshtein et al., " Structure-Agnostic Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) over Packet (SAToP), " IETF RFC 4553, June 2006
121. IEEE 802.1ad, Local and Metropolitan Area Networks, Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks, Amendment 4: Provider Bridges.
122. Kerim Fouli and Martin Maier, " The Road to Carrier Grade Ethernet, " IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 47, no. 3, March 2009, pp. S30-S38.
123. IEEE 802.1ah, Local and Metropolitan Area Networks, Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks, Amendment 6: Provider Backbone Bridges.
124. IEEE 802.1Qay, Local and Metropolitan Area Networks, Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks, Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering.
125. IEEE 802.1ag, Local and Metropolitan Area Networks, Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks, Amendment 5: Connectivity Fault Management.
126. E. Mannie, " Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Architecture, " IETF RFC 3945.
127. IEEE 802.1ag, " Connectivity Fault Management, " http://ieee802.org/1/pages/802.1ag.html, December 2007.
128. Dave Ward et al., " MPLS Architectural Considerations for a Transport Profile, " http://www.ietf.org/MPLS-TP_overview-22.pdf.
129. Pwe3@ietf.org
130. S. Bryant and P. Pate, " Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) Architecture, " IETF RFC 3985, March 2005.
131. L. Martini et al., " Pseudowire Setup and Maintenance Using the Label Distribution Protocol (LDP), " IETF RFC 4447, April 2006.
132. A. Vainshtein et al., " Structure-Agnostic Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) over Packet, " IETF RFC 4553, June 2006.
133. A. Vainshtein et al., " Structure-Aware Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) Circuit Emulation Service over Packet Switched Network, " IETF RFC 5086, December 2007.
134. S. Bryant et al., " Pseudowire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) Control Word for Use over an MPLS PSN, " IETF RFC 4385, February 2006.
135. S. Bryant, " Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) Architecture, " IETF RFC 3985, March 2005.
136. Executive Summary, " Pseudowires and the Future of Transport and Access Networks, " Heavy Reading Report, vol. 3, no. 1, January 2005.
137. Stefaan Vanhastel and Raul Hernandez, " Enabling IPTV: What ' s Needed in the Access Network, " IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 46, no. 8, August 2008, pp. 90-95.
138. Per-Erik Eriksson and Bjorn Odenhammar, " VDSL2: Next Important Broadband Technology, " Ericsson Review, no. 1, 2006, p. 38.
139. William A. Simpson et al., " The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), " IETF RFC 1661, July 1994.
140. Louis Mamakos et al., " A Method for Transmitting PPP over Ethernet, " IEFT RFC 2516, February 1999.
141. George Gross et al., " PPP Over AAL5, " IETF RFC 2364, July 1998.
142. Http://www.ieee802.org/3/ah/.
143. I.e., (speed in Mbps)(BASEband or PASSband)-(Twisted-pair or fiber; long or short reach)
144. Biswanath Mukherjee, Optical WDM Networks, New York : Springer, 2006, pp. 223-269.
145. Graham Finnie, " FTTH Worldwide Technology Update & Market Forecast, " Heavy Reading, February 2008.
146. ONU is used by IEEE; ONT is used by ITU-T.
147. Bjorn Skubic et al., " A Comparison of Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation for EPON, GPON, and Next-Generation TDM PON, " IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 47, no. 3, March 2009, pp. S40-S48.
148. ITU-T Recommendation G.984, Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks, ITU-T, 2003.
149. CommsUpdate, " Verizon Launches VoIP over Fibre Service, " Telegeography, June 4, 2010.
150. Section 623(1) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, and 47 CFR 76.905(b) (1 & 2).
151. 47 CFR76.906.
152. Known as the 70/70 Rule. In the Cable Act of 1984 Congress, granted the FCC limited authority to make changes to the leased access rules if more than 70% of U.S. households had access to cable service with at least 36 channels, and 70% of those households subscribed to the service.
153. National Cable & Telecommunications Association, Industry Statistics, http://www.ncta.com/Statistic/Statistic/IndustryStatistics.aspx.
154. National Cable & Telecommunications Association, Top 25 Cable Systems, http://www.ncta.com/Statistic/Statistic/Top25CableSystems.aspx
155. Jeff Baumgartner, " Comcast to Take Control of NBC Universal, " Cable Digital News, December 3, 2009.
156. National Cable & Telecommunications Association, Top 25 MSOs, http://www.ncta.com/Statistic/Statistic/Top25MSOs.aspx
157. 117 million housing units is larger than the 112 million television households in the previous paragraph. Housing units include occupied, seasonal, and vacant households.
158. National Cable & Telecommunications Association, " Broadband Deployment, " http://www.ncta.com/Statistic/Statistic/BroadbandDeployment.aspx
159. Established by the FCC and administered by the National Exchange Carriers Association, a fund designed to keep local exchange rates at reasonable levels, especially in rural areas. Collected from all exchange carriers, the fund stabilizes local rates by defraying the additional costs associated with providing basic service in high cost areas.
160. Alan Breznick, " Next-Gen Cable Networks: Opportunities for Fiber-Based Technologies, " Heavy Reading, February 2009.
161. Sarah Reedy, " RCDb ' s Web TV Coming-Out Party, " Light Reading Cable, May 11, 2010.
162. Buzz Bin, " Enhanced TV Binary Interchange Format (EBIF), " Light Reading Daily, March 13, 2009.
163. Http://www.ATSC.org.
164. Http://www.tru2way.com.
165. Jeff Baumbartner, " Tru2Way: Epic Fail at Retail, " Light Reading Cable, January 4, 2011.
166. Steve Donahue, " Cox Reports Heavy Interactive TV Usage, " Light Reading Cable, June 30, 2010.
167. Http://www.cablelabs.com
168. Society of Cable and Telecommunication Engineers, DOCSIS 3.0 Part 1: Physical Layer specification, SCTE 135-1 2008.pdf.
169. Heavy Reading, " Broadband Speed Wars: Cable Arms Itself With DOCSIS 3.0. " Report, June 2010.
170. CableLabs, " Edge QAM Video Stream Interface Specification, " CM-SP-EQAM-VSI-I01-081107, November 7, 2008.
171. Http://www.packetcable.com
172. H. Schulzrinne et al., " RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications, " IETF RFC 3550, July 2003.
173. M. Arango et al., " Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP), " IETF RFC 2705.
174. F. Andreasen and B. Foster, " Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP), " IETF RFC 3435.
175. F. Cuervo et al., " Megaco Protocol Version 1.0, " IETF RFC 3015.
176. D. Durham et al., " The COPS (Common Open Policy Service) Protocol, " IETF RFC 2478.
177. J. Walker and A. Kulkarni, " Common Open Policy Service (COPS) Over Transport Layer Security (TLS), " IETF RFC 4261.
178. PacketCable, " Multimedia Specification, " PKT-SP-MM-I05-091029, October 29, 2009.
179. Orestis Tsigkas and Fotini-Niovi Pavlidou, " Providing QoS Support at the Distributed Wireless MAC Layer: A Comprehensive Study, " IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 15, no. 1, February 2008, pp. 22-31.
180. Http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.11-2007.pdf. This document incorporates amendments a, b, and g cited in this Section.
181. Taeri Lee et al., " Spectral Signatures and Interference of 802.11 WiFi Signals with Barker Code Spreading, " Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL. Http://www.wemi.ece.iit.edu/publications/Spectral%20Signatures%20and%20Interference%20of%20802_11%20Wi-Fi%20Signals%20with%20Barker%20Code%20Spreading.pdf.
182. Bob Pearson, " Complementary Code Keying Made Simple, " Intersil Corporation, Application Note AN9850.1, May 2000. Http://www.eetasia.com/ARTICLES/2001MAY/2001MAY25_NTEK_DSP_AN.PDF.
183. Dave Wisely, IP for 4G. Chichester, U.K. : Wiley, 2009, p. 87.
184. Frank Haizhon Li et. al., " Variable Bit Rate VoIP in IEEE 802.11e Wireless LANs, " IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 15, no. 1, February 2008, pp. 56-62.
185. Http://www.wifi.org
186. Benny Bing, " Next Generation Broadband, " IEEE Communications Society, Distinguished Lecturers Online. Http://www.comsoc.org/socstr/memprog/dislec/tut/bing/DLT.html.
187. IEEE 802.11 Amendment 6: Medium Access Control (MAC) Security Enhancements.
188. IEEE 802.15.1 Part 15.1: Wireless medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for wireless personal area networks (WPANs).
189. Bluetooth Specification v 2.1 + EDR, vol. 1, 26 July 2007, pp. 13-14, http://www.bluetooth.com.
190. Http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.16-2004.pdf.
191. IEEE 802.16e-2005.
192. Http://WiMAXForum.org.
193. Byeong Gi Lee and Sunghyun Choi, Broadband Wireless Access and Local Networks: Mobile WiMAX and WiFi. Boston : Artech House, 2008, p. 315.
194. Comms Update, " Clearwire Expands WiMAX to DC, Kansas City, " Telegeography, June 4, 2010.
195. Marguerite Reardon, " Comcast to Offer 4G Wireless Broadband Service, " CNET News Wireless, June 29, 2009.
196. Dan Jones, " Sprint ' s $199 WiMAX EVO Phone Out June 4, " Light Reading Mobile, May 13, 2010.
197. Http://www.telecomabc.com/g/gprs.html.
198. Http://www.telecomabc.com/e/edge.html.
199. Http://www.telecomabc.com/c/cdmaone.html.
200. Http://www.3gpp.org.
201. Comms Update, " China Mobile plans phase four of TD-SCDMA expansion, " Telegeography, June 4, 2010.
202. Http://www.3gpp2.org.
203. 3GPP TS 25.306 Release 5.
204. 3GPP TS 25.306 Release 6.
205. 3G Americas, " Global UMTS HSPA Operator Status Update, " http://www.3gamericas.org/documents/Global_3g_Status_Update.pdf.
206. Eiko Seidel, " Technology of High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), " Nomor Research GMBH, October 2006, http://www.nomor.de/uploads/b0/2m/b02mwrVvIa5ZUtVrFeSP1w/Technology_of_HSPA.pdf.
207. Http://www.openmobilealliance.org.
208. Http://labs.ericsson.com.
209. Salvatore Loreto et al., " IMS Service Development API and Testbed, " IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 48, no. 4, August 2010, pp. 26-32.
210. Sajid Soormally et al., " Network Evolution toward IP Multimedia Subsystem, " International Engineering Consortium Newsletter, June 2008, no. 2, http://www.iec.org/newsletter/june08_2/ broadband_1.html.
211. 3GPP, GSM, ETSI, " Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Network Architecture, " ETSI TS 123 002, 2006.
212. 3GPP TS 23.002 v7.1.0 (2006-03) " Technical Specification Group Services and Systems Aspects: Network Architecture. "
213. Cisco Visual Networking Index, Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2009-2014, Cisco Corporation, February 9, 2010.
214. In 2013, some 1 billion smartphones are expected to be in use.
215. Overview of 3GPP Release 9 V0.1.0 (2010-06).
216. Overview of 3GPP Release 10 V0.0.6 (2010-04).
217. Http://www.3gpp.org/LTE.
218. Http://www.3gpp.org/Release-9.
219. 3GPP TR 36.913, V9.0.0 Requirements for further advancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access, December 2009.
220. Y. Yang et al., " Relay Technologies for WiMAX and LTE-Advanced Mobile Systems, " IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 47, no. 10, October 2009, pp. 100-05.
221. Berge Ayvazian, " LTE TDD Technology Road Map & Ecosystem Development 2010, " Heavy Reading, December 2010.
222. Dan Jones, " MetroPCS Continues 4G Price War, " Light Reading Mobile, January 3, 2011.
223. Http://www.developingtelecoms.com/imt-advanced-4g-mobile-wireless-broadband-on-the-anvil-says-itu.html.
224. Les Eastwood et al., " Mobility Using IEEE 802.21 in a Heterogeneous IEEE 802.16/802.11-Based, IMT-Advanced Network, " IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 15, no. 2, April 2008, pp. 26-34.
225. Dan Jones, " Unstrung ' s Five Hot Technologies for ' 07, " Light Reading Daily, December 29, 2006.
226. I-Kang Fu et al., " Multicarrier Technology for 4G WiMAX Systems, " IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 48, no. 8, August 2010, pp. 50-58.
227. Also, Mikio Iwamura et al., " Carrier Aggregation Framework in 3GPP LTE-Advanced, " IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 47, no. 10, August 2010.
228. Erange Perera et al., " A Mobility Toolbox Architecture for All-IP Networks: An Ambient Networks Approach, " IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 15, no. 2, April 2008, pp. 8-16.
229. Mohammad Z. Siam and Marwan Krunz, " An Overview of MIMO-Oriented Channel Access in Wireless Networks, " IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 15, no. 1, February 2008, pp. 63-69.
230. Xiao You et al., " Cooperative Distributed Antenna Systems for Mobile Communications, " IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 17, no. 3, June 2010, pp 35-43.
231. Huiling Zhu et al., " Low-Complexity Resource Allocation and Its Application to Distributed Antenna Systems, " IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 17, no. 3, June 2010, pp. 44-50.
232. Pyramid Research, " Packet-Optical Transport for Mobile Backhaul, " Heavy Reading, vol. 8, no. 6, May 2010.
233. Ray Le Maistre, " AlcaLu Pumps Up Backhaul Portfolio, " Light Reading Mobile, October 18, 2009.
234. Http://www.iridium.com.
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