Antenna Arrays: A Computational Approach

Antenna Arrays: A Computational Approach

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages

  Haupt, Randy L ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84891571446     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470937464     Document Type: Book

References (382)

1. J. A. Fleming, The Principles of Electric Wave Telegraphy and Telephony, 3rd ed., New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1916.
2. S. G. Brown, British Patent No. 14, 449, 1899.
3. L. De Forest, Wireless-signaling apparatus, U.S. Patent 749, 131, January 5, 1904.
4. G. Marconi, On methods whereby the radiation of electic waves may be mainly confined to certain directions, and whereby the receptivity of a receiver may be restricted to electric waves emanating from certain directions, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A, Vol. 77, 1906, p. 413.
5. G. Goebel, The British invention of radar, v2.0.3/chapter 1 of 12/01 may 09/greg goebel/public domain, http://www.vectorsite.net/ttwiz_01.html#m2.
6. S. N. Stitzer, The SCR-270 radar, IEEE Microwave Mag., Vol. 8, No. 3, June 2007, pp.88-98.
7. F. Braun, Directed wireless telegraphy, The Electrician, Vol. 57, May 25, p. 222.
8. H. T. Friis, A new directional receiving system, IRE Proc., Vol. 13, No. 6, December 1925, pp. 685-707.
9. H. T. Friis, C. B. Feldman, and W. M. Sharpless, The determination of the direction of arrival of short radio waves, IRE Proc, Vol. 22, No. 1, January 1934, pp. 47-77.
10. G. H. Brown, Directional antennas, IRE Proc, Vol. 25, No. 1, Part 1, January 1937, pp. 78-145.
11. H. T. Friis and C. B. Feldman, A multiple unit steerable antenna for short-wave reception, IRE Proc, Vol. 25, No. 7, July 1937, pp. 841-917.
12. J. L. Spradley, A volumetric electrically scanned two-dimensional microwave antenna array, IRE Int. Convention Record, Vol. 6, Part 1, March 1958, pp. 204-212.
13. S. A. Schelkunoff, A mathematical theory of linear arrays, Bell Syst. Tech. J., Vol. 22, 1943, pp. 80-107.
14. C. L. Dolph, A current distribution for broadside arrays which optimizes the relationship between bream width and side-lobe level, Proc. IRE, Vol. 34, June 1946, pp. 335-348.
15. S. P. Applebaum, Adaptive arrays, Syracuse University Research Corporation Report SPLTR 66-1, August 1966.
16. R. J. Mallioux, A history of phased array antennas, in History of Wireless, T. K. Sarkar et al., ed., New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2006, pp. 567-604.
17. E. Brookner, Phased-array radars: Pase, astounding breakthroughs and future trends, Microwave J., Vol. 51, No. 1, January 2008, pp. 30-50.
18. A brief history of the sea-based X-band radar-1, Missile Defense Agency History Office, May 1, 2008.
19. IEEE standard definitions of terms for antennas, IEEE AP Trans., AP-31, No. 6, November 1993.
20. H. Schantz, Ultrawideband Antennas, Norwood, MA: Artech House, 2005.
21. J. D. Kraus, Antennas, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1988.
22. H. T. Friis, A note on a simple transmission formula, IRE Proc, Vol. 33, No. 2, May 1946, pp. 254-256.
23. G. W. Stimson, Introduction to Airborne Radar, Hughes Aircraft Co., El Segundo, CA, 1983.
24. M. I. Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002.
25. F. T. Ulaby, R. K. Moore, and A. K. Fung, Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive, Vol. II, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1982.
26. J. Walker, The secret of a microwave oven's rapid cooking action is disclosed, Sci. Am., February 1987, pp. 134-138.
27. R. J. Mailloux, Phased Array Antenna Handbook 2nd ed., Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1994.
28. W. W Hansen and J. R. Woodyard, A new principle in directional antenna design, Proc. IRE, Vol. 26, No. 3, March 1938, pp. 333-345.
29. W K. Bartley, Near-field antenna focussing, Goddard Space Flight Center Report X-811-75-183, Greenbelt, MD, August 75.
30. A. J. Fenn, C. J. Diederich, and P. R. Stauffer, An adaptive-focusing algorithm for a microwave planar phased-array hyperthermia system, Lincoln Lab. J., Vol. 6, No. 2, 1993, pp. 269-288.
31. L. J. Ricardi and R. C. Hansen, Comparison of Line and Square Source Near- Fields, Trans. IEEE, Vol. AP-11, November. 1963, pp. 711-712.
32. R. C. Hansen, Minimum spot size of focused apertures, URSI Symposium on EM Theory, Delft: Pergamon, Press, 1965, pp. 661-667.
33. E. Sharp, A triangular arrangement of planar-array elements that reduces the number needed, IRE APS Trans., Vol. 9, No. 2, 1961, pp. 126-129.
34. J. Hsiao, Properties of a nonisosceles triangular grid planar phased array, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 20, No. 4, 1972, pp. 415-421.
35. R. J. Mailloux et al., Multiple mode control of grating lobes, RADC Technical Report 76-307, September 1976.
36. L. Corey, J. Weed, and T. Speake, Modeling triangularly packed array antennas using a hexagonal FFT, IEEE APS Symp., June 1984, pp. 507-510.
37. S. Silver, Aperture illumination and antenna patterns, in Microwave Antenna Theory and Design, London: Peter Peregrinus, 1949, pp. 169-199.
38. S. A. Schelkunoff, A mathematical theory of linear arrays, Bell Syst. Tech. J., Vol. 22, 1943, pp. 80-107.
39. C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, 2nd ed., New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997.
40. C. Steams and A. Stewart, An investigation of concentric ring antennas with low sidelobes, IEEE APS Trans.,Vol 13, No. 6, November 1965, pp. 856-863.
41. R. Das, Concentric ring array, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 14, No. 3, May 1966, pp. 398-400.
42. F. Adcock, Improvement in means for determining the direction of a distant source of electromagnetic radiation, British Patent 1304901919, 1917.
43. E. J. Baghdady, New Developments in Direction-of-Arrival Measurement Based on Adcock Antenna Clusters, Proc. of the IEEE Aerospace and Electronics Conference, Dayton, OH, May 22-26, 1989, pp. 1873-1879.
44. A. Manikas, A. Alexiou, and H. R. Karimi, Comparison of the ultimate directionfinding capabilities of a number of planar array geometries, IEE Proc. Radar, Sonar Navig., Vol. 144, No. 6, December 1997, pp. 321-329.
45. A. Swindlehurst, and T. Kailath, Azimuth/elevation direction finding using regular array geometries, IEEE AES Trans., Vol. 29, No. 1, January 1993, pp. 145-156.
46. R. C. Hansen, Phased Array Antennas, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
47. R. J. Mailloux, Array grating lobes due to periodic phase, amplitude, and time delay quantization, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 32, December 1984, pp.1364-1368.
48. E. Brookner, Antenna Array Fundamentals-Part 2, in Practical Phased Array Antenna Systems, E. Brookner, ed., Norwood, MA, Artech House, 1991.
49. R. H. Sahmel and R. Manasse, Spatial statistics of instrument-limited angular measurement errors in phased array radars, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 21, No. 4, July 1973, pp. 524-532.
50. B. B. Mandelbrot, The Fractal Geometry of Nature. New York: W H. Freeman, 1983.
51. Y. Kim and D. L. Jaggard, The fractal random array, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 74, No. 9, pp. 1278-1280, 1986.
52. D. H. Werner, et al., The theory and design of fractal antenna arrays, in Frontiers in Electromagnetics, D. H. Werner and R. Mittra, eds., New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000, pp. 94-203.
53. D. H. Werner, R. L. Haupt, and P. L. Werner, Fractal antenna engineering: The theory and design of fractal antenna arrays, IEEE Antennas Propagat. Mag., Vol. 41, No. 5, October 99, pp. 1009-1015.
54. C. Puente Baliarda and R. Pous, Fractal design of multiband and low side-lobe arrays, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat, Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 730-739, May 1996.
55. H. O. Peitgen, H. Jurgens and D. Saupe, Chaos and Fractals: New Frontiers of Science, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1992.
56. J. S. Petko, and D. H. Werner, The Pareto optimization of ultrawideband polyfractal arrays, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 97-107, January 2008.
57. P. M. Woodward, A method for calculating the field over a plane aperture required to produce a given polar diagram, J. IEE, Vol. 93, Pt. IIIA, No. 37, September 1946, pp. 1554-1558.
58. P. M. Woodward and J. D. Lawson, The theoretical precision with which an arbitrary radiation pattern may be obtained from a source of finite size, J. IEE, Vol. 95, Pt. Ill, No. 37, September 1948, pp. 363-370.
59. R. L. Haupt and D. H. Werner, Genetic Algorithms in Electromagnetics, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
60. R. L. Haupt, Genetic algorithm applications for phased arrays, ACES J., Vol. 21, No. 3, November 2006, pp. 325-336.
61. J. S. Stone, US Patent 1, 643, 323, September 27, 1927.
62. C. L. Dolph, A current distribution for broadside arrays which optimizes the relationship between beam width and sidel-lobe level, Proc. IRE, Vol. 34, No. 6, June 1946, pp. 335-348.
63. R. S. Elliott, The theory of antenna arrays, in Microwave Scanning Antennas, R. C. Hansen, ed., New York: Academic Press, 1964, pp. 1-69.
64. F. I. Tseng and D. K. Cheng, Optimum scannable planar arrays with an invariant sidelobe level, IEEE AP-S Trans., Vol. 56, No. 11, November 1968, pp. 1771-1778.
65. Y. V. Baklanov, Chebyshev distribution of currents for a plane array of radiators, Radio Eng. Electron. Phys., Vol. 11, 1966, pp. 640-642.
66. T. T Taylor, Design of line source antennas for narrow beamwidth and low side lobes, IRE AP Trans., Vol. 3, 1955, pp. 16-28.
67. T. T. Taylor, One parameter family of line sources producing modified symmetry patterns, Report No. TM 324, Culver City, CA: Hughes Aircraft Co., 1953.
68. T. Taylor, Design of circular apertures for narrow beamwidth and low sidelobes, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 8, No. 1, January 1960, pp. 17-22.
69. R. C. Hansen, A one-parameter circular aperture distribution with narrow beamwidth and low sidelobes, Vol. 24, No. 4, July 1976, pp. 477-80.
70. W. D. White, Circular aperture distribution functions, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 25, No. 5, September 1977, pp. 714-716.
71. E. T. Bayliss, Design of monopulse antenna difference patterns with low sidelobes, The Bell System Tech. 7., Vol. 47, May-June 1968, pp. 623-650.
72. R. S. Elliott, Design of line source antennas for narrow beamwidth and asymmetric low sidelobes, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 23, No. 1, January 1975, pp. 100-107.
73. R. S. Elliott, Antenna Theory and Design, revised edition, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
74. C. McCormack and R. Haupt, Antenna pattern synthesis using partially tapered arrays, IEEE Trans. Magn.,Vo\. 27, No. 5, 1991, pp. 3902-3904.
75. W. H. Press et al., Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
76. J. A. Nelder and R. Mead, Comput. 7., Vol. 7, 1965, pp. 308-313.
77. D. G. Luenberger, Linear and Nonlinear Programming, Reading, MA: Addison- Wesley, 1984.
78. M. J. D. Powell, An efficient way for finding the minimum of a function of several variables without calculating derivatives, Comput. 7, 1964, pp. 155-162.
79. G. C. Broyden, A class of methods for solving nonlinear simultaneous equations, Math. Comput., October 1965, pp. 577-593.
80. R. Fletcher, Generalized inverses for nonlinear equations and optimization, in Numerical Methods for Nonlinear Algebraic Equations, R. Rabinowitz, ed., London: Gordon and Breach, 1970, pp. 75-85.
81. D. Goldfarb and B. Lapidus, Conjugate gradient method for nonlinear programming problems with linear constraints, I&EC Fundamentals, February 1968, pp. 142-151.
82. D. F. Shanno, An accelerated gradient projection method for linearly constrained nonlinear estimation, SI AM J. Appl. Math., March 1970, pp. 322-334.
83. M. I. Skolnik, G. Nemhauser, and J. W. Sherman, III Dynamic programming applied to unequally spaced arrays, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 12, January 1964, pp. 35-13.
84. N. Balakrishnan, P. K. Murthy, and S. Ramakrishna, Synthesis of antenna arrays with spatial and excitation constraints, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 27, No. 5, September 1979, pp. 690-696.
85. J. Perini, Note on antenna pattern synthesis using numerical iterative methods, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 12, July 1976, pp. 791-792.
86. C. S. Ruf, Numerical annealing of low-redundancy linear arrays, IEEE Trans., Vol. 41, No. 1, January 1993, pp. 85-90.
87. W. L. Stutzman and E. L. Coffey, Radiation pattern synthesis of planar antennas using the iterative sampling method, IEEE Trans., Vol. AP-23, No. 6, November 1975, pp. 764-769.
88. H. J. Orchard, R. S. Elliot, and G. J. Stern, Optimizing the synthesis of shaped beam antenna patterns, IEE Proc, Vol. 132, No. 1, February 1985, pp. 63-68.
89. R. S. Elliot and G. J. Stearn, Shaped patterns from a continuous planar aperture distribution, IEEE Proc, Vol. 135, No. 6, December 1988, pp. 366-370.
90. J. E. Richie and H. N. Kritikos, Linear program synthesis for direct broadcast satellite phased arrays, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 36, No. 3, March 1988, pp. 345-348.
91. F. Ares, R. S. Elliott, and E. Moreno, Design of planar arrays to obtain efficient footprint patterns with an arbitrary footprint boundary, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 42, No. 11, November 1994, pp. 1509-1514.
92. O. Einarsson, Optimization of planar arrays, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. AP-27, No. 1, January 1979, pp. 86-92.
93. T. S. Ng, J. Yoo Chong Cheah, and F. J. Paoloni, Optimization with controlled null placement in antenna array pattern synthesis, IEEE Trans., Vol. AP-33, No. 2, February 1985, pp. 215-217.
94. D. K. Cheng, Optimization techniques for antenna arrays, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 59, No. 12, December 1971, pp. 1664-1674.
95. J. F. DeFord and O. P. Gandhi, Phase-only synthesis of minimum peak sidelobe patterns for linear and planar arrays, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 36, No. 2, February 1988, pp. 191-201.
96. R. L. Haupt, Genetic algorithm applications for phased arrays, ACES J., Vol. 21, No. 3, November 2006, pp. 325-336.
97. S. Kirkpatrick, C. D. Gelatt, and M. P. Vecchi, Optimization by simulated annealing, Science, Vol. 220, No. 4598, May 13, 1983, pp. 671-680.
98. N. Metropolis, A. Rosenbluth, and M. Rosenbluth, J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 21, 1953, pp. 1087-1092.
99. J. H. Holland, 1975, Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
100. D. E. Goldberg, 1989, Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning, New York: Addison-Wesley.
101. R. L. Haupt and S. E. Haupt, Practical Genetic Algorithms, 2nd edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
102. R. L. Haupt and D. Werner, Genetic Algorithms in Electromagnetics, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
103. R. Willey, Space tapering of linear and planar arrays, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 10, 1962, pp. 369-377.
104. M. Skolnik, J. Sherman III, and F. Ogg, Jr., Statistically designed density-tapered arrays, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 12, No. 4, 1964, pp. 408-17.
105. E. Brookner, Antenna array fundamentals-part 1, in Practical Phased Array Antenna Systems, E. Brookner, ed., Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1991, pp. 2-1-2-37.
106. T. A. Milligan, Space-tapered circular (ring) array, IEEE AP Mag, Vol. 46, No. 3, June 2004, pp. 70-73.
107. R. L. Haupt, Unit circle representation of aperiodic arrays, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 43, No. 9, October 1995, pp. 1152-1155.
108. R. L. Haupt, Thinned arrays using genetic algorithms, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 42, No. 7, July 1994, pp. 993-999.
109. R. L. Haupt, Thinned arrays using genetic algorithms, in Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithms, Y. Rahmat-Samii and E. Michielssen, eds., New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999, pp. 95-117.
110. R. L. Haupt, Optimized element spacing for low sidelobe concentric ring arrays, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 56, No. 1, January 2008, pp. 266-268.
111. V. Namias, The fractional order Fourier transform and its application to quantum mechanics, J. Inst. Appl. Math., 25, 1980, pp. 241-265.
112. A. T. Moffet, Minimum-redundancy linear arrays, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 16, No. 2, March 1968, pp. 172-175.
113. C. S. Ruf, Numerical annealing of low-redundancy linear arrays, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 41, No. 1, January 1993, pp. 85-90.
114. R. L. Haupt, An introduction to genetic algorithms for electromagnetics, IEEE Antennas Propagat. Mag., Vol. 37, No. 2, April 95, pp. 7-15.
115. J. F. DeFord and O. P. Gandhi, Phase-only synthesis of minimum peak sidelobe patterns for linear and planar arrays, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 36, No. 2, February 1988, pp. 191-201.
116. R. L. Haupt, Optimum quantized low sidelobe phase tapers for arrays, IEE Electron. Lett., Vol. 31, No. 14, July 95, pp. 1117-1118.
117. R. Haupt, Reducing grating lobes due to subarray amplitude tapering, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 33, No. 8, August 1985, pp. 846-850.
118. R. Haupt, Optimization of subarray amplitude tapers, IEEE APS Symp., June 1995, pp. 1830-1833.
119. R. L. Haupt, Low sidelobes from identically thinned subarrays, in IEEE APS Symposium, Albuquerque, NM, 2006, pp. 4217-4220.
120. R. J. Mailloux, Constrained feed technique for subarrays of large phased arrays, IEE Electron. Lett, Vol. 34, November 12, 1998, pp. 2191-2193.
121. R. J. Mailloux, A low-sidelobe partially overlapped constrained feed network for time-delayed subarrays, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 49, February 2001, pp. 280-291.
122. A. P. Goffer, M. Kam, and P. R. Herczfeld, Design of phased arrays in terms of random subarrays, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 42, June 1994, pp. 820-826.
123. P. S. Hall and M. S. Smith, Sequentially rotated arrays with reduced sidelobe levels, IEE Proc. Microwave Antennas Propagat., Vol. 141, August 1994, pp. 321-325.
124. N. Toyama, Aperiodic array consisting of subarrays for use in small mobile earth stations, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 53, June 2005, pp. 2004-2010.
125. K. C. Kerby and J. T. Bernhard, Wideband periodic array of random subarrays, IEEE APS Symp., June 2004, pp. 555-558.
126. R. L. Haupt, Optimized weighting of uniform subarrays of unequal sizes, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 56, No. 1, January 2008, pp. 1207-1210.
127. M. Alvarez-Folgueiras, J. Rodriguez-Gonzalez, and F. Ares-Pena, Highperformance uniformly excited linear and planar arrays based on linear semiarrays composed of subarrays with different uniform spacings, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 57, December 2009, pp. 4002-4006.
128. P. Rocca, R. L. Haupt, and A. Massa, Sidelobe reduction through element phase control in uniform subarrayed array antennas, IEEE AWPL, Vol. 8, 2009, pp. 437-40.
129. O. M. Bucci, G. Franceschetti, G. Mazzarella, and G. Panariello, Intersection approach to array pattern synthesis, Proc. IEE, Part H, Vol. 137, No. 6, December 1990, pp. 349-357.
130. D. A. Hill, A numerical method for near-field array synthesis, IEEE EMC Trans., Vol. 27, No. 4, November 1985, pp. 201-211.
131. D. A. Hill, A near-field array of Yagi-Uda antennas for electromagneticsusceptibility testing, IEEE EMC Trans., Vol. 28, No. 4, August 86, pp. 170-178.
132. D. A. Hill, A circular array for plane-wave synthesis, IEEE EMC Trans., Vol. 30, No. 1, February 1988, pp. 3-8.
133. J. E. Hansen, Plane-wave synthesis, in Spherical Near-Field Antenna Measurements, London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd., 1988, Chapter 7.
134. R. L. Haupt, Generating a plane wave with a linear array of line sources, IEEE APS Trans., February 2002.
135. C. C. Courtney, D. E. Voss, R. Haupt, and L. LeDuc, The theory and architecture of a plane wave generator, 2002 AMTA Conference, Cleveland, OH, November 2002.
136. C. C. Courtney, D. E. Voss, R. Haupt, and L. LeDuc, The measured performance of a plane wave generator prototype, 2002 AMTA Conference, Cleveland, OH, November 2002.
137. R. Haupt, Generating a plane wave in the near field with a planar array antenna, Microwave J., Vol. 63, August 2003, pp. 152-165.
138. J. Hsiao, Analysis of interleaved arrays of waveguide elements, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 19, No. 6, November 1971, pp. 729-735.
139. J. Boyns and J. Provencher, Experimental results of a multifrequency array antenna, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 20, No. 1, November 1972, pp. 106-107.
140. K. Lee et al., A dual band phased array using interleaved waveguides and dipoles printed on high dielectric substrate, IEEE APS Symp., Vol. 2, June 1984, pp. 886-889.
141. R. Chu, K. Lee, and A. Wang, Multiband phased-array antenna with interleaved tapered-elements and waveguide radiators, IEEE APS Symp., Vol. 3, December 1996, pp. 21-26.
142. K. Lee, A. Wang, and R. Chu, Dual-band, dual-polarization, interleaved crossdipole and cavity-backed disc elements phased array antenna, IEEE APS Symp., Vol. 2, July 1997, pp. 694-697.
143. R. L. Haupt, Interleaved thinned linear arrays, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 53, September 2005, pp. 2858-2864.
144. H. Steyskal, Synthesis of antenna patterns with prescribed nulls, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 30, No. 2, 1982, pp. 273-279.
145. R. Shore and H. Steyskal, Nulling in linear array patterns with minimization of weight perturbations, RADC-TR-82-32, February 1982.
146. H. Steyskal, R. Shore, and R. Haupt, Methods for null control and their effects on the radiation pattern, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat, Vol. 34, No. 3, 1986, pp. 404-409.
147. H. Steyskal, Simple method for pattern nulling by phase perturbation, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 31, No. 1, 1983, pp. 163-166.
148. R. Shore, A proof of the odd-symmetry of the phases for minimum weight perturbation phase-only null synthesis, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat, Vol. 32, No. 5, 1984, pp. 528-530.
149. R. Shore, Nulling a symmetric pattern location with phase-only weight control, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat, Vol. 32, No. 5, 1984, pp. 530-533.
150. R. Haupt, Simultaneous nulling in the sum and difference patterns of a monopulse antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat, Vol. 32, No. 5, 1984, pp. 486-493.
151. P. Hannan, The element-gain paradox for a phased-array antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat, Vol. 12, No. 4, 1964, pp. 423-433.
152. D. Carter, Phase centers of microwave antennas, IRE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 4, No. 4, 1956, pp. 597-600.
153. J. Huang, A technique for an array to generate circular polarization with linearly polarized elements, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 34, No. 9, September 1986, pp. 1113-1124.
154. R. C. Hansen, Phased Array Antennas, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
155. D. N. McQuiddy, Jr., R. L. Gassner, P. Hull et al., Transmit/receive module technology for X-band active array radar, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 79, No. 3, 1991, pp. 308-341.
156. R. T. Compton, On the performance of a polarization sensitive adaptive array, IEEE APS Trans.,Wo\. AP-29, September 1981, pp. 718-725.
157. R. L. Haupt, Adaptive crossed dipole antennas using a genetic algorithm, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 52, No. 8, August 2004, pp. 1976-1982.
158. http://www.haarp.alaska.edu/haarp/index.html.
159. R. E. Collin, Antennas and Radiowave Propagation, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1985.
160. R. G. Fitzgerrell, Monopole impedance and gain measurements on finite ground planes, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 36, No. 3, 1988, pp. 431-439.
161. R. L. Haupt and D. W. Aten, Low sidelobe arrays via dipole rotation, IEEE APS Trans., Vol. 57, No. 5, May 2009, pp. 1574-1577.
162. J. D. Kraus and R. J. Marhefka, Antennas for All Applications, 3rd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002.
163. W. L. Stutzman and G. A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design, 2nd ed., New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
164. H. King and J. Wong, Characteristics of 1 to 8 wavelength uniform helical antennas, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 28, No. 2, 1980, pp. 291-296.
165. C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 3rd ed., Hoboken, NJ: Wiley- Interscience, 2005.
166. National RadioAstronomy Observatory, An overview of the very large array, http://www.vla.nrao.edu/genpub/overview/, June 17, 2009.
167. R. S. Elliott, Antenna Theory and Design, revised edition, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
168. National Electronics Museum, RARF Antenna, 2009, Display Information.
169. National Electronics Museum, EAR Antenna, 2009, Display Information.
170. R. S. Elliott, Antenna Theory and Design, revised edition, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
171. A. J. Stevenson, Theory of slots in rectangular waveguides, /. Appl. Phys., Vol. 19, January 1948, pp. 24-38.
172. A. Oliner, The impedance properties of narrow radiating slots in the broad face of rectangular waveguide: Part I-Theory, IRE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 5, No. 1, 1957, pp. 4-11.
173. A. Oliner, The impedance propeties of narrow radiating slots in the broad face of rectangular waveguide: Part II-Comparison with measurement, IRE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 5, No. 1, 1957, pp. 12-20.
174. AN/APG-68(V) airborne fire-control radar, Jane's Radar and Electronic Warfare Systems, 21-Dec-2007.
175. A. J. Haupt, Antennas, IEEE Aerospace Junior Engineering Conference, March 2008.
176. D. R. Jackson and N. G. Alexopoulos, Simple approximate formulas for input resistance, bandwidth, and efficiency of a resonant rectangular patch, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat, Vol. 39, No. 3, 1991, pp. 407-410.
177. R. Garg, P. Bhartia, I. Bahl, and A. Ittipiboon, Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook, Norwood, MA: Artech House, 2001.
178. M. Kara, Formulas for the computation of the physical properties of rectangular microstrip antenna elements with various substrate thicknesses, Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 12, No. 4, 1996, pp. 234-239.
179. N. J. McEwan, R. A. Abd-Alhameed, E. M. Ibrahim et al., A new design of horizontally polarized and dual-polarized uniplanar conical beam antennas for HIPERLAN, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat, Vol. 51, No. 2, 2003, pp. 229-237.
180. Z. N. Chen, Broadband Planar Antennas, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
181. J. Dyson, The equiangular spiral antenna, IRE Trans. Antennas Propagat, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1959, pp. 181-187.
182. W. Curtis, Spiral antennas, IRE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 8, No. 3, 1960, pp. 298-306.
183. M. Gustafsson, Broadband Self-Complementary Antenna Arrays, C. E. Baum, A. P. Stone, and J. S. Tyo, ed., Ultra-Wideband Short-Pulse Electromagnetics 8, New York, Springer, 2007.
184. J. Kaiser, The Archimedean two-wire spiral antenna, IRE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 8, No. 3, 1960, pp. 312-323.
185. M. Lee, B. A. Kramer, C. Chi-Chih et al., Distributed lumped loads and lossy Transmission Line Model for Wideband Spiral Antenna Miniaturization and Characterization, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 55, No. 10, 2007, pp. 2671-2678.
186. J. Dyson, The unidirectional equiangular spiral antenna, IRE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 1, No. 4, 1959, pp. 329-334.
187. R. Guinvarc'h and R. L. Haupt, Dual polarization interleaved spiral antenna phased array with an octave bandwidth, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 58, No. 2, 2010, pp. 1-7.
188. B. Allen, Ultra-Wideband: Antennas and Propagation for Communications, Radar and Imaging, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
189. G. H. Brown and J. O. M. Woodward, Experimentally determined radiation characteristics of conical and triangular antennas, RCA Rev., Vol. 13, No. 4, December 1952, pp. 425-452.
190. Z. N. Chen, Broadband Planar Antennas, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
191. P. J. Gibson, The Vivaldi aerial, 9th European Microwave Conference Proceedings, 1979, pp. 103-105.
192. W F. Croswell, T. Durham, M. Jones, D. Schaubert, P. Friederich, and J. G. Maloney, Wideband arrays, in Modern Antenna Handbook, C. A. Balanis, ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2008, pp. 581-630.
193. J. S. Mandeep and Nicholas, Design an X band Vivaldi antenna, Microwaves & RF, July 2008, pp. 59-65.
194. H. Oraizi and S. Jam, Optimum design of tapered slot antenna profile, IEEE APS Trans.,Vol. 51, No. 8, 2003, pp. 1987-1995.
195. T.-H. Chio and D. H. Schaubert, Parameter study and design of wide-band widescan dual-polarized tapered slot antenna arrays, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 48, No. 6, 2000, pp. 879-886.
196. H. Holter, C. Tan-Huat, and D. H. Schaubert, Elimination of impedance anomalies in single- and dual-polarized endfire tapered slot phased arrays, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 48, No. 1, 2000, pp. 122-124.
197. H. Holter, C. Tan-Huat, and D. H. Schaubert, Experimental results of 144-element dual-polarized endfire tapered-slot phased arrays, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 48, No. 11, 2000, pp. 1707-1718.
198. R. Horner, B. Calder, R. Mangra et al., Tapered slot antenna cylindrical array, US7518565, April 14, 2009.
199. L. Brown, A Radar History of World War II: Technical and Military Imperatives, Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing, 1999.
200. L. Josefsson and P. Persson, Conformal array synthesis including mutual coupling, Electron. Lett., Vol. 35, No. 8, 1999, pp. 625-627.
201. M. T. Borkowski, Solid state transmitters, in Radar Handbook, M. Skolnik, ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008, pp. 11.1-11.36.
202. R. Hendrix, Aerospace system improvements enabled by modern phased array radar-2008, IEEE Radar Conference, 2008, 26-30 May 2008, pp. 1-6.
203. O. M. Bucci, G. D' Elia, and G. Romito, Power synthesis of conformal arrays by a generalised projection method, IEE Proc, Microwaves, Antennas Propagat., Vol. 142, No. 6, 1995, pp. 467-471.
204. J. A. Ferreira and F. Ares, Pattern synthesis of conformal arrays by the simulated annealing technique, Electron. Lett., Vol. 33, No. 14, 1997, pp. 1187-1189.
205. E. Botha and D. A. McNamara, Conformal array synthesis using alternating projections, with maximal likelihood estimation used in one of the projection operators, Electron. Lett., Vol. 29, No. 20, 1993, pp. 1733-1734.
206. O. M. Bucci and G. D'Elia, Power synthesis of reconfigurable conformal arrays with phase-only control, IEE Proc. Microwaves Antennas Propagat, Vol. 145, No. 1, 1998, pp. 131-136.
207. M. R. Frater and M. J. Ryan, Electronic Warfare for the Digitized Battlefield, Boston: Artech House, 2001.
208. M. R. Morris. Wullenweber antenna arrays, May 28, 2009, http://www.navycthistory.com/WullenweberArticle.txt.
209. F. Adcock, Improvement in Means for Determining the Direction of a Distant Source of Electromagnetic Radiation, 1304901919, B.P Office, 1917.
210. E. J. Baghdady, New developments in direction-of-arrival measurement based on Adcock antenna clusters, Aerospace and Electronics Conference, 1989, pp. 1873-1879.
211. F. Chauvet, Conformal, wideband, dual polarization phased antenna array for UHF radar carried by airship, The University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, 2008.
212. B. Tomasic, J. Turtle, and L. Shiang, Spherical arrays-Design considerations, 18th International Conference on Applied Electromagnetics and Communications, 2005, pp. 1-8.
213. B. Tomasic, J. Turtle, and S. Liu, The Geodesic Sphere Phased Array Antenna for Satellite Communication and Air/Space Surveillance-Part I, AFRL-SNHSTR- 2004-031, January 2004.
214. L. Shiang, B. Tomasic, and J. Turtle, The geodesic dome phased array antenna for satellite operations support-Antenna resource management, Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, June 2007, pp. 3161-3164.
215. Chemical Rubber Company, CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991, p. v.
216. B. Tomasic, J. Turtle, L. Shiang et al., The geodesic dome phased array antenna for satellite control and communication-Subarray design, development and demonstration, IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology, 2003, pp. 411-416.
217. About ALMA Technology, May 27, 2009, http://www.almaobservatory.org/.
218. H. E. Shanks and R. W. Bickmore, Four-dimensional electromagnetic radiators, Can. J. Phys., Vol. 37, 1957, pp. 263-275.
219. G. W. Stimson, Introduction to Airborne Radar, El Segundo, CA: Hughes Aircraft Co., 1983.
220. R. K. Raney, Space-based remote sensing radars, in Radar Handbook, M. Skolnik, ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 18.1-18.70, 2008.
221. Imaging Radar @ Southport, May 28, 2009; http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/.
222. W. Kummer, A. Villeneuve, T. Fong et al., Ultra-low sidelobes from timemodulated arrays, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 11, No. 6, 1963, pp. 633-639.
223. J. C. Bregains, J. Fondevila-Gomez, G. Franceschetti et al., Signal radiation and power losses of time-modulated arrays, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 56, No. 6, 2008, pp. 1799-1804.
224. H. Steyskal, J. K. Schindler, P. Franchi et al., Pattern synthesis for TechSat21- A distributed space-based radar system, IEEE, Antennas Propagat. Mag., Vol. 45, No. 4, 2003, pp. 19-25.
225. R. Burns, C.A. McLaughlin, J. Leitner, and M. Martin, "TechSat 21: formation design, control, and simulation," IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings, 2000, pp. 19-25.
226. L. Sevgi, A. Ponsford, and H. C. Chan, An integrated maritime surveillance system based on high-frequency surface-wave radars. 1. Theoretical background and numerical simulations, IEEE, Antennas Propagat. Mag, Vol. 43, No. 4, 2001, pp. 28-43.
227. A. Bourges, R. Guinvarc'h, B. Uguen et al., A simple pattern correction approach for high frequency surface wave radar on buoys, First European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, 6-10 Nov. 2006, pp. 1-4.
228. W. Qing, H. Rideout, Z. Fei et al., Millimeter-wave frequency tripling based on four-wave mixing in a semiconductor optical amplifier, Photonics Technol. Lett., IEEE, Vol. 18, No. 23, 2006, pp. 2460-2462.
229. W. L. Stutzman and G. A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design, 2nd ed., New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
230. J. L. Allen and B. L. Diamond, Mutual Coupling in Array Antennas, Technical Report EDS-66-443, Lincoln Laboratory, 1966.
231. S. Edelberg and A. Oliner, Mutual coupling effects in large antenna arrays: Part 1-Slot arrays, IRE Trans. Antennas Propagat.,Vol. 8, No. 3, 1960, pp. 286-297.
232. H. King, Mutual impedance of unequal length antennas in echelon, IRE Trans. Antennas Propagat.,Vo\. 5, No. 3, 1957, pp. 306-313.
233. R. S. Elliott, Antenna Theory and Design, revised edition, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
234. R. F. Harrington and IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, Field Computation by Moment Methods, Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 1993.
235. A. F. Peterson, S. L. Ray, and R. Mittra, Computational Methods for Electromagnetics, New York: IEEE Press, 1998.
236. C. A. Balanis, Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1989.
237. P. Carter, Jr., Mutual impedance effects in large beam scanning arrays, Antennas Propagation, IRE Trans. Vol. 8, No. 3, 1960, pp. 276-285.
238. A. Bhattacharyya, Phased Array Antennas and Subsystems: Floquet Analysis, Synthesis, BFNs, and Active Array Systems, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience, 2006.
239. A. A. Oliner and R. G. Malech, Mutual coupling in infinite scanning arrays, in Microwave Scanning Antennas, R. C. Hansen, ed., New York: Academic Press, 1966, pp. 195-335.
240. J. Dongarra and F. Sullivan, Guest Editors Introduction to the top 10 algorithms, Comput. Sci. Eng., Vol. 2, No. 1, 2000, pp. 22-23.
241. J. Board and L. Schulten, The fast multipole algorithm, Comput. Sci. Eng., Vol. 2, No. 1, 2000, pp. 76-79.
242. A. T. Ihler, An Overview of Fast Multipole Methods, Cambridge: MIT, 2004.
243. H. Wheeler, The grating-lobe series for the impedance variation in a planar phased-array antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 14, No. 6, 1966, pp. 707-714.
244. L. Lechtreck, Effects of coupling accumulation in antenna arrays, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 16, No. 1, 1968, pp. 31-37.
245. H. A. Wheeler, A systematic approach to the design of a radiator element for a phased-array antenna, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 56, No. 11, 1968, pp. 1940-1951.
246. D. Pozar and D. Schaubert, Scan blindness in infinite phased arrays of printed dipoles, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 32, No. 6, 1984, pp. 602-610.
247. G H. Knittel, A. Hessel, and A. A. Oliner, Element pattern nulls in phased arrays and their relation to guided waves, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 56, No. 11, 1968, pp. 1822-1836.
248. A. K. Bhattacharyya, Floquet-modal-based analysis for mutual coupling between elements in an array environment, IEE Proc. Microwaves Antennas Propagat., Vol. 144, No. 6, 1997, pp. 491-97.
249. D. M. Pozar, Analysis and design considerations for printed phased-array antennas, in Handbook of Microstrip Antennas, J. R. James and P. S. Hall, eds., Stevenage, UK: Peregrinus, 1989, 693-754.
250. D. Pozar and D. Schaubert, Analysis of an infinite array of rectangular microstrip patches with idealized probe feeds, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 32, No. 10, 1984, pp. 1101-1107.
251. D. H. Schaubert, A class of £-plane scan blindnesses in single-polarized arrays of tapered-slot antennas with a ground plane, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 44, No. 7, 1996, pp. 954-959.
252. S. Edelberg and A. Oliner, Mutual coupling effects in large antenna arrays II: Compensation effects, IRE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 8, No. 4, 1960, pp. 360-367.
253. A. W. Rudge, The Handbook of Antenna Design, 2nd ed., London: P. Peregrinus on behalf of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1986.
254. E. DuFort, Design of corrugated plates for phased array matching, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 16, No. 1, 1968, pp. 37-46.
255. R. C. Hansen, Microwave Scanning Antennas, New York: Academic Press, 1964.
256. N. Alexopoulos and D. Jackson, Fundamental superstrate (cover) effects on printed circuit antennas, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 32, No. 8, 1984, pp. 807-816.
257. D. R. Jackson, J. T. Williams, A. K. Bhattacharyya et al., Microstrip patch designs that do not excite surface waves, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 41, No. 8, 1993, pp. 1026-1037.
258. Y. Fan and Y. Rahmat-Samii, Microstrip antennas integrated with electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structures: A low mutual coupling design for array applications, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 51, No. 10, 2003, pp. 2936-2946.
259. F. Yunqi and Y Naichang, Elimination of scan blindness in phased array of microstrip patches using electromagnetic bandgap materials, Antennas Wireless Propagat. Lett. IEEE, Vol. 3, 2004, pp. 63-65.
260. Z. Iluz, R. Shavit, and R. Bauer, Microstrip antenna phased array with electromagnetic bandgap substrate, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 52, No. 6, 2004, pp. 1446-1453.
261. G. Donzelli, F. Capolino, S. Boscolo et al., Elimination of scan blindness in phased array antennas using a grounded-dielectric EBG material, Antennas Wireless Propagat. Lett. IEEE, Vol. 6, 2007, pp. 106-109.
262. E. Rajo-Iglesias, O. Quevedo-Teruel, and L. Inclan-Sanchez, Mutual coupling reduction in patch antenna arrays by using a planar EBG structure and a multilayer dielectric substrate, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 56, No. 6, 2008, pp. 1648-1655.
263. Z. Lijun, J. A. Castaneda, and N. G. Alexopoulos, Scan blindness free phased array design using PBG materials, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 52, No. 8, 2004, pp. 2000-2007.
264. Why 50 Ohms? Jul 30, 2009; http://www.microwavesl01.com/encyclopedia/why50ohms.cfm.
265. R. E. Collin, Foundations for Microwave Engineering, IEEE Press Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory, New York: IEEE Press, 2001.
266. D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 2nd ed., New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
267. T. H. Lee, Planar Microwave Engineering: A Practical Guide to Theory, Measurement, and Circuits, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
268. R. J. P. Douville and D. S. James, Experimental study of symmetric microstrip bends and their compensation, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 26, No. 3, 1978, pp. 175-182.
269. E. Levine and S. Shtrikman, Optimal designs of corporate-feed printed arrays adapted to a given aperture, The sixteenth conference of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in Israel, 1989, pp. 1-4.
270. E. J. Wilkinson, An TV-way hybrid power divider, IRE Trans. Microwave Theory and Tech.,Vol 8, No. 1, 1960, pp. 116-118.
271. W H. Kummer, Feeding and phase scanning, in Microwave Scanning Antennas, 2, R. C. Hansen, ed., New York: Academic Press, 1964, pp. 2-102.
272. T. K. Anthony and A. I. Zaghloul, Designing a 32 element array at 76 GHz with a 33 dB taylor distribution in waveguide for a radar system, in Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2009, APSURSI '09. Charleston, SC: IEEE, 2009, pp. 1-4.
273. R. S. Elliott, Antenna Theory and Design, revised edition, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
274. R. Hendrix, Aerospace system improvements enabled by modern phased array radar, Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems, October 2002, pp. 1-17.
275. R. E. Collin, Antennas and Radiowave Propagation, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985.
276. T. A. Milligan, Modern Antenna Design, 2nd ed., Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience/ IEEE Press, 2005.
277. S. Silver, Microwave Antenna Theory and Design, 1st ed., New York: McGraw-Hill Book, 1949.
278. R. Elliott and L. Kurtz, The design of small slot arrays, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 26, No. 2, 1978, pp. 214-219.
279. J. Frank and J. D. Richards, Phased array radar antennas, in Radar Handbook, M. I. Skolnick, ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008, pp. 13.1-13.74.
280. J. Blass, Multidirectional antenna-A new approach to stacked beams. IRE International Convention Record, Vol. 8, Mar 1960, pp. 48-50.
281. J. L. Butler, Digital, matrix, and intermediate-frqeuency scanning, Microwave Scanning Antennas, R. C. Hansen, ed., New York: Academic Press, 1966, pp. 217-288.
282. J. Butler and R. Lowe, Beam-forming matrix simplifies design of electronically scanned antennas, Electron. Design, Vol. 9, April 12, 1961, pp. 170-173.
283. B. Pattan, The versatile Butler matrix, Microwave J., Vol. 47, No. 11, 2004, pp. 126-130.
284. R. J. Mailloux, Phased Array Antenna Handbook, 2nd ed., Boston: Artech House, 2005.
285. A. Bhattacharyya, Phased Array Antennas and Subsystems: Floquet Analysis, Synthesis, BFNs, and Active Array Systems, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience, 2006.
286. W. E. Kock, Metal-lens antennas, Proc. IRE, Vol. 34, No. 11, 1946, pp. 828-836.
287. J. Ruze, Wide-angle metal-plate optics, Proc. IRE, Vol. 38, No. 1, 1950, pp. 53-59.
288. J. Rao, Multifocal three-dimensional bootlace lenses, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat, Vol. 30, No. 6, 1982, pp. 1050-1056.
289. M. Kales and R. Brown, Design considerations for two-dimensional symmetric bootlace lenses, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 13, No. 4, 1965, pp. 521-528.
290. H. Gent,The bootlace aerial, R. Radar Est. I, October 1957, pp. 47-57.
291. E. Brookner, Fundamentals of radar design, Radar Technology, E. Brookner, ed., pp. 3-66, Dedhan, MA: Artech House, 1979.
292. W. Rotman and R. Turner, Wide-angle microwave lens for line source applications, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 11, No. 6, 1963, pp. 623-632.
293. D. M. Pozar, Antenna Design Using Personal Computers, Dedham, MA: Artech House, 1985.
294. Rotman Lens Designer, Remcom, 2009.
295. J. Dong and A. I. Zaghloul, A concept for a lens configuration for 360° scanning, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., Vol. 8, pp. 985-988, 2009.
296. D. Berry, R. Malech, and W. Kennedy, The reflectarray antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 11, No. 6, 1963, pp. 645-651.
297. J. Huang and J. A. Encinar, Reflectarray Antennas, Hoboken, NJ: IEEE Press/ Wiley-Interscience, 2008.
298. N. E. Museum, RARF Antenna, 2009, display information.
299. R. M. Davis, C. C. Cha, S. G. Kamak et al., A scanning reflector using an off-axis space-fed phased-array feed, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 39, No. 3, 1991. pp. 391-400.
300. R. Shore, Adaptive nulling in hybrid antennas, in Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 1993, AP-S. Digest, Vol. 3, 1993, pp. 1342-1345.
301. N. Adatia, P. Balling, B. Claydon et al., A European contoured beam reflector antenna development. European Microwave Conference, 1980, pp. 95-99.
302. K. M. S. Hoo and R. B. Dybdal, Adaptive multiple beam antennas for communications satellites. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, May 1990, pp. 1880-1883.
303. N. Amitay and H. Zucker, Compensation of spherical reflector aberrations by planar array feeds, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 20, No. 1, 1972, pp. 49-56.
304. P. Lam, L. Shung-Wu, D. Chang et al., Directivity optimization of a reflector antenna with cluster feeds: A closed-form solution, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 33, No. 11, 1985, pp. 1163-1174.
305. A. R. Cherrette, R. J. Acosta, P. T. Lam et al., Compensation of reflector antenna surface distortion using an array feed, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 37, No. 8, 1989, pp. 966-978.
306. R. L. Haupt, Calibration of cylindrical reflector antennas with linear phased array feeds, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 56, No. 2, 2008, pp. 593-596.
307. B. Tomasic, P. Detweiler, S. Schneider et al., Analysis and design of the hybrid, reflector-array antenna for highly directive, limited-scan application, Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2002, pp. 124-127.
308. R. Winston, Light collection within the framework of geometric optics, J. Opt. Soc. Am., Vol. 60, 1970, pp. 245-247.
309. P. L. Detweiler and K. M. Pasala, A scattering matrix-based beamformer for wideangle scanning in hybrid antennas, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 52, No. 3, 2004, pp. 801-812.
310. O. M. Bucci, G. Franceschetti, G. Mazzarella et al., Intersection approach to array pattern synthesis, IEE Proc. H, Microwaves Antennas Propagat., Vol. 137, No. 6, 1990, pp. 349-357.
311. J. J. Maciel, J. F. Slocum, J. K. Smith et al., MEMS electronically steerable antennas for fire control radars, IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag., Vol. 22, No. 11, 2007, pp. 17-20.
312. W. E. Hord, Microwave and millimeter-wave ferrite phase shifters, http://www.magsmx.com/pdf/Micro_MMW_PS.pdf, July 30, 2009.
313. D. Kuylenstierna, A. Vorobiev, P. Linner et al, Ultrawide-band tunable true-time delay lines using ferroelectric varactors, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 53, No. 6, 2005, pp. 2164-2170.
314. D. C. Collier, Ferroelectric phase shifters for phased array radar applications, Proceedings of the Eighth IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics, 1992, pp. 199-201.
315. D. N. McQuiddy, Jr., R. L. Gassner, P. Hull et al, Transmit/receive module technology for X-band active array radar, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 79, No. 3, 1991, pp. 308-341.
316. M. Borkowski, Solid-state transmitters, in Radar Handbook, M. I. Skolnick, ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008, pp. 11.1-11.36.
317. D. N. McQuiddy, J. W. Wassel, J. B. LaGrange et al., Monolithic microwave integrated circuits: An historical perspective, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 32, No. 9, 1984, pp. 997-1008.
318. F-22 Raptor Avionics August 4, 2009; http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/f-22-avionics.htm.
319. E. Lier and R. Melcher, A modular and lightweight multibeam active phased receiving array for satellite applications: Design and ground testing, IEEE Antennas Propagat. Mag., Vol. 51, No. 1, 2009, pp. 80-90.
320. E. Brookner, Now: Phased-array radars: Past, astounding breakthroughs and future trends (January 2008), Microwave l, Vol. 51, No. 1, 2008, pp. 31-18.
321. H. Steyskal and J. S. Herd, Mutual coupling compensation in small array antennas, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 38, No. 12, 1990, pp. 1971-1975.
322. H. Steyskal, Digital beamforming at Rome laboratory, Microwave J., Vol. 39, No. 2, 1996, pp. 100-124.
323. S. Drabowitch, Modern Antennas, 2nd ed., Dordrecht: Springer, 2005.
324. L. Pettersson, M. Danestig, and U. Sjostrom, An experimental S-band digital beamforming antenna, IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag., Vol. 12, No. 11, 1997, pp. 19-29.
325. E. Brookner, Phased arrays and radars-Past, present, and future, Microwave J., Vol. 49, No. 1, January 2006, pp. 1-17.
326. R. J. Mailloux and H. L. Southall, The analogy between the Butler matrix and the neural-network direction-finding array, IEEE Antennas Propagat. Mag., Vol. 39, No. 6, 1997, pp. 27-32.
327. H. L. Southall, J. A. Simmers, and T. H. O'Donnell, Direction finding in phased arrays with a neural network beamformer, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 43, No. 12, 1995, pp. 1369-1374.
328. R. L. Haupt, H. L. Southall, and T. H. O'Donnell, Biological beamforming, in Frontiers in Electromagnetics, D. H. Werner and R. Mittra, eds., New York: IEEE Press, 2000, pp. 329-370.
329. R. Sorace, Phased array calibration, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 49, No. 4, 2001, pp. 517-525.
330. A. J. Boonstra and A. J. van der Veen, Gain calibration methods for radio telescope arrays, IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol. 51, No. 1, 2003, pp. 25-38.
331. T. Takahashi, Y. Konishi, S. Makino et al., Fast measurement technique for phased array calibration, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 56, No. 7, 2008, pp. 1888-1899.
332. L. C. V. Atta, Electromagnetic Reflector, 2, 908, 002, U.S.P. Office, 1959.
333. S. Drabowitch, Modern Antennas, 2nd ed., Dordrecht: Springer, 2005.
334. M. Skolnik and D. King, Self-phasing array antennas, IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 12, No. 2, 1964, pp. 142-149.
335. C. Pon, Retrodirective array using the heterodyne technique, IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 12, No. 2, 1964, pp. 176-180.
336. R. Y. Miyamoto and T. Itoh, Retrodirective arrays for wireless communications, IEEE Microwave Mag, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2002, pp. 71-79.
337. S. Lim and T. Itoh, A 60 GHz retrodirective array system with efficient power management for wireless multimedia sensor server applications, IET Microwaves Antennas Propagat, Vol. 2, No. 6, 2008, pp. 615-625.
338. T. Y. Y. L. Chiu, W. S. Chang, Q. Xue, C. H. Chan, Retrodirective array for RFID and microwave tracking beacon applications, Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., Vol. 48, No. 2, 2006, pp. 409-411.
339. B. Nair and V. F. Fusco, Two-dimensional planar passive retrodirective array, Electron. Lett., Vol. 39, No. 10, 2003, pp. 768-769.
340. M. K. Watanabe, R. N. Pang, B. O. Takase et al., A 2-D phase-detecting/ heterodyne-scanning retrodirective array, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 55, No. 12, 2007, pp. 2856-2864.
341. R. Compton, Jr., On eigenvalues, SINR, and element patterns in adaptive arrays, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 32, No. 6, 1984, pp. 643-647.
342. A. W. Rudge, The Handbook of Antenna Design, 2nd ed., London: P. Peregrinus on behalf of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1986.
343. S. Chandran, Advances in Direction-of-Arrival Estimation, Boston: Artech House, 2006.
344. J. Capon, High-resolution frequency-wavenumber spectrum analysis, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 57, No. 8, 1969, pp. 1408-1418.
345. R. Schmidt, Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation, IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 34, No. 3, 1986, pp. 276-280.
346. R. Schmidt and R. Franks, Multiple source DF signal processing: An experimental system, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat, Vol. 34, No. 3, 1986, pp. 281-290.
347. A. Barabell, Improving the resolution performance of eigenstructure-based direction-finding algorithms, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1983, pp. 336-339.
348. J. P. Burg, The relationship between maximum entropy spectra and maximum likelihood spectra, Geophysics, Vol. 37, No. 2, 1972, pp. 375-376.
349. R. T. Lacoss, Data adaptive spectral analysis methods, Geophysics, Vol. 36, No. 4, 1971, pp. 661-675.
350. V. F. Pisarenko, The retrieval of harmonics from a covariance function, Geophys. J. Int., Vol. 33, No. 3, 1973, pp. 347-366.
351. A. Paulraj, R. Roy, and T. Kailath, A subspace rotation approach to signal parameter estimation, Proc. IEEE,Vo\. 74, No. 7, 1986, pp. 1044-1046.
352. L. C. Godara, Smart Antennas, Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 2004.
353. P. Howells, Explorations in fixed and adaptive resolution at GE and SURC, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 24, No. 5, 1976, pp. 575-584.
354. B. Widrow, P. E. Mantey, and L. J. Griffiths et al, Adaptive antenna systems, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 55, No. 12, 1967, pp. 2143-2159.
355. R. A. Monzingo, T. W. Miller, and Knovel (Firm), Introduction to Adaptive Arrays, Scitech, 2004.
356. R. L. Haupt, Adaptive nulling in monopulse antennas, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 36, No. 2, 1988, pp. 202-208.
357. R. L. Haupt and D. H. Werner, Genetic Algorithms in Electromagnetics, Hoboken, NJ: IEEE Press/Wiley-Interscience, 2007.
358. M. I. Skolnik, Radar Handbook, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007.
359. H. M. Finn, R. S. Johnson, and P. Z. Peebles, Fluctuating target detection in clutter using sidelobe blanking logic, Aerospace and Electronic Systems, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. AES-7, No. 1, 1971, pp. 147-159.
360. A. Farina, Single sidelobe canceller: theory and evaluation, IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. SySt., Vol. AES-13, No. 6, 1977, pp. 690-699.
361. S. Applebaum, Adaptive arrays, IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat, Vol. 24, No. 5, 1976, pp. 585-598.
362. F. B. Gross, Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications: With MATLAB, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005.
363. R. T. Compton, Adaptive Antennas: Concepts and Performance, Philadelphia: Prentice-Hall, 1987.
364. W. H. Press and Numerical Recipes Software (Firm), Numerical recipes in FORTRAN, Cambridge University Press, 1994.
365. I. Gupta, SMI adaptive antenna arrays for weak interfering signals, IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat, Vol. 34, No. 10, 1986, pp. 1237-1242.
366. D. Morgan, Partially adaptive array techniques, IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat, Vol. 26, No. 6, 1978, pp. 823-833.
367. R. Haupt, Adaptive nulling in monopulse antennas, IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 36, No. 2, 1988, pp. 202-208.
368. R. L. Haupt and H. Southall, Experimental adaptive cylindrical array, Microwave Journal, 1999, pp. 291-296.
369. M. Benedetti, R. Azaro, and A. Massa, Experimental validation of fully-adaptive smart antenna prototype, Electron. Lett., Vol. 44, No. 11, 2008, pp. 661-662.
370. C. Baird and G. Rassweiler, Adaptive sidelobe nulling using digitally controlled phase-shifters, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 24, No. 5, 1976, pp. 638-649.
371. H. Steyskal, Simple method for pattern nulling by phase perturbation, IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 31, No. 1, 1983, pp. 163-166.
372. R. L. Haupt, Phase-only adaptive nulling with a genetic algorithm, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 45, No. 6, 1997, pp. 1009-1015.
373. R. Shore, Nulling a symmetric pattern location with phase-only weight control, IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 32, No. 5, 1984, pp. 530-533.
374. T. B. Vu, Method of null steering without using phase shifters, IEE Proc. Microwaves Opt. Antennas, H, Vol. 131, No. 4, 1984, pp. 242-245.
375. J. R. Flemish, H. W. Kwan, R. L. Haupt et al, A new silicon-based photoconductive microwave switch, Microwave Optical. Technol. Lett., IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vol. 51, No. 1, 2009, pp. 248-252.
376. S. M. Alamouti, A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications, IEEE J. Selected Areas Commun., Vol. 16, No. 8, 1998, pp. 1451-1458.
377. M. A. Jensen and J. W. Wallace, A review of antennas and propagation for MIMO wireless communications, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 52, No. 11, 2004, pp. 2810-2824.
378. A. K. Agrawal and E. L. Holzman, Active phased array design for high reliability, IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., Vol. 35, No. 4, 1999, pp. 1204-1211.
379. T. J. Peters, A conjugate gradient-based algorithm to minimize the sidelobe level of planar arrays with element failures, IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 39, No. 10, 1991, pp. 1497-1504.
380. R. J. Mailloux, Phased array error correction scheme, Electron. Lett., Vol. 29, No. 7, 1993, pp. 573-574.
381. S. Seong Ho, S. Y. Eom, S. I. Jeon et al., Automatic phase correction of phased array antennas by a genetic algorithm, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat, Vol. 56, No. 8, 2008, pp. 2751-2754.
382. W. P. N. Keizer, Element Failure Correction for a large monopulse phased array antenna with active amplitude weighting, IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Vol. 55, No. 8, 2007, pp. 2211-2218.