Update on interventional electrophysiology in congenital heart disease evolving solutions for complex hearts

Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology

Volumn 6, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 1032-1040

  Sherwin, Elizabeth D ^a,b   Triedman, John K ^c,d   Walsh, Edward P ^c,d  

^a BC CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Arrhythmias; Atrial fibrillation; Atrial flutter; Cardiac; Catheter ablation; Congenital; Ebstein anomaly; Implantable cardioverter defibrillator; Tachycardia; Tetralogy of fallot; Valvular heart disease; Ventricular

Indexed keywords

ABLATION THERAPY; ARTICLE; CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY; CLINICAL STUDY; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; DEVICE THERAPY; FALLOT TETRALOGY; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HEART VENTRICLE TACHYCARDIA; HUMAN; IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR; INTRAATRIAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA; MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REENTRY TACHYCARDIA; SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; ARTIFICIAL HEART PACEMAKER; CATHETER ABLATION; CONGENITAL HEART MALFORMATION; CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; EBSTEIN ANOMALY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ENDOSCOPIC ECHOGRAPHY; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART ATRIUM FLUTTER; HEART FUNCTION TEST; HEART MUSCLE CONDUCTION SYSTEM; INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY; METHODOLOGY; REVIEW; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE, CONGENITAL; HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL; PROCEDURES;

ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; ATRIAL FLUTTER; CATHETER ABLATION; EBSTEIN ANOMALY; IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATOR; TACHYCARDIA, VENTRICULAR; TETRALOGY OF FALLOT; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE, CONGENITAL;

CATHETER ABLATION; CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY; DEFIBRILLATORS, IMPLANTABLE; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC TECHNIQUES, CARDIAC; HEART CONDUCTION SYSTEM; HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL; HUMANS; PACEMAKER, ARTIFICIAL; RADIOGRAPHY, INTERVENTIONAL; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, INTERVENTIONAL;

EID: 84891504636     PISSN: 19413149     EISSN: 19413084     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCEP.113.000313     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Morton JB, Sanders P, Vohra JK, Sparks PB, Morgan JG, Spence SJ, Grigg LE, Kalman JM. Effect of chronic right atrial stretch on atrial electrical remodeling in patients with an atrial septal defect. Circulation. 2003;107:1775-1782.
2. Wolf CM, Seslar SP, den Boer K, Juraszek AL, McGowan FX, Cowan DB, Del Nido P, Triedman JK, Berul CI, Walsh EP. Atrial remodeling after the Fontan operation. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:1737-1742.
3. Walsh EP, Rockenmacher S, Keane JF, Hougen TJ, Lock JE, Castaneda AR. Late results in patients with tetralogy of Fallot repaired during infancy. Circulation. 1988;77:1062-1067.
4. Rhodes LA, Wernovsky G, Keane JF, Mayer JE Jr, Shuren A, Dindy C, Colan SD, Walsh EP. Arrhythmias and intracardiac conduction after the arterial switch operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;109:303-310.
5. Walsh E P. Interventional electrophysiology in patients with congenital heart disease. Circulation. 2007;115:3224-3234.
6. Bouchardy J, Therrien J, Pilote L, Ionescu-Ittu R, Martucci G, Bottega N, Marelli AJ. Atrial arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease. Circulation. 2009;120:1679-1686.
7. Walsh EP, Cecchin F. Arrhythmias in adult patients with congenital heart disease. Circulation. 2007;115:534-545.
8. Collins KK, Love BA, Walsh EP, Saul JP, Epstein MR, Triedman JK. Location of acutely successful radiofrequency catheter ablation of intraatrial reentrant tachycardia in patients with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86:969-974.
9. Mah DY, Alexander ME, Cecchin F, Walsh EP, Triedman JK. The electroanatomic mechanisms of atrial tachycardia in patients with tetralogy of Fallot and double outlet right ventricle. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2011;22:1013-1017.
10. Seslar SP, Alexander ME, Berul CI, Cecchin F, Walsh EP, Triedman JK. Ablation of nonautomatic focal atrial tachycardia in children and adults with congenital heart disease. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17:359-365.
11. de Groot NM, Zeppenfeld K, Wijffels MC, Chan WK, Blom NA, Van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ. Ablation of focal atrial arrhythmia in patients with congenital heart defects after surgery: role of circumscribed areas with heterogeneous conduction. Heart Rhythm. 2006;3:526-535.
12. Kirsh JA, Walsh EP, Triedman JK. Prevalence of and risk factors for atrial fibrillation and intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia among patients with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:338-340.
13. Philip F, Muhammad KI, Agarwal S, Natale A, Krasuski RA. Pulmonary vein isolation for the treatment of drug-refractory atrial fbrillation in adults with congenital heart disease. Congenit Heart Dis. 2012;7:392-399.
14. Katritsis DG. Transseptal puncture through atrial septal closure devices. Heart Rhythm. 2011;8:1676-1677.
15. Teh AW, Medi C, Lee G, Rosso R, Sparks PB, Morton JB, Kistler PM, Halloran K, Vohra JK, Kalman JM. Long-term outcome following ablation of atrial flutter occurring late after atrial septal defect repair. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2011;34:431-435.
16. Triedman JK, Alexander ME, Love BA, Collins KK, Berul CI, Bevilacqua LM, Walsh EP. Influence of patient factors and ablative technologies on outcomes of radiofrequency ablation of intra-atrial re-entrant tachycardia in patients with congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:1827-1835.
17. Blaufox AD, Numan MT, Laohakunakorn P, Knick B, Paul T, Saul JP. Catheter tip cooling during radiofrequency ablation of intra-atrial reentry: effects on power, temperature, and impedance. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2002;13:783-787.
18. de Groot NM, Schalij MJ, Zeppenfeld K, Blom NA, Van der Velde ET, Van der Wall EE. Voltage and activation mapping: how the recording technique affects the outcome of catheter ablation procedures in patients with congenital heart disease. Circulation. 2003;108:2099-2106.
19. Tanner H, Lukac P, Schwick N, Fuhrer J, Pedersen AK, Hansen PS, Delacretaz E. Irrigated-tip catheter ablation of intraatrial reentrant tachycardia in patients late after surgery of congenital heart disease. Heart Rhythm. 2004;1:268-275.
20. Lukac P, Pedersen AK, Mortensen PT, Jensen HK, Hjortdal V, Hansen PS. Ablation of atrial tachycardia after surgery for congenital and acquired heart disease using an electroanatomic mapping system: which circuits to expect in which substrate? Heart Rhythm. 2005;2:64-72.
21. Kanter RJ. Pearls for ablation in congenital heart disease. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2010;21:223-230.
22. Koyak Z, de Groot JR, Mulder BJ. Interventional and surgical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2010;8:1753-1766.
23. Drago F, Russo MS, Marazzi R, Salerno-Uriarte JA, Silvetti MS, De Ponti R. Atrial tachycardias in patients with congenital heart disease: a minimally invasive simplified approach in the use of three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping. Europace. 2011;13:689-695.
24. Esch JJ, Triedman JK, Cecchin F, Alexander ME, Walsh EP. Radiofrequency-assisted transseptal perforation for interventional electrophysiology procedures in patients with congenital heart disease. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2013;36:607-611.
25. de Groot NM, Lukac P, Schalij MJ, Makowski K, Szili-Torok T, Jordaens L, Nielsen JC, Jensen HK, Gerdes JC, Delacretaz E. Long-term outcome of ablative therapy of post-operative atrial tachyarrhythmias in patients with tetralogy of Fallot: a European multi-centre study. Europace. 2012;14:522-527.
26. Van Hare GF, Lesh MD, Ross BA, Perry JC, Dorostkar PC. Mapping and radiofrequency ablation of intraatrial reentrant tachycardia after the Senning or Mustard procedure for transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77:985-991.
27. Perry JC, Boramanand NK, Ing FF. "Transseptal" technique through atrial baffles for 3-dimensional mapping and ablation of atrial tachycardia in patients with d-transposition of the great arteries. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2003;9:365-369.
28. Yap SC, Harris L, Downar E, Nanthakumar K, Silversides CK, Chauhan VS. Evolving electroanatomic substrate and intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia late after Fontan surgery. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2012;23:339-345.
29. Fishberger SB, Wernovsky G, Gentles TL, Gauvreau K, Burnett J, Mayer JE Jr, Walsh E P. Factors that influence the development of atrial flutter after the Fontan operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;113:80-86.
30. Stephenson EA, Lu M, Berul CI, Etheridge SP, Idriss SF, Margossian R, Reed JH, Prakash A, Sleeper LA, Vetter VL, Blaufox AD. Arrhythmias in a contemporary fontan cohort: prevalence and clinical associations in a multicenter cross-sectional study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:890-896.
31. Yap SC, Harris L, Silversides CK, Downar E, Chauhan VS. Outcome of intra-atrial re-entrant tachycardia catheter ablation in adults with congenital heart disease: negative impact of age and complex atrial surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:1589-1596.
32. Mavroudis C, Deal BJ, Backer CL, Stewart RD, Franklin WH, Tsao S, Ward KM, De Freitas RA. The J Maxwell Chamberlain Memorial Paper for congenital heart surgery.111 Fontan conversions with arrhythmia surgery: surgical lessons and outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;84:1457-1465.
33. Sridhar A, Giamberti A, Foresti S, Cappato R, García CR, Cabrera ND, Micheletti A, Negura D, Bussadori C, Butera G, Frigiola A, Carminati M, Chessa M. Fontan conversion with concomitant arrhythmia surgery for the failing atriopulmonary connections: mid-term results from a single centre. Cardiol Young. 2011;21:665-669.
34. Aboulhosn J, Williams R, Shivkumar K, Barkowski R, Plunkett M, Miner P, Houser L, Laks H, Reemtsen B, Shannon K, Child J. Arrhythmia recurrence in adult patients with single ventricle physiology following surgical Fontan conversion. Congenit Heart Dis. 2010;5:430-434.
35. Robbers-Visser D, Miedema M, Nijveld A, Boersma E, Bogers AJ, Haas F, Helbing WA, Kapusta L. Results of staged total cavopulmonary connection for functionally univentricular hearts; comparison of intraatrial lateral tunnel and extracardiac conduit. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010;37:934-941.
36. d'Udekem Y, Iyengar AJ, Cochrane AD, Grigg LE, Ramsay JM, Wheaton GR, Penny DJ, Brizard CP. The Fontan procedure: contemporary techniques have improved long-term outcomes. Circulation. 2007;116(11 suppl):1157-1164.
37. Anderson RH, Ho SY. The disposition of the conduction tissues in congenitally malformed hearts with reference to their embryological development. J Perinat Med. 1991;19(suppl 1):201-206.
38. Banchs JE, Patel P, Naccarelli GV, Gonzalez MD. Intracardiac echocardiography in complex cardiac catheter ablation procedures. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2010;28:167-184.
39. Wu J, Pflaumer A, Deisenhofer I, Hoppmann P, Hess J, Hessling G. Mapping of atrial tachycardia by remote magnetic navigation in postoperative patients with congenital heart disease. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2010;21:751-759.
40. Schwagten B, Jordaens L, Witsenburg M, Duplessis F, Thornton A, van Belle Y, Szili-Torok T. Initial experience with catheter ablation using remote magnetic navigation in adults with complex congenital heart disease and in small children. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32(suppl 1):S198-S201.
41. Akca F, Bauernfeind T, Witsenburg M, Dabiri Abkenari L, Cuypers JA, Roos-Hesselink JW, de Groot NM, Jordaens L, Szili-Torok T. Acute and long-term outcomes of catheter ablation using remote magnetic navigation in patients with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:409-414.
42. Suman-Horduna I, Babu-Narayan SV, Ueda A, Mantziari L, Gujic M, Marchese P, Dimopoulos K, Gatzoulis MA, Rigby ML, Ho SY, Ernst S. Magnetic navigation in adults with atrial isomerism (heterotaxy syndrome) and supraventricular arrhythmias. Europace. 2013;15:877-885.
43. Triedman JK, Bergau DM, Saul JP, Epstein MR, Walsh EP. Efficacy of radiofrequency ablation for control of intraatrial reentrant tachycardia in patients with congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:1032-1038.
44. Wu J, Deisenhofer I, Ammar S, Fichtner S, Reents T, Zhu P, Jilek C, Kolb C, Hess J, Hessling G. Acute and long-term outcome after catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardia in patients after the Mustard or Senning operation for D-transposition of the great arteries. Europace. 2013;15:886-891.
45. Lakkireddy D, Rangisetty U, Prasad S, Verma A, Biria M, Berenbom L, Pimentel R, Emert M, Rosamond T, Fahmy T, Patel D, Di Biase L, Schweikert R, Burkhardt D, Natale A. Intracardiac echo-guided radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with atrial septal defect or patent foramen ovale repair: a feasibility, safety, and efficacy study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2008;19:1137-1142.
46. Santangeli P, Di Biase L, Burkhardt JD, Horton R, Sanchez J, Bailey S, Zagrodzky JD, Lakkireddy D, Bai R, Mohanty P, Beheiry S, Hongo R, Natale A. Transseptal access and atrial fibrillation ablation guided by intracardiac echocardiography in patients with atrial septal closure devices. Heart Rhythm. 2011;8:1669-1675.
47. da Silva JP, Baumgratz JF, da Fonseca L, Franchi SM, Lopes LM, Tavares GM, Soares AM, Moreira LF, Barbero-Marcial M. The cone reconstruction of the tricuspid valve in Ebstein's anomaly. The operation: early and midterm results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;133:215-223.
48. Attenhofer Jost CH, Connolly HM, Edwards WD, Hayes D, Warnes CA, Danielson GK. Ebstein's anomaly: review of a multifaceted congenital cardiac condition. Swiss Med Wkly. 2005;135:269-281.
49. Shivapour JK, Sherwin ED, Jordao L, Triedman JK, Cecchin F, Mah DY, Alexander ME, Marx GR, Del Nido P, Walsh EP. The utility of preoperative electrophysiology studies and Reveal implantation in patients with Ebstein's anomaly undergoing Cone procedure (abstract). Heart Rhythm. 2012;9:S94.
50. Reich JD, Auld D, Hulse E, Sullivan K, Campbell R. The Pediatric Radiofrequency Ablation Registry's experience with Ebstein's anomaly. Pediatric Electrophysiology Society. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1998;9:1370-1377.
51. Roten L, Lukac P, DE Groot N, Nielsen JC, Szili-Torok T, Jensen HK, Zimmermann M, Delacrétaz E. Catheter ablation of arrhythmias in Ebstein's anomaly: a multicenter study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2011;22:1391-1396.
52. Obioha-Ngwu O, Milliez P, Richardson A, Pittaro M, Josephson ME. Ventricular Tachycardia in Ebstein's Anomaly. Circulation. 2001;104:E92-E94.
53. Kanter RJ, Papagiannis J, Carboni MP, Ungerleider RM, Sanders WE, Wharton JM. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardia substrates after mustard and senning operations for d-transposition of the great arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:428-441.
54. Chetaille P, Walsh EP, Triedman JK. Outcomes of radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia in patients with congenital heart disease. Heart Rhythm. 2004;1:168-173.
55. Berul CI, Van Hare GF, Kertesz NJ, Dubin AM, Cecchin F, Collins KK, Cannon BC, Alexander ME, Triedman JK, Walsh EP, Friedman RA. Results of a multicenter retrospective implantable cardioverter-defibrillator registry of pediatric and congenital heart disease patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:1685-1691.
56. Murphy JG, Gersh BJ, Mair DD, Fuster V, McGoon MD, Ilstrup DM, McGoon DC, Kirklin JW, Danielson GK. Long-term outcome in patients undergoing surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:593-599.
57. Nollert G, Fischlein T, Bouterwek S, Böhmer C, Klinner W, Reichart B. Long-term survival in patients with repair of tetralogy of Fallot: 36-year follow-up of 490 survivors of the first year after surgical repair. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:1374-1383.
58. Silka MJ, Hardy BG, Menashe VD, Morris CD. A population-based prospective evaluation of risk of sudden cardiac death after operation for common congenital heart defects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:245-251.
59. Gatzoulis MA, Balaji S, Webber SA, Siu SC, Hokanson JS, Poile C, Rosenthal M, Nakazawa M, Moller JH, Gillette PC, Webb GD, Redington AN. Risk factors for arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a multicentre study. Lancet. 2000;356:975-981.
60. Ghai A, Silversides C, Harris L, Webb GD, Siu SC, Therrien J. Left ventricular dysfunction is a risk factor for sudden cardiac death in adults late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1675-1680.
61. Khairy P, Landzberg MJ, Gatzoulis MA, Lucron H, Lambert J, Marçon F, Walsh EP. Prognostic significance of electrophysiologic testing post tetralogy of Fallot repair: a multicenter study. Circulation. 2004;109:1994-2000.
62. Daliento L, Rizzoli G, Menti L, Baratella MC, Turrini P, Nava A, Dalla Volta S. Accuracy of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic indices in predicting life threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients operated for tetralogy of Fallot. Heart. 1999;81:650-655.
63. Khairy P, Aboulhosn J, Gurvitz MZ, Opotowsky AR, Mongeon FP, Kay J, Valente AM, Earing MG, Lui G, Gersony DR, Cook S, Ting JG, Nickolaus MJ, Webb G, Landzberg MJ, Broberg CS. Arrhythmia burden in adults with surgically repaired tetralogy of Fallot: a multi-institutional study. Circulation. 2010;122:868-875.
64. Keane JF, Driscoll DJ, Gersony WM, Hayes CJ, Kidd L, O'Fallon WM, Pieroni DR, Wolfe RR, Weidman WH. Second natural history study of congenital heart defects. Results of treatment of patients with aortic valvar stenosis. Circulation. 1993;87:I16-27.
65. Wolfe RR, Driscoll DJ, Gersony WM, Hayes CJ, Keane JF, Kidd L, O'Fallon WM, Pieroni DR, Weidman WH. Arrhythmias in patients with valvar aortic stenosis, valvar pulmonary stenosis, and ventricular septal defect. Results of 24-hour ECG monitoring. Circulation. 1993;87(2 suppl):189-101.
66. Oh JK, Holmes DR Jr, Hayes DL, Porter CB, Danielson GK. Cardiac arrhythmias in patients with surgical repair of Ebstein's anomaly. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;6:1351-1357.
67. Zeppenfeld K, Schalij MJ, Bartelings MM, Tedrow UB, Koplan BA, Soejima K, Stevenson WG. Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia after repair of congenital heart disease: electroanatomic identification of the critical right ventricular isthmus. Circulation. 2007;116:2241-2252.
68. Kriebel T, Saul JP, Schneider H, Sigler M, Paul T. Noncontact mapping and radiofrequency catheter ablation of fast and hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:2162-2168.
69. Schneider HE, Schill M, Kriebel T, Paul T. Value of dynamic substrate mapping to identify the critical diastolic pathway in postoperative ventricular reentrant tachycardias after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2012;23:930-937.
70. Burton ME, Leon AR. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia late after complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot using the pace mapping technique. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1993;16:2319-2325.
71. Gonska BD, Cao K, Raab J, Eigster G, Kreuzer H. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of right ventricular tachycardia late after repair of congenital heart defects. Circulation. 1996;94:1902-1908.
72. Morwood JG, Triedman JK, Berul CI, Khairy P, Alexander ME, Cecchin F, Walsh E P. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in children and young adults with congenital heart disease. Heart Rhythm. 2004;1:301-308.
73. Khairy P, Harris L, Landzberg MJ, Viswanathan S, Barlow A, Gatzoulis MA, Fernandes SM, Beauchesne L, Therrien J, Chetaille P, Gordon E, Vonder Muhll I, Cecchin F. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation. 2008;117:363-370.
74. Harken AH, Horowitz LN, Josephson ME. Surgical correction of recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia following complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1980;80:779-781.
75. Therrien J, Siu SC, Harris L, Dore A, Niwa K, Janousek J, Williams WG, Webb G, Gatzoulis MA. Impact of pulmonary valve replacement on arrhythmia propensity late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation. 2001;103:2489-2494.
76. Harrild DM, Berul CI, Cecchin F, Geva T, Gauvreau K, Pigula F, Walsh E P. Pulmonary valve replacement in tetralogy of Fallot: impact on survival and ventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 2009;119:445-451.
77. Cecchin F, Atallah J, Walsh EP, Triedman JK, Alexander ME, Berul CI. Lead extraction in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2010;3:437-444.
78. Uebing A, Gibson DG, Babu-Narayan SV, Diller GP, Dimopoulos K, Goktekin O, Spence MS, Andersen K, Henein MY, Gatzoulis MA, Li W. Right ventricular mechanics and QRS duration in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: implications of infundibular disease. Circulation. 2007;116:1532-1539.
79. Bilchick KC, Kamath S, Di Marco JP, Stukenborg GJ. Bundle-branch block morphology and other predictors of outcome after cardiac resynchronization therapy in Medicare patients. Circulation. 2010;122:2022-2030.
80. van Geldorp IE, Bordachar P, Lumens J, de Guillebon M, Whinnett ZI, Prinzen FW, Haïssaguerre M, Delhaas T, Thambo JB. Acute hemodynamic benefits of biventricular and single-site systemic ventricular pacing in patients with a systemic right ventricle. Heart Rhythm. 2013;10:676-682.
81. Thambo JB, De Guillebon M, Xhaet O, Dos Santos P, Roubertie F, Labrousse L, Iriart X, Ploux S, Haissaguerre M, Bordachar P. Biventricular pacing in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot: non-invasive epicardial mapping and clinical impact. Int J Cardiol. 2013;163:170-174.
82. Cecchin F, Frangini PA, Brown DW, Fynn-Thompson F, Alexander ME, Triedman JK, Gauvreau K, Walsh EP, Berul CI. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (and multisite pacing) in pediatrics and congenital heart disease: five years experience in a single institution. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20:58-65.
83. Janousek J, Gebauer RA, Abdul-Khaliq H, Turner M, Kornyei L, Grollmuss O, Rosenthal E, Villain E, Fruh A, Paul T, Blom NA, Happonen JM, Bauersfeld U, Jacobsen JR, van den Heuvel F, Delhaas T, Papagiannis J, Trigo C. Cardiac resynchronisation therapy in paediatric and congenital heart disease: differential effects in various anatomical and functional substrates. Heart. 2009;95:1165-1171.
84. Padeletti L, Pieragnoli P, Ricciardi G, Perrotta L, Grifoni G, Porciani MC, Lionetti V, Valsecchi S. Acute hemodynamic effect of left ventricular endocardial pacing in cardiac resynchronization therapy: assessment by pressure-volume loops. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2012;5:460-467.
85. Koyak Z, de Groot JR, Van Gelder IC, Bouma BJ, van Dessel PF, Budts W, van Erven L, van Dijk AP, Wilde AA, Pieper PG, Sieswerda GT, Mulder BJ. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in adults with congenital heart disease: who is at risk of shocks? Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2012;5:101-110.
86. Khairy P, Landzberg MJ, Gatzoulis MA, Mercier LA, Fernandes SM, Cote JM, Lavoie JP, Fournier A, Guerra PG, Frogoudaki A, Walsh EP, Dore A. Transvenous pacing leads and systemic thromboemboli in patients with intracardiac shunts: A multicenter study. Circulation. 2006;113:2391-2397.
87. Radbill AE, Triedman JK, Berul CI, Fynn-Thompson F, Atallah J, Alexander ME, Walsh EP, Cecchin F. System survival of nontransvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators compared to transvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7:193-198.
88. Peters B, Will A, Berger F, Butter C. Implantation of a fully subcutaneous ICD in a patient with single ventricle morphology and Eisenmenger physiology. Acta Cardiol. 2012;67:473-475.
89. Jarman JW, Lascelles K, Wong T, Markides V, Clague JR, Till J. Clinical experience of entirely subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in children and adults: cause for caution. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:1351-1359.
90. Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, Child JS, Connolly HM, Dearani JA, Del Nido P, Fasules JW, Graham TP Jr, Hijazi ZM, Hunt SA, King ME, Landzberg MJ, Miner PD, Radford MJ, Walsh EP, Webb GD. ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1890-1947.
91. Baumgartner H, Bonhoeffer P, De Groot NM, de Haan F, Deanfield JE, Galie N, Gatzoulis MA, Gohlke-Baerwolf C, Kaemmerer H, Kilner P, Meijboom F, Mulder BJ, Oechslin E, Oliver JM, Serraf A, Szatmari A, Thaulow E, Vouhe PR, Walma E; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG). ESC guidelines for the management of grown-up congenital heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2915-2957.