Towards a sustainable management of bees of the subgenus Osmia (Megachilidae; Osmia) as fruit tree pollinators

Apidologie

Volumn 45, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 88-105

  Sedivy, Claudio ^a   Dorn, Silvia ^a  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

alternative pollinator; fruit trees; orchard pollination; Osmia

Indexed keywords

ANTAGONISM; COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY; DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE; FRUIT; HEALTH MONITORING; HONEYBEE; MORTALITY; OPTIMIZATION; POLLINATOR; POPULATION GROWTH; TREE;

EID: 84891473922     PISSN: 00448435     EISSN: 12979678     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13592-013-0231-8     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Abel, C.A.; Wilson, R.L. (1998) The use of diverse plant species for increasing Osmia cornifrons (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in field cages. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 71(1), 23-28
2. Adamson, N.L.; Roulston, T.H.; Fell, R.D.; Mullins, D.E. (2012) From April to August-wild bees pollinating crops through the growing season in Virginia. USA. Environ. Entomol. 41(4), 813-821
3. Alaux, C.; Brunet, J.-L.; Dussaubat, C.; Mondet, F.; Tchamitchan, S.; Cousin, M.; Brillard, J.; Baldy, A.; Belzunces, L.P.; Le Conte, Y. (2010) Interactions between Nosema microspores and a neonicotinoid weaken honeybees (Apis mellifera). Environ. Microbiol. 12(3), 774-782
4. Artz, D.R.; Allan, M.J.; Wardell, G.I.; Pitts-Singer, T.L. (2013) Nesting site density and distribution affects Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) reproductive success and almond yield in a commercial orchard. Insect Conserv. Diver. doi: 10.1111/icad.12026
5. Bohart, G.E. (1972) Management of wild bees for pollination of crops. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 17, 287-312
6. Bosch, J. (1992) Parasitism in wild and managed populations of the almond pollinator Osmia cornuta Latr (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). J. Apic. Res. 31(2), 77-82
7. Bosch, J. (1994a) Improvement of field management of Osmia cornuta (Latreille) (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) to pollinate almond. Apidologie 25(1), 71-83
8. Bosch, J. (1994b) Osmia cornuta Latr (Hym, Megachilidae) as a potential pollinator in almond orchards - releasing methods and nest-hole length. J. Appl. Entomol. 117(2), 151-157
9. Bosch, J. (1994c) The nesting-behavior of the mason bee Osmia cornuta (Latr) with special reference to its pollinating potential (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Apidologie 25(1), 84-93
10. Bosch, J. (1995) Comparison of nesting materials for the orchard pollinator Osmia cornuta (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Entomol. Gen. 19(4), 285-289
11. Bosch, J. (2008) Production of undersized offspring in a solitary bee. Anim. Behav. 75, 809-816
12. Bosch, J.; Blas, M. (1994a) Effect of over-wintering and incubation temperatures on adult emergence in Osmia cornuta Latr (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Apidologie 25(3), 265-277
13. Bosch, J.; Blas, M. (1994b) Foraging behavior and pollinating efficiency of Osmia cornuta and Apis mellifera on almond (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae and Apidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 29(1), 1-9
14. Bosch, J.; Kemp, W.P. (1999) Exceptional cherry production in an orchard pollinated with blue orchard bees. Bee World 80(4), 163-173
15. Bosch, J.; Kemp, W.P. (2000) Development and emergence of the orchard pollinator Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Environ. Entomol. 29(1), 8-13
16. Bosch, J.; Kemp, W.P. (2001) How to manage the blue orchard bee, Osmia lignaria, as an orchard pollinator. Sustainable Agriculture Network, Washington DC
17. Bosch, J.; Kemp, W.P. (2002) Developing and establishing bee species as crop pollinators: the example of Osmia spp. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) and fruit trees. B Entomol Res 92(1), 3-16
18. Bosch, J.; Kemp, W.P. (2003) Effect of wintering duration and temperature on survival and emergence time in males of the orchard pollinator Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Environ. Entomol. 32(4), 711-716
19. Bosch, J.; Kemp, W.P. (2004) Effect of pre-wintering and wintering temperature regimes on weight loss, survival, and emergence time in the mason bee Osmia cornuta (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Apidologie 35(5), 469-479
20. Bosch, J.; Vicens, N. (2005) Sex allocation in the solitary bee Osmia cornuta: do females behave in agreement with Fisher's theory? Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 59(1), 124-132
21. Bosch, J.; Vicens, N. (2006) Relationship between body size, provisioning rate, longevity and reproductive success in females of the solitary bee Osmia cornuta. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 60(1), 26-33
22. Bosch, J.; Kemp, W.P.; Peterson, S.S. (2000) Management of Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) populations for almond pollination: methods to advance bee emergence. Environ. Entomol. 29(5), 874-883
23. Bosch, J.; Maeta, Y.; Rust, R. (2001) A phylogenetic analysis of nesting behavior in the genus Osmia (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 94(4), 617-627
24. Bosch, J.; Kemp, W.P.; Trostle, G.E. (2006) Bee population returns and cherry yields in an orchard pollinated with Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 99(2), 408-413
25. Bosch, J.; Sgolastra, F.; Kemp, W. (2008) Life cycle ecophysiology of Osmia mason bees used as crop pollinators. In: James, R.; Pitts-Singer, T.L. (eds.) Bee pollination in agricultural ecosystems, pp. 1-19. Oxford University Press, Oxford
26. Bosch, J.; Sgolastra, F.; Kemp, W.P. (2010) Timing of eclosion affects diapause development, fat body consumption and longevity in Osmia lignaria, a univoltine, adult-wintering solitary bee. J. Insect Physiol. 56(12), 1949-1957
27. Brittain, C.; Williams, N.; Kremen, C.; Klein, A.M. (2013) Synergistic effects of non-Apis bees and honey bees for pollination services. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 280(1754), 1-7
28. Calzoni, G.L.; Speranza, A. (1998) Insect controlled pollination in Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.). Sci. Hortic Amsterdam 72(3-4), 227-237
29. Cane, J.H. (2006) The Logan beemail shelter: a practical, portable unit for managing cavity-nesting agricultural pollinators. Am. Bee J. 146(7), 611-613
30. Dietemann, V.; Pflugfelder, J.; Anderson, D.; Charriere, J.D.; Chejanovsky, N.; et al. (2012) Varroa destructor: research avenues towards sustainable control. J. Apic. Res. 51(1), 125-132
31. Elias, J.; Dorn, S.; Mazzi, D. (2010) Inbreeding in a natural population of the gregarious parasitoid wasp Cotesia glomerata. Mol. Ecol. 19(11), 2336-2345
32. Free, J.B. (1993) Insect pollination in crops. Academic, London
33. Garibaldi, L.A.; Steffan-Dewenter, I.; Winfree, R.; Aizen, M.A.; Bommarco, R.; et al. (2013) Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science 339(6127), 1608-1611
34. Genersch, E. (2010) Honey bee pathology: current threats to honey bees and beekeeping. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol 87(1), 87-97
35. Gruber, B.; Eckel, K.; Everaars, J.; Dormann, C.F. (2011) On managing the red mason bee (Osmia bicornis) in apple orchards. Apidologie 42(5), 564-576
36. Haider, M.; Dorn, S.; Müller, A. (2012) Intra- and interpopulational variation in the ability of a solitary bee species to develop on non-host pollen: implications for host range expansion. Funct. Ecol 27(1), 255-263
37. Henry, M.; Beguin, M.; Requier, F.; Rollin, O.; Odoux, J.F.; Aupinel, P.; Aptel, J.; Tchamitchian, S.; Decourtye, A. (2012) A common pesticide decreases foraging success and survival in honey bees. Science 336(6079), 348-350
38. Haider, M.; Dorn, S.; Sedivy, S. and Müller, A. Phylogeny and floral hosts of a predominantly pollen generalist group of mason bees (Megachilidae, Osmiini). Biol. J. Linn. Soc.; in press.
39. Hermann, M. (2008) Ertragsförderung & Qualitätssicherung durch optimale Bestäubung - Ansiedlung von einheimischen Mauerbienen. Öko-Obstbau 19(4), 17-19 (in German)
40. Hermann, M. (2010) Einsatzmöglichkeiten und Haltung von Mauerbienen (Osmia sp.) in intensiven Obstkulturen. Obstbau 2, 66-69 (in German)
41. Holm, S.N. (1973) Osmia rufa (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) as a pollinator of plants in greenhouses. Entomol. Scand. 4(3), 217-224
42. Holzschuh, A.; Dudenhoffer, J.H.; Tscharntke, T. (2012) Landscapes with wild bee habitats enhance pollination, fruit set and yield of sweet cherry. Biol. Conserv. 153, 101-107
43. Kemp, W.P.; Bosch, J.; Dennis, B. (2004) Oxygen consumption during the life cycles of the prepupa-wintering bee Megachile rotundata and the adult-wintering bee Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 97(1), 161-170
44. Kitamura, T. (1969) Studies on the pollination of apple by Osmia (III) preliminary report on the homing ability of Osmia cornifrons (Radoszkowski) and O. pedicornis Cockerell. Kontyu 37(1), 83-90
45. Klein, A.M.; Vaissiere, B.E.; Cane, J.H.; Steffan-Dewenter, I.; Cunningham, S.A.; Kremen, C.; Tscharntke, T. (2007) Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 274(1608), 303-313
46. Kornmilch, J.C. (2010) Einsatz von Mauerbienen zur Bestäubung von Obstkulturen; Handbuch zur Nutzung der Roten Mauerbiene in Obstplantagen und Kleingärten. Bienenhotel, Rostock (in German)
47. Krunic, M.; Stanisavljevic, L. (2006) Augmentation of managed populations of Osmia cornuta and O. rufa (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in Southeastern Europe. Eur J Entomol 103(3), 695-697
48. Krunic, M.; Stanisavljevic, L.; Brajkovic, M.; Tomanovic, Z.; Radovic, I. (2001) Ecological studies of Osmia cornuta (Latr.) (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) populations in Yugoslavia with special attention to their diapause, in: Benedek, P.; Richards, K.W. (Eds.), Acta Hort. (ISHS) 561, 297-301
49. Krunic, M.; Stanisavljevic, L.; Pinzauti, M.; Felicioli, A. (2005) The accompanying fauna of Osmia cornuta and Osmia rufa and effective measures of protection. Bull. Insectology 58(2), 141-152
50. Kuhn, E.D.; Ambrose, J.T. (1984) Pollination of delicious apple by megachilid bees of the genus Osmia (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 57(2), 169-180
51. Ladurner, E.; Recla, L.; Wolf, M.; Zelger, R.; Burgio, G. (2004) Osmia cornuta (Hymenoptera Megachilidae) densities required for apple pollination: a cage study. J. Apic. Res. 43(3), 118-122
52. Maccagnani, B.; Ladurner, E.; Santi, F.; Burgio, G. (2003) Osmia cornuta (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) as a pollinator of pear (Pyrus communis): fruit- and seed-set. Apidologie 34(3), 207-216
53. Maccagnani, B.; Betti, F.; Fontan, P. (2004) The role of ecological infrastructures in pollinators management: Osmia cornuta (Hymenoptera Megachilidae) in pear orchards. Redia 87, 191-194
54. Maccagnani, B.; Burgio, G.; Stanisavljevic, L.Z.; Main, S. (2007) Osmia cornuta management in pear orchards. Bull. Insectology 60(1), 77-82
55. Maddocks, R.; Paulus, H.F. (1987) Quantitative aspects of the breeding biology of Osmia rufa L. and Osmia cornuta Latr. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) a comparative study of competition-reducing mechanisms in 2 closely related bee species. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Oekol. Geog Tiere 114(1), 15-44
56. Maeta, Y. (1978) Comparative studies on the biology of the bees of the genus Osmia in Japan, with special reference to their management for pollination of crops (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Bull Tohoku Nat. Agric. Exp. Stat 57, 1-221 (in Japanese)
57. Maeta, Y. (1990) Utilization of wild bees. Farming Japan 24(6), 13-22
58. Maeta, Y.; Kitamura, T. (1974) How to manage the Mame-ko bee (Osmia cornifrons Radoszkowski) for pollination of fruit crops. Ask. Co. Ltd, Naganoshi (in Japanese)
59. Marquez, J.; Bosch, J.; Vicens, N. (1994) Pollens collected by wild and managed populations of the potential orchard pollinator Osmia cornuta (Latr) (Hym, Megachilidae). J. Appl. Entomol. 117(4), 353-359
60. Michener, C.D. (2007) The bees of the world, 2nd edn. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
61. Mitchell, T.B. (1962) Bees of the Eastern United States. Technical bulletin. The North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh
62. Monzon, V.H.; Bosch, J.; Retana, J. (2004) Foraging behavior and pollinating effectiveness of Osmia cornuta (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on "Comice" pear. Apidologie 35(6), 575-585
63. Müller, A. (2013). Palaearctic osmiine bees. http://blogs.ethz.ch/ osmiini (accessed on 12 Jun 2013)
64. Naug, D. (2009) Nutritional stress due to habitat loss may explain recent honeybee colony collapses. Biol. Conserv. 142(10), 2369-2372
65. Park, Y.L.; Kondo, V.; White, J.; West, T.; McConnell, B.; McCutcheon, T. (2009) Nest-to-nest dispersal of Chaetodactylus krombeini (Acari, Chaetodactylidae) associated with Osmia cornifrons (Hym.; Megachilidae). J. Appl Entomol 133(3), 174-180
66. Pitts-Singer, T.L. (2007) Olfactory response of megachilid bees, Osmia lignaria, Megachile rotundata and M. pugnata, to individual cues from old nest cavities. Environ Entomol 36(2), 402-408
67. Pitts-Singer, T.L.; Bosch, J.; Kemp, W.P.; Trostle, G.E. (2008) Field use of an incubation box for improved emergence timing of Osmia lignaria populations used for orchard pollination. Apidologie 39(2), 235-246
68. Radmacher, S.; Strohm, E. (2010) Factors affecting offspring body size in the solitary bee Osmia bicornis (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Apidologie 41(2), 169-177
69. Radmacher, S.; Strohm, E. (2011) Effects of constant and fluctuating temperatures on the development of the solitary bee Osmia bicornis (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Apidologie 42(6), 711-720
70. Rust, R.W. (1974) The systematics and biology of the genus Osmia, subgenera Osmia, Chalcosmia and Cephalosmia (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Wasmann J. Biol. 32(1), 1-94
71. Rust, R.W.; Torchio, P.F. (1991) Induction of Ascosphaera (Ascomycetes, Ascosphaerales) infections in field populations of Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 67(4), 251-257
72. Rust, R.W.; Torchio, P.F. (1992) Effects of temperature and host developmental stage on Ascosphaera torchioi Youssef and McManus prevalence in Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Apidologie 23(1), 1-9
73. Sampson, B.J.; Cane, J.H. (2000) Pollination efficiencies of three bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) species visiting rabbiteye blueberry. J. Econ. Entomol. 93(6), 1726-1731
74. Sampson, B.J.; Stringer, S.J.; Cane, J.H.; Spiers, J.M. (2004) Screenhouse evaluations of a mason bee Osmia ribifloris (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) as a pollinator for blueberries in the southeastern United States. Small Fruits R. 3(3-4), 381-392
75. Sampson, B.J.; Cane, J.H.; Kirker, G.T.; Stringer, S.J.; Spiers, J.M. (2009) Biology and management potential for three orchard bee species (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): Osmia ribifloris Cockerell, O. lignaria (Say) and O. chalybea Smith with emphasis on the former. In: Hummer, K.E. (Ed.), Acta Hort. (ISHS) 810, 549-555.
76. Schindler, M.; Peters, B. (2011) Mason bees Osmia bicornis and Osmia cornuta as suitable orchard pollinators? Erwerbs-Obstbau 52(3-4), 111-116 (in German)
77. Sedivy, C.; Muller, A.; Dorn, S. (2011) Closely related pollen generalist bees differ in their ability to develop on the same pollen diet: evidence for physiological adaptations to digest pollen. Funct. Ecol. 25(3), 718-725
78. Seidelmann, K.; Ulbrich, K.; Mielenz, N. (2010) Conditional sex allocation in the red mason bee, Osmia rufa. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 64(3), 337-347
79. Sekita, N. (2001) Managing Osmia cornifrons to pollinate apples in Aomori Prefecture, Japan, in: Benedek P. Richards K.W. (Eds.), Proceedings of the eight international pollination symposium pollination: integrator of crops and native plant systems. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 561,303-307.
80. Sgolastra, F. (2007) Ecofisiologia del ciclo biologico di Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Università di Bologna, Bologna (in Italian)
81. Sgolastra, F.; Kemp, W.P.; Buckner, J.S.; Pitts-Singer, T.L.; Maini, S.; Bosch, J. (2011) The long summer: pre-wintering temperatures affect metabolic expenditure and winter survival in a solitary bee. J. Insect Physiol. 57(12), 1651-1659
82. Sgolastra, F.; Kemp, W.P.; Maini, S.; Bosch, J. (2012) Duration of prepupal summer dormancy regulates synchronization of adult diapause with winter temperatures in bees of the genus Osmia. J. Insect Physiol. 58(7), 924-933
83. Sheffield, C.S.; Kevan, P.G.; Westby, S.M.; Smith, R.F. (2008a) Diversity of cavity-nesting bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) within apple orchards and wild habitats in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia. Canada. Can. Entomol. 140(2), 235-249
84. Sheffield, C.S.; Westby, S.M.; Smith, R.F.; Kevan, P.G. (2008b) Potential of bigleaf lupine for building and sustaining Osmia lignaria populations for pollination of apple. Can. Entomol. 140(5), 589-599
85. Steffan-Dewenter, I.; Schiele, S. (2004) Nest-site fidelity, body weight and population size of the red mason bee, Osmia rufa (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), evaluated by mark-recapture experiments. Entomol. Gen. 27(2), 123-132
86. Tepedino, V.J.; Torchio, P.F. (1982a) Temporal variability in the sex-ratio of a nonsocial bee, Osmia lignaria propinqua - extrinsic determination or the tracking of an optimum. Oikos 38(2), 177-182
87. Tepedino, V.J.; Torchio, P.F. (1982b) Phenotypic variability in nesting success among Osmia lignaria propinqua females in glasshouse environment (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Ecol. Entomol. 7(4), 453-462
88. Tepedino, V.J.; Thompson, R.; Torchio, P.F. (1984) Heritability for size in the megachilid bee Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson. Apidologie 15(1), 83-87
89. Torchio, P.F. (1976) Use of Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae) as a pollinator in an apple and prune orchard. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 49(4), 475-482
90. Torchio, P.F. (1981a) Field experiments with Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson as a pollinator in almond orchards 1. 1975 studies (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). J. Kansas Entomol Soc 54(4), 815-823
91. Torchio, P.F. (1981b) Field experiments with Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson as a pollinator in almond orchards 2. 1976 studies (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). J. Kansas Entomol Soc 54(4), 824-836
92. Torchio, P.F. (1982a) Field experiments with the pollinator species, Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson, in apple orchards 1. 1975 studies (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). J. Kansas Entomol Soc 55(1), 136-144
93. Torchio, P.F. (1982b) Field experiments with the pollinator species, Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson, in apple orchards 2. 1976 studies (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). J. Kansas Entomol Soc 55(4), 759-778
94. Torchio, P.F. (1982c) Field experiments with Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson as a pollinator in almond orchards 3. 1977 studies (Hymenoptera - Megachilidae). J. Kansas Entomol Soc 55(1), 101-116
95. Torchio, P.F. (1984a) Field experiments with the pollinator species, Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) in apple orchards 3. 1977 studies. J. Kansas Entomol Soc 57(3), 517-521
96. Torchio, P.F. (1984b) Field experiments with the pollinator species, Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson, in apple orchards 4. 1978 studies (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). J. Kansas Entomol Soc 57(4), 689-694
97. Torchio, P.F. (1985) Field experiments with the pollinator species, Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson, in apple orchards 5. (1979-1980), methods of introducing bees, nesting success, seed counts, fruit yields (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). J. Kansas Entomol Soc 58(3), 448-464
98. Torchio, P.F. (1987) Use of non-honey bee species as pollinators of crops. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ont. 118, 111-124
99. Torchio, P.F. (1989) Biology, immature development, and adaptive behavior of Stelis montana, a kleptoparasite of Osmia (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 82(5), 616-632
100. Torchio, P.F. (1990) Osmia ribifloris, a native bee species developed as a commercially managed pollinator of highbush blueberry (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 63(3), 427-436
101. Torchio, P.F. (1991a) Bees as crop pollinators and the role of solitary species in changing environments. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 288, 49-61
102. Torchio, P.F. (1991b) Use of Osmia lignaria propinqua (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) as a mobile pollinator of orchard crops. Environ. Entomol. 20(2), 590-596
103. Torchio, P.F. (1992) Effects of spore dosage and temperature on pathogenic expressions of chalkbrood syndrome caused by Ascosphaera torchiori within larvae of Osmia lignaria propinqua (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Environ. Entomol. 21(5), 1086-1091
104. Torchio, P.F.; Asensio, E. (1985) The introduction of the European bee, Osmia cornuta Latr into the United States as a potential pollinator of orchard crops, and a comparison of its manageability with Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 58(1), 42-52
105. Torchio, P.F.; Tepedino, V.J. (1980) Sex-ratio, body size and seasonality in a solitary bee, Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Evolution 34(5), 993-1003
106. Torchio, P.F.; Asensio, E.; Thorp, R.W. (1987) Introduction of the European bee, Osmia cornuta, into California almond orchards (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Environ. Entomol. 16(3), 664-667
107. Vicens, N.; Bosch, J. (2000a) Nest site orientation and relocation of populations of the orchard pollinator Osmia cornuta (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Environ. Entomol. 29(1), 69-75
108. Vicens, N.; Bosch, J. (2000b) Pollinating efficacy of Osmia cornuta and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae, Apidae) on 'red Delicious' apple. Environ. Entomol. 29(2), 235-240
109. Vicens, N.; Bosch, J. (2000c) Weather-dependent pollinator activity in an apple orchard, with special reference to Osmia cornuta and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae and Apidae). Environ. Entomol. 29(3), 413-420
110. Wei, S.G.; Wang, R.; Smirle, M.J.; Xu, H.L. (2002) Release of Osmia excavata and Osmia jacoti (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) for apple pollination. Can. Entomol. 134(3), 369-380
111. Westrich, P. (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Württembergs. Ulmer, Stuttgart (in German)
112. White, J.; Son, Y.; Park, Y.L. (2009) Temperature-dependent emergence of Osmia cornifrons (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) adults. J. Econ. Entomol. 102(6), 2026-2032
113. Wilkaniec, Z.; Giejdasz, K. (2003) Suitability of nesting substrates for the cavity-nesting bee Osmia rufa. J. Apic. Res. 42(3), 29-31
114. Wilkaniec, Z.; Radajewska, B. (1997) Solitary bee Osmia rufa L (Apoidea, Megachilidae) as pollinator of strawberry cultivated in an unheated plastic tunnel. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 439, 489-493
115. Yamada, M.; Oyama, N.; Sekita, N.; Shirasaki, S.; Tsugawa, C. (1971) The ecology of the megachilid bee Osmia cornifrons and its utilization for apple pollination. Bull. Aomori Apple Exp. Stat. 15, 1-80 (in Japanese)
116. Youssef, N.N.; McManus, W.R.; Torchio, P.F. (1985) Cross-infectivity potential of Ascosphaera spp (Ascomycetes, Ascosphaera) on the bee, Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson (Megachilidae, Osmia). J. Econ. Entomol. 78(1), 227-231
117. Zurbuchen, A.; Landert, L.; Klaiber, J.; Müller, A.; Hein, S.; Dorn, S. (2010) Maximum foraging ranges in solitary bees: only few individuals have the capability to cover long foraging distances. Biol. Conserv. 143(3), 669-676