Secrets of the old one: Einstein, 1905

Secrets of the Old One: Einstein, 1905

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-200

  Bernstein, Jeremy ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84891444536     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/b136448     Document Type: Book

References (95)

1. "the number is still growing." Among them here is a personal list. For people with the needed technical background Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein, Oxford University Press, New York, 1981
2. by Abraham Pais is the best account of the science. For a general biography, I recommend Albert Einstein: A Biography by Albrecht Fölsing, translated by Ewald Osers, Viking, New York, 1997.
3. For an older biography there is Einstein: His Life and Times, by Philipp Frank, DaCapo Press, New York, 1953.
4. Professor Frank knew Einstein for much of their professional lives. For a shorter biographical sketch there is my Albert Einstein and the Frontiers of Physics, Oxford University Press, New York, 1996.
5. For a sensitive view of Einstein's romantic life there is Einstein in Love by Dennis Overbye, Penguin, New York, 2001.
6. "written in his honor." Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, edited by P. A. Schilpp, MFJ Books, New York, 1970.
7. "be behind things." Schilpp, p. 9.
8. "papers were written. " A reader who wants to see translations of these papers, including the thesis, will find Einstein's Miraculous Year, edited by John Stachel, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1998, very useful. Stachel's introductory essays are excellent, but require considerable technical background to follow. This is not a book for the general reader.
9. "a month, a year." This quotation is from Newton's Principia, but I have taken the translation from the Latin from The Science of Mechanics by Ernst Mach, Open Court Publishing, Lasalle, 1974, p. 272. I will refer to this as "Mach."
10. "Two Chief World Systems." The edition I use, with a forward by Einstein, is published by the Modern Library, New York, 1966. I will refer to this as
11. "rapidly westward." Galileo, p. 153.
12. "standing still." Galileo, pp. 216-217.
13. "bit about him." This information and the quotations are taken from my essay
14. "Ernst Mach and the Quarks" in the collection Cranks, Quarks, and the Cosmos, Basic Books, New York, 1993, pp. 28-37.
15. "in these matters." Bernstein 1993, p. 30.
16. "harmful vermin." This quote can be found in Gerald Holton, "Mach, Einstein and the Search for Reality", Daedalus, Spring 1968, p. 657.
17. "hereafter be shown. " Mach, p. 298.
18. "indefensible conceptions." Mach, p. 265.
19. "matter conjointly." Mach, p. 298.
20. "is impressed." Mach, p. 301.
21. "actual facts." Mach, p. 272.
22. "metaphysical conception. " Mach p. 273. The italics are in Mach.
23. "can be referred." Mach, p. 277. The italics are in Mach.
24. "of the [absolute] motion. " Mach, p. 277
25. "our imagination. " Mach, p. 284.
26. "space is not empty." As one might imagine the issues raised here are more complex that I have indicated. The references to Thirring's papers are Phys. ZS. 19, 33(1918), 22, 29 (1921).
27. Arguments have been made that Thirring's example is too abstract, and that even if you grant his point, it does not prove that the acceleration of rotation is not absolute. The discussion of this would take us way beyond the intent of this book. An interested reader might consult, "On Mach's critique of Newton and Copernicus", by H. Hartman and C. Nissam-Sabat, American Journal of Physics 71, November 2003, pp. 1163-69.
28. "grove of trees." This is quoted in Volume 1 of A History of Aether and Electricity, by Sir Edmund Whittaker, Dover Publications, New York, 1989, pp. 108-109. I will refer to these volumes as "Whittaker 1, 2."
29. "Lorentz transformation. " The Feynman Lectures on Physics, by Richard Feynman, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1975, Vol. I, pp. 15-3.
30. "not born in this country." Michelson's youngest daughter, Dorothy Michelson Livingston, wrotea very nice biography of her father-The Master of Light, Charles Scribner, New York, 1973.
31. "through the ether." Livingston, p. 82
32. "of the solar system" Pais, p. 122.
33. "l times smaller." This can be found in the collection The Principle of Relativity, by Einstein et al, Dover Press, New York, 1952, p. 21. There is also an earlier paper in the collection dealing with the Michelson-Morely experiment. I will refer to this collection as "Einstein et al."
34. "but rigorously." Whittaker 2, p. 30.
35. "relative displacements." Whittaker 2, p. 30. Italics here and in the following quotation are in Whittaker.
36. "velocity of light." Whittaker 2, pp. 30-31.
37. "much attention. " Whittaker 2, p. 40.
38. "Einstein lecture." In 1921, at the age of twenty-one, Pauli published a masterful monograph on relativity. It is still one of the best. The English translation is Relativity Theory, Dover, New York, 1981.
39. "from the essential." Schilpp, p. 15.
40. "Method of Theoretical Physics." The lecture was apparently originally written in German. The pamphlet Einstein sent me was in English. It can be found in Essays in Science by Albert Einstein, Philosophical Library, New York, 1934. The quote from it can be found on page 17.
41. "acute angles." Schilpp, pp. 10-11.
42. "independent scientific work." Schilpp, p. 15.
43. "simultaneous events." The quote is from Einstein's 1905 relativity paper reprinted in Einstein et al, p. 39.
44. "philosophical writings." Schilpp, p. 53.
45. "A Popular Exposition. " Methuen, London, 1920.
46. "valuable suggestions." Einstein et al, p. 65.
47. "as results." This quotation can be found in my Quantum Profiles, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1991 in an essay entitled "Besso", which has details about his life. The quotation is on p. 150.
48. "special properties." Einstein et al, pp. 37-38.
49. "one readily shows." See, for example, Modern Physics, by Jeremy Bernstein, Paul Fishbane and Stephen Gasiorowicz, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2000, pp. 44-45.
50. In my opinion the best textbook on relativity is Relativity: Special, General and Cosmological by Wolfgang Rindler, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
51. "have in mind" For a very clear discussion of this and related matters at about the same level as what I am trying to achieve see http:/www.phys.virginia.edu/classes/252/srelwhat.html. This is a site created by Professor Michael Fowler of the University of Virginia.
52. "stellar aberration. " A nice treatment of this at about the same level can be found in "Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity and the Problems in the of Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies that Led him to it." By John D. Norton, Cambridge Companion to Einstein, edited by M. Janssen and C. Lehner, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005.
53. "innumerable places." See, for example, Bernstein et al or Rindler, or Einstein et al for the original derivation. For a reader with some technical background Albert Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity by Arthur I. Miller, Addison Wesley, 1981, is highly recommended both for its science and history.
54. "this result is confirmed." For details see Bernstein et al Chapters 2 and 17. The experiments were done by a team under the direction of Carroll O. Alley. Professor Alley has summarized the work in "Proper Time Experiments in Gravitational Fields with Atomic Clocks, Aircraft and Laser Light Pulses" in Quantum Optics, Experimental Gravity and Measurement Theory, edited by Pierre Meystre and Marlon O. Scully, Plenum, New York, 1983, pp. 363-427.
55. "another man's past." This is quoted in Understanding Relativity, by Stanley Goldberg, Birkhäuser, Boston, 1984, p. 261. Magie took the odd position that relativity could not be a fundamental theory since, he argued, that a fundamental theory must be understandable to everyone.
56. "and common sense" Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness, translated by F. L. Pogson, George Allen and Unwin, London, 1910, p. 2227
57. "independent reality." Einstein et al, p. 75.
58. "theory of gravitation. " Pais, p. 179.
59. "somewhere in space." A description of this can be found in Einstein's popular book, Relativity: The Special and General Theory, Crown Publishers, New York, 1961, Chapter XX.
60. "General Relativity." Einstein et al, p. 111.
61. "so-called atoms." This is quoted in Molecular Reality by Mary Joe Nye, American Elsiever, New York, 1972, pp. 4-5. Kekulé was one of the greatest of the 19thcentury organic chemists.
62. "construction of matter." Schilpp, p. 19
63. "our sight." An excerpt from the poem can be found in the very useful twovolume The World of the Atom, edited by Henry A. Boorse and Lloyd Motz, Basic Books, New York, 1966. This quote is found in Vol. 1, p. 17.
64. "First Creation. " Boorse, Vol. 1, p. 102.
65. "very rapid motion. " Boorse, Vol. 1, pp. 112-116.
66. "cohesion. " This work is described in articles by G. D. Scott and I. G. MacDonald, American Journal of Physics 33, 163, 1965
67. and A. P. French, American Journal of Physics 35, 162, 1967.
68. See also The Kind of Motion We Call Heat, by Stephen Brush, North-Holland, New York, 1976, p. 75
69. "Journal de Physique." An English translation of this paper can be found on the Web site http://web.lemoyne.edu/?giunta/avogadro/html.
70. "Jan Josef Loschmidt" A useful Web site is www.loschmidt.cz/ biography.html.
71. The great 1865 paper can be found in translation on www.dbhs.wvusd.k12. ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Loschmidt-1865.html.
72. "as follows." For a more detailed version of what Loschmidt did, including the factors, see The Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edited by Charles Gillespie, Scribners, New York, 1973, Vol. VIII, pp. 505-511. The situation iscomplicated by the fact that air is a mixture if gasses of which oxygen and nitrogen are the most prominent. Loschmidt took this into account.
73. "in my head." Bernstein, 1993, p. 34.
74. "judgement in the matter." This is a translation taken from Einstein's paper Die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flügiskeiten suspendierten Teilchen published in Annalen der Physik, Ser. 4, vol. 17, 1905, pp. 549-560.
75. The translation can be found in Albert Einstein Investigations on the Theory of Brownian Movement, edited by R. Fü rth and translated by A. D. Cowper, Dover Publications, New York, 1956, p. 1.
76. "of a substance." Fü rth, p. 76.
77. "of Heat." Fü rth, p. 18.
78. "precision experiments." For details of this and other aspects of Perrin's life and career, see Nye. "the present day." Nye, p. 168.
79. "the quantum theory." Frank, p. 98.
80. "for free." This advertisement and other information about the "Olympia Academy" can be found on www.einstein-website.de/z biography/olympia.html. "interest you." This translation I have taken from Fölsing, p. 120.
81. "maximum zu." Excepts in English from Clausius's papers on entropy can be found at http://web.lemoyne.edu/-giunta/Clausius.html.
82. "nature of the walls." Schilpp, pp. 37-38.
83. "Max Planck." This is quoted in "Thermodynamics and Quanta in Planck's Work", by Martin J. Klein, Physics Today, 19, No. 11, 1966, p. 24.
84. "race." Fölsing, p. 345.
85. "laws of thermodynamics." This is taken from Black Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894-1912 by Thomas S. Kuhn, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1978, p. 14.
86. "continuous matter." Kuhn, p. 23.
87. "non-human ones." Kuhn, p. 26.
88. "inclined to suspect." Kuhn, p. 31.
89. "in space." This quotation is taken from Einstein's 1905 paper. The German reference is Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt, Annlen der Physik, 4, Vol. 17, 1905, pp. 132-148.
90. "taking a risk." Pais, p. 382.
91. "guide investigation" This definition and more about the word can be found at http://www.websters-online dictionary.org/definition/English/he/ heuristic.html.
92. "same law." Stachel, p. 150.
93. "only as units." Boorse, Vol. 1, p. 545.
94. "As to the ether" Bernstein, p. 105.
95. "Einstein is one " Bernstein, p. 103.