The effects of anesthesia and muscle paralysis on the respiratory system

Applied Physiology in Intensive Care Medicine (Second Edition)

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 385-393

  Hedenstierna, Göran ^a   Edmark, Lennart ^b  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^b CENTRAL HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Airway closure; Anesthesia; Atelectasis; Mechanical ventilation; Shunt

Indexed keywords

EID: 84891442351     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-01769-8_55     Document Type: Chapter

References (52)

1. Nunn JF (1993) Nunn's applied respiratory physiology, 4th edn. Heinemann, Oxford
2. Strandberg Å Tokics L, Brismar B, Lundquist H, Hedenstierna G (1986) Atelectasis during anesthesia and in the postoperative period. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 30:154-158
3. McAlister FA, Bertsch K, Man J, Bradley J, Jacka M (2005) Incidence of and risk factors for pulmonary complications after nonthoracic surgery. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171:514-547
4. Squadrone V, Coha M, Cerutti E, Schellino MM, Biolino P, Occella P, Belloni G, Vilianis G, Fiore G, Cavallo F, Ranieri VM, Piedmont Intensive Care Units Network (PICUN) (2005) Continuous positive airway pressure for treatment of postoperative hypoxemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 293:589-595
5. Lindberg P, Gunnarsson L, Tokics L, Secher E, Lundquist H, Brismar B, Hedenstierna G (1992) Atelectasis, gas exchange and lung function in the postoperative period. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 36:546-553
6. Berggren SM (1942) The oxygen deficit of arterial blood caused by nonventilating parts of the lung. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 2
7. Gunnarsson L, Tokics L, Gustavsson H, Hedenstierna G (1991) Influence of age on atelectasis formation and gas exchange impairment during general anesthesia. Br J Anaesth 66:423-432
8. West JB (1977) State of the art: Ventilation-perfusion relationships. Am Rev Respir Dis 116:919-943
9. Dantzker DR, Wagner PD, West JB (1975) Instability of lung units with low VA/Q ratios during O2 breathing. J Appl Physiol 38:886-895
10. Wagner PD, Saltzman HA, West JB (1974) Measurement of continuous distributions of ventilation-perfusion ratios: theory. J Appl Physiol 36:588-599
11. Rehder K, Knopp TJ, Sessler AD, Didier EP (1979) Ventilation-perfusion relationship in young healthy awake and anesthetized-paralyzed man. J Appl Physiol 47:745-753
12. Prutow RJ, Dueck R, Davies NJH, Clausen J (1982) Shunt development in young adult surgical patients due to inhalation anesthesia. Anesthesiology 57:A477
13. Bindslev L, Hedenstierna G, Santesson J, Gotlieb I, Carvallhas A (1981) Ventilation-perfusion distribution during inhalation anaesthesia. Effect of spontaneous breathing, mechanical ventilation and positive end-expiratory pressure. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 25:360-371
14. Sykes MK, Loh L, Seed RF, Kafer ER, Chakrabarti NK (1972) The effects of inhalational anaesthetics on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary vascular resistance in the perfused lungs of the dog and cat. Br J Anaesth 44:776-788
15. Bjertnaes LJ (1977) Hypoxia induced vasoconstriction in isolated perfused lungs exposed to injectable or inhalational anaeshtetics. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 21:133-147
16. Marshall BE (1989) Effects of anesthetics on pulmonary gas exchange. In: Stanley TH, Sperry RJ (eds) Anesthesia and the lung. Kluwer, London, pp 117-125
17. Miller FL, Chen L, Malmkvist G et al (1989) Mechanical factors do not influence blood flow distribution in atelectasis. Anesthesiology 70:481-488
18. Dantzker DR, Wagner PD, West JB (1975) Instability of lung units with low VA/Q ratios during O2 breathing. J Appl Physiol 38:886-895
19. Wahba RWM (1991) Perioperative functional residual capacity. Can J Anaesth 38:384-400
20. Westbrook PR, Stubbs SE, Sessler AD, Rehder K, Hyatt RE (1973) Effects of anesthesia and muscle paralysis on respiratory mechanics in normal man. J Appl Physiol 34:81-86
21. Tusiewicz K, Bryan AC, Froese AB (1977) Contributions of changing rib cage diaphragm interactions to the ventilatory depression of halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 47:327-337
22. Tokics L, Strandberg A, Brismar B, Lundquist H, Hedenstierna G (1987) Computerized tomography of the chest and gas exchange measurements during ketamine anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 31:684-692
23. Don H (1977) The mechanical properties of the respiratory system during anesthesia. Int Anesthesiol Clin 15:113-136
24. Rehder K, Sessler AD, Marsh HM (1975-1976) General anesthesia and the lung. In: Murray JF (ed) Lung disease state of the art. American Lung Association, New York, pp 367-389
25. Bendixen HH, Hedley-Whyte J, Laver MB (1963) Impaired oxygenation in surgical patients during general anesthesia with controlled ventilation: a concept of atelectasis. N Engl J Med 269:991-996
26. Brismar B, Hedenstierna G, Lundquist H, Strandberg A, Svensson L, Tokics L (1985) Pulmonary densities during anesthesia with muscular relaxation: a proposal of atelectasis. Anesthesiology 62:422-428
27. Damgaard Pedersen K, Qvist T (1980) Pediatric pulmonary CT-scanning. Anesthesia-induced changes. Pediatr Radiol 9:145-148
28. Hedenstierna G, Lundquist H, Lundh B, Tokics L, Strandberg A, Brismar B, Frostell C (1989) Pulmonary densities during anaesthesia. An experimental study on lung histology and gas exchange. Eur Respir J 2:528-535
29. Kaam AH van, Lachmann RA, Hertig E, De Jaegere A, Van Iwaarden F, Noorduyn LA, Kok JH, Haitsma JJ, Lachmann B (2004) Reducing atelectasis attenuates becterial growth and translocation in experimental pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169:1046-1053
30. Tenling A, Hachenberg T, Tydén H, Wegenius G, Hedenstierna G (1998) Atelectasis and gas exchange after cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 89:371-378
31. Strandberg A, Tokics L, Brismar B, Lundquist H, Hedenstierna G (1987) Constitutional factors promoting development of atelectasis during anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 31:21-24
32. Gunnarsson L, Tokics L, Lundquist H, Brismar B, Strandberg A,Berg B, Hedenstierna G (1991) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and anesthesia: formation of atelectasis and gas exchange impairment. Eur Respir J 4:1106-1116
33. Tokics L, Hedenstierna G, Svensson L, Brismar B, Cederlund T, Lundquist H, Strandberg A (1996) V/Q distribution and correlation to atelectasis in anesthetized paralyzed humans. J Appl Physiol 81:1822-1833
34. Leblanc P, Ruff F, Milic-Emili J (1970) Effects of age and body position on "airway closure" in man. J Appl Physiol 28:448-451
35. Wahba RWM (1991) Perioperative functional residual capacity. Can J Anaesth 38:384-400
36. Hedenstierna G, McCarthy G, Bergstrom M (1976) Airway closure during mechanical ventilation. Anesthesiology 44:114-123
37. Juno P, Marsh M, Knopp TJ, Rehder K (1978) Closing capacity in awake and anesthetized-paralyzed man. J Appl Physiol 44:238-244
38. Dueck R, Prutow RJ, Davies NJH, Clausen J, Davidson TM (1988) The lung volume at which shunting occurs with inhalation anesthesia. Anesthesiology 69:854-861
39. Rothen HU, Sporre B, Engberg G, Wegenius G, Hedenstierna G (1998) Airway closure, atelectasis and gas exchange during general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 81:681-686
40. Hedenstierna G, Jarnberg PO, Gottlieb I (1981) Thoracic gas volume measured by body plethysmography during anesthesia and muscle paralysis: description and validation of a method. Anesthesiology 55:439-443
41. Froese AB, Bryan CH (1974) Effects of anesthesia and paralysis on diaphragmatic mechanics in man. Anesthesiology 41:242-255
42. Gattinoni L, Pesenti A, Bombino M et al (1988). Relationships between lung computed tomographic.density, gas exchange, and PEEP in acute respiratory failure. Anesthesiology 69:824-832
43. Puybasset L, Cluzel P, Chao N et al (1998) A computed tomography scan assessment of regional lung volume in acute lung injury. The CT Scan ARDS Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:1644-1655
44. Tokics L, Hedenstierna G, Strandberg A, Brismar B, Lundquist H (1987) Lung collapse and gas exchange during general anesthesia: Effects of spontaneous breathing, muscle paralysis, and positive end-expiratory pressure. Anesthesiology 66:157-167
45. Hewlett AM, Hulands GH, Nunn JF, Milledge JS (1974) Functional residual capacity during anesthesia III: Artificial ventilation. Br J Anaesth 46:495-503
46. West JB, Dollery CT, Naimark A (1964) Distribution of blood flow in isolated lung: relations to vascular and alveolar pressure. J Appl Physiol 19:13-24
47. Hedenstierna G, Tokics L, Lundquist H, Andersson T, Strandberg A, Brismar B (1994) Phrenic Nerve Stimulation during Halothane Anesthesia. Anesthesiology 80:751-760
48. Rothen HU, Sporre B, Engberg G, Wegenius G, Hedenstierna G (1993) Re-expansion of atelectasis during general anesthesia: a computed tomography study. Br J Anaesth 71:788-795
49. Rothen HU, Neumann P, Berglund JE, Valtysson J, Magnusson A, Hedenstierna G (1999) Dynamics of re-expansion of atelectasis during general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 82:551-556
50. Rothen HU, Sporre B, Engberg G, Wegenius G, Hogman M, Hedenstierna G (1995) Influence of gas composition on recurrence of atelectasis after a reexpansion maneuver during general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 82:832-842
51. Rothen HU, Sporre B, Engberg G, Wegenius G, Reber A, Hedenstierna G (1995) Prevention of atelectasis during general anesthesia. Lancet 345:1387-1391
52. Edmark L, Kostova-Aherdan K, Enlund M, Hedenstierna G (2003) Optimal oxygen concentration during induction of general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 98:28-33