Developmental origins of brain disorders: Roles for dopamine

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Volumn 7, Issue DEC, 2013, Pages

  Money, Kelli M ^a   Stanwood, Gregg D ^b,c  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

D1 receptor; D2 receptor; Dendrite; Frontal cortex; Migration; Neurodevelopment; Neuropsychiatric disease; Striatum

Indexed keywords

BROXURIDINE; CYCLIN D; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE 1 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; METHYLPHENIDATE;

ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; BRAIN DISEASE; COGNITION; CORPUS STRIATUM; DENDRITIC CELL; DENDRITIC SPINE; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; FOREBRAIN; FRONTAL CORTEX; HUMAN; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NEUROMODULATION; NEUROPSYCHIATRY; NONHUMAN; PARKINSONISM; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SYNAPTOGENESIS; VENTRAL TEGMENTUM;

EID: 84891089051     PISSN: 16625102     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00260     Document Type: Article

References (225)

1. Abdolmaleky, H. M., Cheng, K. H., Faraone, S. V., Wilcox, M., Glatt, S. J., Gao, F., et al. (2006). Hypomethylation of MB-COMT promoter is a major risk factor for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Hum. Mol. Genet. 15, 3132-3145. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddl253
2. Ade, K. K., Wan, Y., Chen, M., Gloss, B., and Calakos, N. (2011). A improved BAC transgenic fluorescent reporter line for sensitive and specific identification of striatonigral medium spiny neurons. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 5:32. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00032
3. Akil, M., Pierri, J. N., Whitehead, R. E., Edgar, C. L., Mohila, C., Sampson, A. R., et al. (1999). Lamina-specific alterations in the dopamine innervation of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenic subjects. Am. J. Psychiatry 156, 1580-1589.
4. Alonso, S. J., Navarro, E., and Rodriguez, M. (1994). Permanent dopaminergic alterations in the n. accumbens after prenatal stress. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 49, 353-358. doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(94)90433-2
5. Andersen, S. L., Arvanitogiannis, A., Pliakas, A. M., Leblanc, C., and Carlezon, W. A. Jr. (2002). Altered responsiveness to cocaine in rats exposed to methylphenidate during development. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 13-14. doi: 10.1038/nn777
6. Andersen, S. L., and Teicher, M. H. (2009). Desperately driven and no brakes: developmental stress exposure and subsequent risk for substance abuse. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 33, 516-524. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.09.009
7. Andersen, S. L., Thompson, A. T., Rutstein, M., Hostetter, J. C., and Teicher, M. H. (2000). Dopamine receptor pruning in prefrontal cortex during the periadolescent period in rats. Synapse 37, 167-169.
8. Anelli, T., Cardarelli, S., Ori, M., Nardi, I., Biagioni, S., and Poiana, G. (2013). 5-Hydroxytryptamine 1A and 2B serotonin receptors in neurite outgrowth: involvement of early growth response protein 1. Dev. Neurosci. doi: 10.1159/000354423 [Epub ahead of print].
9. Antonopoulos, J., Dori, I., Dinopoulos, A., Chiotelli, M., and Parnavelas, J. G. (2002). Postnatal development of the dopaminergic system of the striatum in the rat. Neuroscience 110, 245-256. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00575-9
10. Araki, K. Y., Sims, J. R., and Bhide, P. G. (2007). Dopamine receptor mRNA and protein expression in the mouse corpus striatum and cerebral cortex during pre-and postnatal development. Brain Res. 1156, 31-45. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.04.043
11. Arbuthnott, G. W., Ingham, C. A., and Wickens, J. R. (2000). Dopamine and synaptic plasticity in the neostriatum. J. Anat. 196 (Pt 4), 587-596. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19640587.x
12. Arnsten, A. F. (2006). Fundamentals of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: circuits and pathways. J. Clin. Psychiatry 67(Suppl. 8), 7-12.
13. Arnsten, A. F. (2011). Prefrontal cortical network connections: key site of vulnerability in stress and schizophrenia. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 29, 215-223. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.02.006
14. Arnsten, A. F. (2013). The neurobiology of thought: the groundbreaking discoveries of Patricia Goldman-Rakic 1937-2003. Cereb. Cortex 23, 2269-2281. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bht195
15. Arnsten, A. F., Wang, M. J., and Paspalas, C. D. (2012). Neuromodulation of thought: flexibilities and vulnerabilities in prefrontal cortical network synapses. Neuron 76, 223-239. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.08.038
16. Beasley, C. L., and Reynolds, G. P. (1997). Parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons are reduced in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics. Schizophr. Res. 24, 349-355. doi: 10.1016/S0920-9964(96)00122-3
17. Beaulieu, J. M., and Gainetdinov, R. R. (2011). The physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of dopamine receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 63, 182-217. doi: 10.1124/pr.110.002642
18. Beaulieu, J. M., Gainetdinov, R. R., and Caron, M. G. (2007). The Akt-GSK-3 signaling cascade in the actions of dopamine. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 28, 166-172. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2007.02.006
19. Beaulieu, J. M., Sotnikova, T. D., Marion, S., Lefkowitz, R. J., Gainetdinov, R. R., and Caron, M. G. (2005). An Akt/beta-arrestin 2/PP2A signaling complex mediates dopaminergic neurotransmission and behavior. Cell 122, 261-273. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.05.012
20. Beaulieu, J. M., Sotnikova, T. D., Yao, W. D., Kockeritz, L., Woodgett, J. R., Gainetdinov, R. R., et al. (2004). Lithium antagonizes dopamine-dependent behaviors mediated by an AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3 signaling cascade. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 5099-5104. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0307921101
21. Bellone, C., Mameli, M., and Luscher, C. (2011). In Utero exposure to cocaine delays postnatal synaptic maturation of glutamatergic transmission in the VTA. Nat. Neurosci. 14, 1439-1446. doi: 10.1038/nn.2930
22. Ben-Ari, Y. (2013). Neuropaediatric and neuroarchaeology: understanding development to correct brain disorders. Acta Paediatr. 102, 331-334. doi: 10.1111/apa.12161
23. Berger, B., Gaspar, P., and Verney, C. (1991). Dopaminergic innervation of the cerebral cortex: unexpected differences between rodents and primates. Trends Neurosci. 14, 21-27. doi: 10.1016/0166-2236(91)90179-X
24. Berger, B., Trottier, S., Verney, C., Gaspar, P., and Alvarez, C. (1988). Regional and laminar distribution of the dopamine and serotonin innervation in the macaque cerebral cortex: a radioautographic study. J. Comp. Neurol. 273, 99-119. doi: 10.1002/cne.902730109
25. Berger, M. A., Barros, V. G., Sarchi, M. I., Tarazi, F. I., and Antonelli, M. C. (2002). Long-term effects of prenatal stress on dopamine and glutamate receptors in adult rat brain. Neurochem. Res. 27, 1525-1533. doi: 10.1023/A:10216566 07278
26. Berlanga, M. L., Price, D. L., Phung, B. S., Giuly, R., Terada, M., Yamada, N., et al. (2011). Multiscale imaging characterization of dopamine transporter knockout mice reveals regional alterations in spine density of medium spiny neurons. Brain Res. 1390, 41-49. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.03.044
27. Bhide, P. G. (2009). Dopamine, cocaine and the development of cerebral cortical cytoarchitecture: a review of current concepts. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 20, 395-402. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.01.006
28. Bjorklund, A., and Dunnett, S. B. (2007). Dopamine neuron systems in the brain: an update. Trends Neurosci. 30, 194-202. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.03.006
29. Black, J. E., Kodish, I. M., Grossman, A. W., Klintsova, A. Y., Orlovskaya, D., Vostrikov, V., et al. (2004). Pathology of layer V pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 161, 742-744. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.4.742
30. Bonnin, A., and Levitt, P. (2011). Fetal, maternal, and placental sources of serotonin and new implications for developmental programming of the brain. Neuroscience 197, 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.10.005
31. Bonnin, A., Torii, M., Wang, L., Rakic, P., and Levitt, P. (2007). Serotonin modulates the response of embryonic thalamocortical axons to netrin-1. Nat. Neurosci. 10, 588-597. doi: 10.1038/nn1896
32. Bosboom, J. L. W., Stoffers, D., and Wolters, E. C. (2004). Cognitive dysfunction and dementia in Parkinson's disease. J. Neural Transm. 111, 1303-1315. doi: 10.1007/s00702-004-0168-161
33. Boyson, S. J., Mcgonigle, P., and Molinoff, P. B. (1986). Quantitative autoradiographic localization of the D1 and D2 subtypes of dopamine receptors in rat brain. J. Neurosci. 6, 3177-3188.
34. Bradshaw, C. P., Goldweber, A., Fishbein, D., and Greenberg, M. T. (2012). Infusing developmental neuroscience into school-based preventive interventions: implications and future directions. J. Adolesc. Health 51, S41-S47. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.04.020
35. Brenhouse, H. C., Sonntag, K. C., and Andersen, S. L. (2008). Transient D1 dopamine receptor expression on prefrontal cortex projection neurons: relationship to enhanced motivational salience of drug cues in adolescence. J. Neurosci. 28, 2375-2382. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.5064-07.2008
36. Brown, R. W., Maple, A. M., Perna, M. K., Sheppard, A. B., Cope, Z. A., and Kostrzewa, R. M. (2012). Schizophrenia and substance abuse comorbidity: nicotine addiction and the neonatal quinpirole model. Dev. Neurosci. 34, 140-151. doi: 10.1159/000338830
37. Bruel-Jungerman, E., Lucassen, P. J., and Francis, F. (2011). Cholinergic influences on cortical development and adult neurogenesis. Behav. Brain Res. 221, 379-388. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.01.021
38. Canals, M., Marcellino, D., Fanelli, F., Ciruela, F., De Benedetti, P., Goldberg, S. R., et al. (2003). Adenosine A2A-dopamine D2 receptor-receptor heteromerization: qualitative and quantitative assessment by fluorescence and bioluminescence energy transfer. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 46741-46749. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M306451200
39. Carpenter, A. C., Saborido, T. P., and Stanwood, G. D. (2012). Development of hyperactivity and anxiety responses in dopamine transporter-deficient mice. Dev. Neurosci. 34, 250-257. doi: 10.1159/000336824
40. Carter, C. S., Perlstein, W., Ganguli, R., Brar, J., Mintun, M., and Cohen, J. D. (1998). Functional hypofrontality and working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 155, 1285-1287.
41. Cazorla, M., Shegda, M., Ramesh, B., Harrison, N. L., and Kellendonk, C. (2012). Striatal D2 receptors regulate dendritic morphology of medium spiny neurons via Kir2 channels. J. Neurosci. 32, 2398-2409. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.6056-11.2012
42. Comings, D. E., Comings, B. G., Muhleman, D., Dietz, G., Shahbahrami, B., Tast, D., et al. (1991). The dopamine D2 receptor locus as a modifying gene in neuropsychiatric disorders. JAMA 266, 1793-1800. doi: 10.1001/jama.1991.03470130073032
43. Cornew, L., Roberts, T. P., Blaskey, L., and Edgar, J. C. (2012). Resting-state oscillatory activity in autism spectrum disorders. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 42, 1884-1894. doi: 10.1007/s10803-011-1431-1436
44. Couppis, M. H., Kennedy, C. H., and Stanwood, G. D. (2008). Differences in aggressive behavior and in the mesocorticolimbic DA system between A/J and BALB/cJ mice. Synapse 62, 715-724. doi: 10.1002/syn.20545
45. Crandall, J. E., Hackett, H. E., Tobet, S. A., Kosofsky, B. E., and Bhide, P. G. (2004). Cocaine exposure decreases GABA neuron migration from the ganglionic eminence to the cerebral cortex in embryonic mice. Cereb. Cortex 14, 665-675. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhh027
46. Crandall, J. E., Mccarthy, D. M., Araki, K. Y., Sims, J. R., Ren, J.-Q., and Bhide, P. G. (2007). Dopamine receptor activation modulates GABA neuron migration from the basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex. J. Neurosci. 27, 3813-3822. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5124-06.2007
47. Critchlow, H. M., Maycox, P. R., Skepper, J. N., and Krylova, O. (2006). Clozapine and haloperidol differentially regulate dendritic spine formation and synapto-genesis in rat hippocampal neurons. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 32, 356-365. doi: 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.05.007
48. Curley, A. A., Arion, D., Volk, D. W., Asafu-Adjei, J. K., Sampson, A. R., Fish, K. N., et al. (2011). Cortical deficits of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 expression in schizophrenia: clinical, protein, and cell type-specific features. Am. J. Psychiatry 168, 921-929. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010052
49. de Carlos, J. A., Lopez-Mascaraque, L., and Valverde, F. (1996). Dynamics of cell migration from the lateral ganglionic eminence in the rat. J. Neurosci. 16, 6146-6156.
50. de Krom, M., Staal, W. G., Ophoff, R. A., Hendriks, J., Buitelaar, J., Franke, B., et al. (2009). A common variant in DRD3 receptor is associated with autism spectrum disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 65, 625-630. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.09.035
51. Denhardt, D. T. (1999). Signal transduction pathways and regulation of the mammalian cell cycle: cell type-dependent integration of external signals, in The Molecular Basis of Cell Cycle and Growth Control, ed. G. S. Stein (New York: Wiley-Liss), 225-304.
52. D'Haenen H.A., and Bossuyt, A. (1994). Dopamine D2 receptors in depression measured with single photon emission computed tomography. Biol. Psychiatry 35, 128-132. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(94)91202-5
53. Di Forti, M., Lappin, J. M., and Murray, R. M. (2007). Risk factors for schizophrenia-all roads lead to dopamine. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 17(Suppl. 2), S101-S107. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.02.005
54. Duman, R. S., and Aghajanian, G. K. (2012). Synaptic dysfunction in depression: potential therapeutic targets. Science 338, 68-72. doi: 10.1126/science.1222939
55. Dwyer, J. B., Mcquown, S. C., and Leslie, F. M. (2009). The dynamic effects of nicotine on the developing brain. Pharmacol. Ther. 122, 125-139. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.02.003
56. Egeland, M., Zhang, X., Millan, M. J., Mocaer, E., and Svenningsson, P. (2012). Pharmacological or genetic blockade of the dopamine D3 receptor increases cell proliferation in the hippocampus of adult mice. J. Neurochem. 123, 811-823. doi: 10.1111/jnc.12011
57. Fasano, C., Bourque, M. J., Lapointe, G., Leo, D., Thibault, D., Haber, M., et al. (2013). Dopamine facilitates dendritic spine formation by cultured striatal medium spiny neurons through both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. Neuropharmacology 67, 432-443. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.11.030
58. Finlay, J. M. (2001). Mesoprefrontal dopamine neurons and schizophrenia: role of developmental abnormalities. Schizophr. Bull. 27, 431-442. doi: 10.1093/oxford-journals.schbul.a006885
59. Frederick, A. L., and Stanwood, G. D. (2009). Drugs, biogenic amine targets and the developing brain. Dev. Neurosci. 31, 7-22. doi: 10.1159/000207490
60. Fuxe, K., Ferre, S., Genedani, S., Franco, R., and Agnati, L. F. (2007). Adenosine receptor-dopamine receptor interactions in the basal ganglia and their relevance for brain function. Physiol. Behav. 92, 210-217. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.034
61. Gadow, K. D., Devincent, C. J., Olvet, D. M., Pisarevskaya, V., and Hatchwell, E. (2010). Association of DRD4 polymorphism with severity of oppositional defiant disorder, separation anxiety disorder and repetitive behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder. Eur. J. Neurosci. 32, 1058-1065. doi: 10.1111/j.14609568.2010.07382.x
62. Garey, L. (2010). When cortical development goes wrong: schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disease of microcircuits. J. Anat. 217, 324-333. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01231.x
63. Garner, C. C., Zhai, R. G., Gundelfinger, E. D., and Ziv, N. E. (2002). Molecular mechanisms of CNS synaptogenesis. Trends Neurosci. 25, 243-250. doi: 10.1016/S0166-2236(02)02152-5
64. Gaspar, P., Berger, B., Febvret, A., Vigny, A., and Henry, J. P. (1989). Catecholamine innervation of the human cerebral cortex as revealed by comparative immune-histochemistry of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. J. Comp. Neurol. 279, 249-271. doi: 10.1002/cne.902790208
65. Gertler, T. S., Chan, C. S., and Surmeier, D. J. (2008). Dichotomous anatomical properties of adult striatal medium spiny neurons. J. Neurosci. 28, 10814-10824. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.2660-08.2008
66. Glantz, L. A., and Lewis, D. A. (1997). Reduction of synaptophysin immunore-activity in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia: regional and diagnostic specificity. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 54, 660-669. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830190088009
67. Glantz, L. A., and Lewis, D. A. (2000). Decreased dendritic spine density on prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57, 65-73. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.65
68. Glausier, J. R., and Lewis, D. A. (2013). Dendritic spine pathology in schizophrenia. Neuroscience 251, 90-107. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.044
69. Goldman-Rakic, P., Castner, S., Svensson, T., Siever, L., and Williams, G. (2004). Targeting the dopamine D1 receptor in schizophrenia: insights for cognitive dysfunction. Psychopharmacology 174, 3-16. doi: 10.1007/s00213-004-1793-y
70. Gong, S., Zheng, C., Doughty, M. L., Losos, K., Didkovsky, N., Schambra, U. B., et al. (2003). A gene expression atlas of the central nervous system based on bacterial artificial chromosomes. Nature 425, 917-925. doi: 10.1038/nature02033
71. Greengard, P., Allen, P. B., and Nairn, A. C. (1999). Beyond the dopamine receptor: the DARPP-32/protein phosphatase-1 cascade. Neuron 23, 435-447. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80798-9
72. Gurevich, E. V., and Joyce, J. N. (2000). Dopamine D(3) receptor is selectively and transiently expressed in the developing whisker barrel cortex of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 420, 35-51. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(20000424)420:1<35::AIDCNE3>3.0.CO;2-K
73. Gurevich, E. V., Robertson, R. T., and Joyce, J. N. (2001). Thalamo-cortical afferents control transient expression of the dopamine D(3) receptor in the rat somatosensory cortex. Cereb. Cortex 11, 691-701. doi: 10.1093/cercor/11.8.691
74. Haas, K. (2006). Role of synaptogenesis in morphologic stabilization of developing dendrites, in Molecular Mechanisms of Synaptogenesis, eds A. Dityatev and A. El-Husseini (USA: Springer), 297-309.
75. Hamilton, L. R., Czoty, P. W., and Nader, M. A. (2011). Behavioral characterization of adult male and female rhesus monkeys exposed to cocaine throughout gestation. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 213, 799-808. doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-2038-x
76. Han, X., Li, N., Xue, X., Shao, F., and Wang, W. (2012). Early social isolation disrupts latent inhibition and increases dopamine D2 receptor expression in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of adult rats. Brain Res. 1447, 38-43. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.058
77. Hansen, D. V., Lui, J. H., Flandin, P., Yoshikawa, K., Rubenstein, J. L., Alvarez-Buylla, A., et al. (2013). Non-epithelial stem cells and cortical interneuron production in the human ganglionic eminences. Nat. Neurosci. 16, 1576-1587. doi:10.1038/nn.3541
78. Hansson, S. R., Mezey, E., and Hoffman, B. J. (1998). Serotonin transporter messenger RNA in the developing rat brain: early expression in serotonergic neurons and transient expression in non-serotonergic neurons. Neuroscience 83, 1185-1201. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00444-2
79. Harada, M., Taki, M. M., Nose, A., Kubo, H., Mori, K., Nishitani, H., et al. (2011). Non-invasive evaluation of the GABAergic/glutamatergic system in autistic patients observed by MEGA-editing proton MR spectroscopy using a clinical 3 tesla instrument. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 41, 447-454. doi: 10.1007/s10803-010-1065-1060
80. Hattori, T., and McGeer, P. L. (1973). Synaptogenesis in the corpus striatum of infant rat. Exp. Neurol. 38, 70-79. doi: 10.1016/0014-4886(73)90008-3
81. Herlenius, E., and Lagercrantz, H. (2001). Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators during early human development. Early Hum. Dev. 65, 21-37. doi: 10.1016/S0378-3782(01)00189-X
82. Herve, D. (2011). Identification of a specific assembly of the g protein golf as a critical and regulated module of dopamine and adenosine-activated cAMP pathways in the striatum. Front. Neuroanat. 5:48. doi: 10.3389/fnana.2011. 00048
83. Herve, D., Levi-Strauss, M., Marey-Semper, I., Verney, C., Tassin, J. P., Glowinski, J., et al. (1993). G(olf) and Gs in rat basal ganglia: possible involvement of G(olf) in the coupling of dopamine D1 receptor with adenylyl cyclase. J. Neurosci. 13, 2237-2248.
84. Hettinger, J. A., Liu, X., Hudson, M. L., Lee, A., Cohen, I. L., Michaelis, R. C., et al. (2012). DRD2 and PPP1R1B (DARPP-32) polymorphisms independently confer increased risk for autism spectrum disorders and additively predict affected status in male-only affected sib-pair families. Behav. Brain Funct. 8, 19. doi: 10.1186/1744-9081-8-19
85. Hettinger, J. A., Liu, X., Schwartz, C. E., Michaelis, R. C., and Holden, J. J. (2008). A DRD1 haplotype is associated with risk for autism spectrum disorders in male-only affected sib-pair families. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatry Genet. 147B, 628-636. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30655
86. Honer, W. G., Falkai, P., Chen, C., Arango, V., Mann, J. J., and Dwork, A. J. (1999). Synaptic and plasticity-associated proteins in anterior frontal cortex in severe mental illness. Neuroscience 91, 1247-1255. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00679-4
87. Ingham, C. A., Hood, S. H., and Arbuthnott, G. W. (1989). Spine density on neostriatal neurones changes with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions and with age. Brain Res. 503, 334-338. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)91686-7
88. Ingham, C. A., Hood, S. H., and Arbuthnott, G. W. (1991). A light and electron microscopical study of enkephalin-immunoreactive structures in the rat neostriatum after removal of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. Neuroscience 42, 715-730. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(91)90040-U
89. Ingham, C. A., Hood, S. H., Maldegem, B., Weenink, A., and Arbuthnott, G. W. (1993). Morphological changes in the rat neostriatum after unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine injections into the nigrostriatal pathway. Exp. Brain Res. 93, 17-27. doi: 10.1007/bf00227776
90. Iwakura, Y., Nawa, H., Sora, I., and Chao, M. V. (2008). Dopamine D1 receptor-induced signaling through TrkB receptors in striatal neurons. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 15799-15806. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M801553200
91. Jia, J. -M., Zhao, J., Hu, Z., Lindberg, D., and Li, Z. (2013). Age-dependent regulation of synaptic connections by dopamine D2 receptors. Nat. Neurosci. 16, 1627-1636. doi: 10.1038/nn.3542
92. Jonas, R. K., Montojo, C. A., and Bearden, C. E. (2013). The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome as a window into complex neuropsychiatric disorders over the lifespan. Biol. Psychiatry doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.019 [Epub ahead of print].
93. Jones, L. B., Stanwood, G. D., Reinoso, B. S., Washington, R. A., Wang, H.-Y., Friedman, E., et al. (2000). In utero cocaine-induced dysfunction of dopamine D1 receptor signaling and abnormal differentiation of cerebral cortical neurons. J. Neurosci. 20, 4606-4614.
94. Jung, A. B., and Bennett, J. P. Jr. (1996). Development of striatal dopaminergic function. I. Pre-and postnatal development of mRNAs and binding sites for striatal D1 (D1a) and D2 (D2a) receptors. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 94, 109-120.
95. Kalivas, P. W., Volkow, N., and Seamans, J. (2005). Unmanageable motivation in addiction: a pathology in prefrontal-accumbens glutamate transmission. Neuron 45, 647-650. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.02.005
96. Kalsbeek, A., Matthijssen, M. A. H., and Uylings, H. B. M. (1989). Morphometric analysis of prefrontal cortical development following neonatal lesioning of the dopaminergic mesocortical projection. Exp. Brain Res. 78, 279-289. doi: 10.1007/bf00228899
97. Kalsbeek, A., Voorn, P., Buijs, R. M., Pool, C. W., and Uylings, H. B. (1988). Development of the dopaminergic innervation in the prefrontal cortex of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 269, 58-72. doi: 10.1002/cne.902690105
98. Karam, C. S., Ballon, J. S., Bivens, N. M., Freyberg, Z., Girgis, R. R., Lizardi-Ortiz, J. E., et al. (2010). Signaling pathways in schizophrenia: emerging targets and therapeutic strategies. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 31, 381-390. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2010.05.004
99. Karege, F., Meary, A., Perroud, N., Jamain, S., Leboyer, M., Ballmann, E., et al. (2012). Genetic overlap between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a study with AKT1 gene variants and clinical phenotypes. Schizophr. Res. 135, 8-14. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.12.015
100. Kaufmann, W. E., and Moser, H. W. (2000). Dendritic anomalies in disorders associated with mental retardation. Cereb. Cortex 10, 981-991. doi: 10.1093/cercor/10.10.981
101. Kellendonk, C., Simpson, E. H., Polan, H. J., Malleret, G., Vronskaya, S., Winiger, V., et al. (2006). Transient and selective overexpression of dopamine D2 receptors in the striatum causes persistent abnormalities in prefrontal cortex functioning. Neuron 49, 603-615. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.023
102. Kern, C. H., Stanwood, G. D., and Smith, D. R. (2010). Preweaning manganese exposure causes hyperactivity, disinhibition, and spatial learning and memory deficits associated with altered dopamine receptor and transporter levels. Synapse 64, 363-378. doi: 10.1002/syn.20736
103. Kim, Y., Wang, W. Z., Comte, I., Pastrana, E., Tran, P. B., Brown, J., et al. (2010). Dopamine stimulation of postnatal murine subventricular zone neurogenesis via the D3 receptor. J. Neurochem. 114, 750-760. doi: 10.1111/j.14714159.2010.06799.x
104. Krasnova, I. N., Betts, E. S., Dada, A., Jefferson, A., Ladenheim, B., Becker, K. G., et al. (2007). Neonatal dopamine depletion induces changes in morphogenesisand gene expression in the developing cortex. Neurotox. Res. 11, 107-130. doi: 10.1007/BF03033390
105. Langen, M., Leemans, A., Johnston, P., Ecker, C., Daly, E., Murphy, C. M., et al. (2012). Front-striatal circuitry and inhibitory control in autism: findings from diffusion tensor imaging tractography. Cortex 48, 183-193. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.05.018
106. Lao, C. L., Lu, C. S., and Chen, J. C. (2013). Dopamine D(3) receptor activation promotes neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation through AKT and ERK1/2 pathways and expands type-B and -C cells in adult subventricular zone. Glia 61, 475-489. doi: 10.1002/glia.22449
107. Le Moine, C., and Bloch, B. (1995). D1 and D2 dopamine receptor gene expression in the rat striatum: sensitive cRNA probes demonstrate prominent segregation of D1 and D2 mRNAs in distinct neuronal populations of the dorsal and ventral striatum. J. Comp. Neurol. 355, 418-426. doi: 10.1002/cne.903550308
108. Le Moine, C., and Gaspar, P. (1998). Subpopulations of cortical GABAergic interneurons differ by their expression of D1 and D2 dopamine receptor subtypes. Mol. Brain Res. 58, 231-236. doi: 10.1016/S0169-328X(98)00118-1
109. Lee, F. J., Xue, S., Pei, L., Vukusic, B., Chery, N., Wang, Y., et al. (2002). Dual regulation of NMDA receptor functions by direct protein-protein interactions with the dopamine D1 receptor. Cell 111, 219-230. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00962-5
110. Leppanen, J. M. (2006). Emotional information processing in mood disorders: a review of behavioral and neuroimaging findings. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 19, 34-39. doi: 10.1097/01.yco.0000191500.46411.00
111. Letinic, K., Zoncu, R., and Rakic, P. (2002). Origin of GABAergic neurons in the human neocortex. Nature 417, 645-649. doi: 10.1038/nature00779
112. Lewis, D. A., and Levitt, P. (2002). Schizophrenia as a disorder of neurodevelopment. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 25, 409-432. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142754
113. Lewis, P. D., Patel, A. J., Bendek, G., and Balazs, R. (1977). Effect of reserpine on cell proliferation in the developing rat brain: a quantivative histological study. Brain Res. 129, 299-308. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(77)90009-9
114. Li, F., Ohtani, A., Senzaki, K., and Shiga, T. (2013). Receptor-dependent regulation of dendrite formation of noradrenaline and dopamine in non-gabaergic cerebral cortical neurons. Dev. Neurobiol. 73, 370-383. doi: 10.1002/dneu. 22065
115. Li, X., Rosborough, K. M., Friedman, A. B., Zhu, W., and Roth, K. A. (2007). Regulation of mouse brain glycogen synthase kinase-3 by atypical antipsychotics. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 10, 7-19. doi: 10.1017/s1461145706006547
116. Lipton, S. A., Frosch, M. P., Phillips, M. D., Tauck, D. L., and Aizenman, E. (1988). Nicotinic antagonists enhance process outgrowth by rat retinal ganglion cells in culture. Science 239, 1293-1296. doi: 10.1126/science.3344435
117. Liu, J., Lester, B. M., Neyzi, N., Sheinkopf, S. J., Gracia, L., Kekatpure, M., et al. (2013). Regional brain morphometry and impulsivity in adolescents following prenatal exposure to cocaine and tobacco. JAMA Pediatr. 167, 348-354. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.550
118. Liu, W. S., Pesold, C., Rodriguez, M. A., Carboni, G., Auta, J., Lacor, P., et al. (2001). Down-regulation of dendritic spine and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 expressions in the reelin haploinsufficient heterozygous reeler mouse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 3477-3482. doi: 10.1073/pnas.051614698
119. Logue, S. F., Grauer, S. M., Paulsen, J., Graf, R., Taylor, N., Sung, M. A., et al. (2009). The orphan GPCR, GPR88, modulates function of the striatal dopamine system: a possible therapeutic target for psychiatric disorders? Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 42, 438-447. doi: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.09.007
120. Lotto, B., Upton, L., Price, D. J., and Gaspar, P. (1999). Serotonin receptor activation enhances neurite outgrowth of thalamic neurones in rodents. Neurosci. Lett. 269, 87-90. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00422-X
121. Lovestone, S., Killick, R., Di Forti, M., and Murray, R. (2007). Schizophrenia as a GSK-3 dysregulation disorder. Trends Neurosci. 30, 142-149. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.02.002
122. Lu, H., Lim, B., and Poo, M.-M. (2009). Cocaine exposure in utero alters synaptic plasticity in the medial prefrontal cortex of postnatal rats. J. Neurosci. 29, 12664-12674. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1984-09.2009
123. Ma, T., Wang, C., Wang, L., Zhou, X., Tian, M., Zhang, Q., et al. (2013). Subcortical origins of human and monkey neocortical interneurons. Nat. Neurosci. 16, 1588-1597. doi: 10.1038/nn.3536
124. Marley, A., Choy, R. W., and Von Zastrow, M. (2013). GPR88 reveals a discrete function of primary cilia as selective insulators of GPCR cross-talk. PLoS ONE 8:e70857. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070857
125. McAllister, A. K. (2000). Cellular and molecular mechanisms of dendrite growth. Cereb. Cortex 10, 963-973. doi: 10.1093/cercor/10.10.963
126. McCarthy, D., Lueras, P., and Bhide, P. G. (2007). Elevated dopamine levels during gestation produce region-specific decreases in neurogenesis and subtle deficits in neuronal numbers. Brain Res. 1182, 11-25. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.08.088
127. McCarthy, D. M., Zhang, X., Darnell, S. B., Sangrey, G. R., Yanagawa, Y., Sadri-Vakili, G., et al. (2011). Cocaine alters BDNF expression and neuronal migration in the embryonic mouse forebrain. J. Neurosci. 31, 13400-13411. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2944-11.2011
128. McGlashan, T. H., and Hoffman, R. E. (2000). SChizophrenia as a disorder of developmentally reduced synaptic connectivity. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57, 637-648. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.57.7.637
129. Meador-Woodruff, J. H., Damask, S. P., Wang, J., Haroutunian, V., Davis, K. L., and Watson, S. J. (1996). Dopamine receptor mRNA expression in human striatum and neocortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 15, 17-29. doi: 10.1016/0893-133x(95)00150-c
130. Medalia, A., and Lim, R. (2004). Treatment of cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders. J. Psychiatr. Pract. 10, 17-25. doi: 10.1097/00131746-200401000-00003
131. Millar, J. K., Christie, S., Anderson, S., Lawson, D., Hsiao-Wei Loh, D., Devon, R. S., et al. (2001). Genomic structure and localisation within a linkage hotspot of Disrupted In Schizophrenia 1, a gene disrupted by a translocation segregating with schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 6, 173-178. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000784
132. Missale, C., Nash, S. R., Robinson, S. W., Jaber, M., and Caron, M. G. (1998). Dopamine receptors: from structure to function. Physiol. Rev. 78, 189-225.
133. Muly, E. C., 3rd, Szigeti, K., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1998). D1 receptor in interneurons of macaque prefrontal cortex: distribution and subcellular localization. J. Neurosci. 18, 10553-10565.
134. Murphy, B. L., Arnsten, A. F., Goldman-Rakic, P. S., and Roth, R. H. (1996). Increased dopamine turnover in the prefrontal cortex impairs spatial working memory performance in rats and monkeys. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 1325-1329.
135. Nai, Q., Li, S., Wang, S. H., Liu, J., Lee, F. J., Frankland, P. W., et al. (2010). Uncoupling the D1-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor complex promotes NMDA-dependent long-term potentiation and working memory. Biol. Psychiatry 67, 246-254. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.08.011
136. Nair, V. D., and Mishra, R. K. (1995). Ontogenic development of dopamine D4 receptor in rat brain. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 90, 180-183. doi: 10.1016/01653806(96)83499-7
137. Navarro, G., Moreno, E., Bonaventura, J., Brugarolas, M., Farre, D., Aguinaga, D., et al. (2013). Cocaine inhibits dopamine D2 receptor signaling via sigma-1-D2 receptor heteromers. PLoS ONE 8:e61245. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone. 0061245
138. Neely, M. D., Schmidt, D. E., and Deutch, A. Y. (2007). Cortical regulation of dopamine depletion-induced dendritic spine loss in striatal medium spiny neurons. Neuroscience 149, 457-464. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.06.044
139. Neisewander, J. L., Lucki, I., and Mcgonigle, P. (1991). Neurochemical changes associated with the persistence of spontaneous oral dyskinesia in rats following chronic reserpine treatment. Brain Res. 558, 27-35. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(91)90710-D
140. Niwa, M., Kamiya, A., Murai, R., Kubo, K., Gruber, A. J., Tomita, K., et al. (2010). Knockdown of DISC1 by in utero gene transfer disturbs postnatal dopaminergic maturation in the frontal cortex and leads to adult behavioral deficits. Neuron 65, 480-489. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.01.019
141. Nohesara, S., Ghadirivasfi, M., Mostafavi, S., Eskandari, M. R., Ahmadkhaniha, H., Thiagalingam, S., et al. (2011). DNA hypomethylation of MB-COMT promoter in the DNA derived from saliva in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. J. Psychiatr. Res. 45, 1432-1438. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.06.013
142. O'Brien, M. S., and Anthony, J. C. (2005). Risk of becoming cocaine dependent: epidemiological estimates for the United States, 2000-2001. Neuropsychopharmacology 30, 1006-1018. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300681
143. Ohtani, N., Goto, T., Waeber, C., and Bhide, P. G. (2003). Dopamine modulates cell cycle in the lateral ganglionic eminence. J. Neurosci. 23, 2840-2850.
144. Okubo, Y., Suhara, T., Suzuki, K., Kobayashi, K., Inoue, O., Terasaki, O., et al. (1997). Decreased prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors in schizophrenia revealed by PET. Nature 385, 634-636. doi: 10.1038/385634a0
145. Olson, L., Boréus, L. O., and Seiger, Å. (1973). Histochemical demonstration and mapping of 5-hydroxytryptamine-and catecholamine-containing neuron systems in the human fetal brain. Z. Anat. Entwicklungsgesch. 139, 259-282. doi: 10.1007/bf00519968
146. Onténiente, B., König, N., Sievers, J., Jenner, S., Klemm, H. P., and Marty, R. (1980). Structural and biochemical changes in rat cerebral cortex after neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine administration. Anat. Embryol. 159, 245-255. doi: 10.1007/bf00317649
147. Padmanabhan, A., and Luna, B. (2013). Developmental imaging genetics: linking dopamine function to adolescent behavior. Brain Cogn. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.09.011
148. Parker, D., Ferreri, K., Nakajima, T., Lamorte, V. J., Evans, R., Koerber, S. C., et al. (1996). Phosphorylation of CREB at Ser-133 induces complex formation with CREB-binding protein via a direct mechanism. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 694-703.
149. Patel, A. J., Bendek, G., Balazs, R., and Lewis, P. D. (1977). Effect of reserpine on cell proliferation in the developing rat bran: a biochemical study. Brain Res. 129, 283-297. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(77)90008-7
150. Penzes, P., Cahill, M. E., Jones, K. A., Vanleeuwen, J. E., and Woolfrey, K. M. (2011). Dendritic spine pathology in neuropsychiatric disorders. Nat. Neurosci. 14, 285-293. doi: 10.1038/nn.2741
151. Persico, A. M., Di Pino, G., and Levitt, P. (2006). Multiple receptors mediate the trophic effects of serotonin on ventroposterior thalamic neurons in vitro. Brain Res. 1095, 17-25. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.04.006
152. Petanjek, Z., Kostovic, I., and Esclapez, M. (2009). Primate-specific origins and migration of cortical GABAergic neurons. Front. Neuroanat. 3:26. doi: 10.3389/neuro.05.026.2009
153. Piazza, P. V., Rougé-Pont, F., Deminière, J. M., Kharoubi, M., Le Moal, M., and Simon, H. (1991). Dopaminergic activity is reduced in the prefrontal cortex and increased in the nucleus accumbens of rats predisposed to develop amphetamine self-administration. Brain Res. 567, 169-174. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(91) 91452-7
154. Pino, G. D., Moessner, R., Lesch, K., Lauder, J., and Persico, A. (2004). Roles for serotonin in neurodevelopment: more than just neural transmission. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 2, 403-417. doi: 10.2174/1570159043359495
155. Popolo, M., Mccarthy, D. M., and Bhide, P. G. (2004). Influence of dopamine on precursor cell proliferation and differentiation in the embryonic mouse telencephalon. Dev. Neurosci. 26, 229-244. doi: 10.1159/000082140
156. Prestoz, L., Jaber, M., and Gaillard, A. (2012). Dopaminergic axon guidance: which makes what? Front. Cell. Neurosci. 6:32. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00032
157. Pugh, P. C., and Berg, D. K. (1994). Neuronal acetylcholine receptors that bind alpha-bungarotoxin mediate neurite retraction in a calcium-dependent manner.J. Neurosci. 14, 889-896.
158. Radhu, N., De Jesus, D. R., Ravindran, L. N., Zanjani, A., Fitzgerald, P. B., and Daskalakis, Z. J. (2013). A meta-analysis of cortical inhibition and excitability using transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatric disorders. Clin. Neurophysiol. 124, 1309-1320. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.01.014
159. Rapoport, J. L., Giedd, J. N., and Gogtay, N. (2012). Neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: update 2012. Mol. Psychiatry 17, 1228-1238. doi: 10.1038/mp.2012.23
160. Reinoso, B. S., Undie, A. S., and Levitt, P. (1996). Dopamine receptors mediate differential morphological effects on cerebral cortical neurons in vitro. J. Neurosci. Res. 43, 439-453. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19960215)43:4<439::AIDJNR5>3.0.CO;2-G
161. Roeper, J. (2013). Dissecting the diversity of midbrain dopamine neurons. Trends Neurosci. 36, 336-342. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.03.003
162. Rosenberg, D. R., and Lewis, D. A. (1995). Postnatal maturation of the dopaminergic innervation of monkey prefrontal and motor cortices: a tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical analysis. J. Comp. Neurol. 358, 383-400. doi: 10.1002/cne.903580306
163. Roussotte, F., Soderberg, L., Warner, T., Narr, K., Lebel, C., Behnke, M., et al. (2012). Adolescents with prenatal cocaine exposure show subtle alterations in striatal surface morphology and frontal cortical volumes. J. Neurodev. Disord. 4, 22. doi: 10.1186/1866-1955-4-22
164. Ruediger, T., and Bolz, J. (2007). Neurotransmitters and the development of neuronal circuits. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 621, 104-115. doi: 10.1007/978-0-38776715-4_8
165. Sanchez, C., Diaz-Nido, J., and Avila, J. (2000). Phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and its relevance for the regulation of the neuronal cytoskeleton function. Progr. Neurobiol. 61, 133-168. doi: 10.1016/S0301-0082(99)00046-5
166. Santana, N., Mengod, G., and Artigas, F. (2009). Quantitative analysis of the expression of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in pyramidal and GABAergic neurons of the rat prefrontal cortex. Cereb. Cortex 19, 849-860. doi: 10.1093/cercor/ bhn134
167. Schambra, U. B., Duncan, G. E., Breese, G. R., Fornaretto, M. G., Caron, M. G., and Fremeau, R. T. Jr. (1994). Ontogeny of D1A and D2 dopamine receptor subtypes in rat brain using in situ hybridization and receptor binding. Neuroscience 62, 65-85. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(94)90315-8
168. Schmidt, U., Beyer, C., Oestreicher, A. B., Reisert, I., Schilling, K., and Pilgrim, C. (1996). Activation of dopaminergic D1 receptors promotes morphogenesis of developing striatal neurons. Neuroscience 74, 453-460. doi: 10.1016/03064522(96)00201-1
169. Schmidt, U., Pilgrim, C., and Beyer, C. (1998). Differentiative effects of dopamine on striatal neurons involve stimulation of the cAMP/PKA pathway. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 11, 9-18. doi: 10.1006/mcne.1998.0668
170. Selemon, L. D., and Friedman, H. R. (2013). Motor stereotypies and cognitive perseveration in non-human primates exposed to early gestational irradiation. Neuroscience 248C, 213-224. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.006
171. Seshadri, S., Zeledon, M., and Sawa, A. (2013). Synapse-specific contributions in the cortical pathology of schizophrenia. Neurobiol. Dis. 53, 26-35. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.01.009
172. Shah, P. J., Ogilvie, A. D., Goodwin, G. M., and Ebmeier, K. P. (1997). Clinical and psychometric correlates of dopamine D2 binding in depression. Psychol. Med. 27, 1247-1256. doi: 10.1017/S0033291797005382
173. Sharp, S. I., Mcquillin, A., and Gurling, H. M. (2009). Genetics of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuropharmacology 57, 590-600. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.08.011
174. Sheaff, R., and Roberts, J. (1998). Regulation of G1 phase. Results Probl. Cell Differ. 22, 1-34. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-69686-5_1
175. Shen, J., Zhang, L., Song, W. L., Meng, T., Wang, X., Chen, L., et al. (2013). Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of bivalent ligands against A1-D1 receptor heteromers. Acta Pharma. Sin. 34, 441-452. doi: 10.1038/aps.2012.151
176. Sherren, N., and Pappas, B. A. (2005). Selective acetylcholine and dopamine lesions in neonatal rats produce distinct patterns of cortical dendritic atrophy in adulthood. Neuroscience 136, 445-456. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.08.053
177. Shuen, J. A., Chen, M., Gloss, B., and Calakos, N. (2008). Drd1a-tdTomato BAC transgenic mice for simultaneous visualization of medium spiny neurons in the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia. J. Neurosci. 28, 2681-2685. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.5492-07.2008
178. Sigala, S., Zoli, M., Palazzolo, F., Faccoli, S., Zanardi, A., Mercuri, N. B., et al. (2007). Selective disarrangement of the rostral telencephalic cholinergic system in heterozygous reeler mice. Neuroscience 144, 834-844. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.10.013
179. Sillivan, S. E. (2011). Dopamine Receptor Stimulation Regulates Expression of Developmental Genes and Disrupts Netrin-1-Mediated Axon Guidance. Ph.D thesis, Vanderbilt University, Nashville.
180. Sillivan, S. E., and Konradi, C. (2011). Expression and function of dopamine receptors in the developing medial frontal cortex and striatum of the rat. Neuroscience 199, 501-514.
181. Simpson, E. H., Kellendonk, C., and Kandel, E. (2010). A possible role for the striatum in the pathogenesis of the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Neuron 65, 585-596. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.02.014
182. Small, D. H., Reed, G., Whitefield, B., and Nurcombe, V. (1995). Cholinergic regulation of neurite outgrowth from isolated chick sympathetic neurons in culture. J. Neurosci. 15, 144-151.
183. Smiley, J. F., Williams, S. M., Szigeti, K., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1992). Light and electron microscopic characterization of dopamine-immunoreactive axons in human cerebral cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 321, 325-335. doi: 10.1002/cne.903210302
184. Song, Z. M., Undie, A. S., Koh, P. O., Fang, Y. Y., Zhang, L., Dracheva, S., et al. (2002). D1 dopamine receptor regulation of microtubule-associated protein-2 phosphorylation in developing cerebral cortical neurons. J. Neurosci. 22, 6092-6105.
185. Spencer, G. E., Klumperman, J., and Syed, N. I. (1998). Neurotransmitters and neurodevelopment. Role of dopamine in neurite outgrowth, target selection and specific synapse formation. Perspect. Dev. Neurobiol. 5, 451-467.
186. Speranza, L., Chambery, A., Di Domenico, M., Crispino, M., Severino, V., Volpicelli, F., et al. (2013). The serotonin receptor 7 promotes neurite outgrowth via ERK and Cdk5 signaling pathways. Neuropharmacology 67, 155-167. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.10.026
187. Spronsen, M., and Hoogenraad, C. (2010). Synapse pathology in psychiatric and neurologic disease. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 10, 207-214. doi: 10.1007/s11910010-0104-108
188. Staal, W. G., De Krom, M., and De Jonge, M. V. (2012). Brief report: the dopamine-3-receptor gene (DRD3) is associated with specific repetitive behavior in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). J. Autism Dev. Disord. 42, 885-888. doi: 10.1007/s10803-011-1312-z
189. Stanwood, G., and Levitt, P. (2001). The effects of cocaine on the developing nervous system, Handbook of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, eds C. A. Nelson and M. Luciana (Cambridge: MIT Press), 519-536.
190. Stanwood, G. D., and Levitt, P. (2007). Prenatal exposure to cocaine produces unique developmental and long-term adaptive changes in dopamine D1 receptor activity and subcellular distribution. J. Neurosci. 27, 152-157. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4591-06.2007
191. Stanwood, G. D., Parlaman, J. P., and Levitt, P. (2005). Anatomical abnormalities in dopaminoceptive regions of the cerebral cortex of dopamine D1 receptor mutant mice. J. Comp. Neurol. 487, 270-282. doi: 10.1002/cne.20548
192. Stanwood, G. D., Washington, R. A., and Levitt, P. (2001a). Identification of a sensitive period of prenatal cocaine exposure that alters the development of the anterior cingulate cortex. Cereb. Cortex 11, 430-440. doi: 10.1093/cercor/11. 5.430
193. Stanwood, G. D., Washington, R. A., Shumsky, J. S., and Levitt, P. (2001b). Prenatal cocaine exposure produces consistent developmental alterations in dopaminerich regions of the cerebral cortex. Neuroscience 106, 5-14. doi: 10.1016/S03064522(01)00256-1
194. Südhof, T. (2006). Synaptogenesis: when long-distance relations become intimate, in Molecular Mechanisms of Synaptogenesis, eds A. Dityatev and A. El-Husseini (USA: Springer), 1-9.
195. Sugahara, M., and Shiraishi, H. (1998). Synaptic density of the prefrontal cortex regulated by dopamine instead of serotonin in rats. Brain Res. 814, 143-156. doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)01068-3
196. Surmeier, D. J., Carrillo-Reid, L., and Bargas, J. (2011). Dopaminergic modulation of striatal neurons, circuits, and assemblies. Neuroscience 198, 3-18. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.051
197. Tajiri, M., Hayata-Takano, A., Seiriki, K., Ogata, K., Hazama, K., Shintani, N., et al. (2012). Serotonin 5-HT(7) receptor blockade reverses behavioral abnormalities in PACAP-deficient mice and receptor activation promotes neurite extension in primary embryonic hippocampal neurons: therapeutic implications for psychiatric disorders. J. Mol. Neurosci. 48, 473-481. doi: 10.1007/s12031-012-9861-y
198. Tennyson, V. M., Budininkas-Schoenebeck, M., and Gershon, P. (1982). Effects of chronic reserpine treatment on development of maturity of the putamen in fetal rabbits. Brain Res. Bull. 9, 651-662. doi: 10.1016/0361-9230(82)90169-1
199. Thiselton, D. L., Vladimirov, V. I., Kuo, P. H., Mcclay, J., Wormley, B., Fanous, A., et al. (2008). AKT1 is associated with schizophrenia across multiple symptom dimensions in the Irish study of high density schizophrenia families. Biol. Psychiatry 63, 449-457. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.06.005
200. Thompson, B., Levitt, P., and Stanwood, G. (2009). Prenatal exposure to drugs: effects on brain development and implications for policy and education. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 303-312. doi: 10.1038/nrn2598
201. Todd, R. D. (1992). Neural development is regulated by classical neurotransmitters: dopamine D2 receptor stimulation enhances neurite outgrowth. Biol. Psychiatry 31, 794-807. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90311-M
202. Trakhtenberg, E. F., and Goldberg, J. L. (2012). The role of serotonin in axon and dendrite growth. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 106, 105-126. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407178-0.00005-3
203. Tritsch, N. X., and Sabatini, B. L. (2012). Dopaminergic modulation of synaptic transmission in cortex and striatum. Neuron 76, 33-50. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.023
204. Trowbridge, S., Narboux-Neme, N., and Gaspar, P. (2011). Genetic models of serotonin (5-HT) depletion: what do they tell us about the developmental role of 5-HT? Anat. Rec. (Hoboken) 294, 1615-1623. doi: 10.1002/ar.21248.
205. van Kesteren, R. E., and Spencer, G. E. (2003). The role of neurotransmitters in neurite outgrowth and synapse formation. Rev. Neurosci. 14, 217-231. doi: 10.1515/REVNEURO.2003.14.3.217
206. Van Waes, V., Tseng, K. Y., and Steiner, H. (2011). GPR88-a putative signaling molecule predominantly expressed in the striatum: cellular localization and developmental regulation. Basal Ganglia 1, 83-89. doi: 10.1016/j.baga.2011.04.001
207. Verney, C., Berger, B., Adrien, J., Vigny, A., and Gay, M. (1982). Development of the dopaminergic innervation of the rat cerebral cortex. A light microscopic immunocytochemical study using anti-tyrosine hydroxylase antibodies. Brain Res. 281, 41-52.
208. Verney, C., Milosevic, A., Alvarez, C., and Berger, B. (1993). Immunocytochemical evidence of well-developed dopaminergic and noradrenergic innervations in the frontal cerebral cortex of human fetuses at midgestation. J. Comp. Neurol. 336, 331-344. doi: 10.1002/cne.903360303
209. Verney, C., Zecevic, N., Nikolic, B., Alvarez, C., and Berger, B. (1991). Early evidence of catecholaminergic cell groups in 5-and 6-week-old human embryos using tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase immunocytochemistry. Neurosci. Lett. 131, 121-124. doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(91) 90351-S
210. Villalba, R. M., Lee, H., and Smith, Y. (2009). Dopaminergic denervation and spine loss in the striatum of MPTP-treated monkeys. Exp. Neurol. 215, 220-227. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.09.025
211. Volkow, N. D., Gur, R. C., Wang, G. J., Fowler, J. S., Moberg, P. J., Ding, Y. S., et al. (1998). Association between decline in brain dopamine activity with age and cognitive and motor impairment in healthy individuals. Am. J. Psychiatry 155, 344-349.
212. Voorn, P., Kalsbeek, A., Jorritsma-Byham, B., and Groenewegen, H. J. (1988). The pre-and postnatal development of the dopaminergic cell groups in the ventral mesencephalon and the dopaminergic innervation of the striatum of the rat. Neuroscience 25, 857-887. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(88)90041-3
213. Wang, H. D., and Deutch, A. Y. (2008). Dopamine depletion of the prefrontal cortex induces dendritic spine loss: reversal by atypical antipsychotic drug treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 1276-1286. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301521
214. Wang, H. D., Stanwood, G. D., Grandy, D. K., and Deutch, A. Y. (2009). Dystrophic dendrites in prefrontal cortical pyramidal cells of dopamine D1 and D2 but not D4 receptor knockout mice. Brain Res. 1300, 58-64. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.008
215. Whitford, K. L., Dijkhuizen, P., Polleux, F., and Ghosh, A. (2002). Molecular control of cortical dendrite development. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 25, 127-149. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142932
216. Wonders, C. P., and Anderson, S. A. (2006). The origin and specification of cortical interneurons. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7, 687-696. doi: 10.1038/nrn1954
217. Workman, A. D., Charvet, C. J., Clancy, B., Darlington, R. B., and Finlay, B. L. (2013). Modeling transformations of neurodevelopmental sequences across mammalian species. J. Neurosci. 33, 7368-7383. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.5746-12. 2013
218. Yokofujita, J., Oda, S., Igarashi, H., Sato, F., and Kuroda, M. (2008). Synaptic characteristics between cortical cells in the rat prefrontal cortex and axon terminals from the ventral tegmental area that utilize different neurotransmitters. Int. J. Neurosci. 118, 1443-1459. doi: 10.1080/00207450701870253
219. Yuste, R., and Bonhoeffer, T. (2001). Morphological changes in dendritic spines associated with long-term synaptic plasticity. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 1071-1089. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1071
220. Yuste, R., and Bonhoeffer, T. (2004). Genesis of dendritic spines: insights from ultrastructural and imaging studies. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 24-34. doi: 10.1038/nrn1300
221. Zecevic, N., and Verney, C. (1995). Development of the catecholamine neurons in human embryos and fetuses, with special emphasis on the innervaton of the cerebral cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 351, 509-535. doi: 10.1002/cne.903510404
222. Zhang, L., Bai, J., Undie, A. S., Bergson, C., and Lidow, M. S. (2005). D1 dopamine receptor regulation of the levels of the cell-cycle-controlling proteins, cyclin D, P27 and Raf-1, in cerebral cortical precursor cells is mediated through cAMP-independent pathways. Cereb. Cortex 15, 74-84. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhh110
223. Zhang, W., and Benson, D. L. (2000). Development and molecular organization of dendritic spines and their synapses. Hippocampus 10, 512-526. doi: 10.1002/1098-1063(2000)10:5<512::AID-HIPO2>3.0.CO;2-M
224. Zhang, X., Bearer, E. L., Boulat, B., Hall, F. S., Uhl, G. R., and Jacobs, R. E. (2010). Altered neurocircuitry in the dopamine transporter knockout mouse brain. PLoS ONE 5:e11506. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011506
225. Zuckerman, L., Rehavi, M., Nachman, R., and Weiner, I. (2003). Immune activation during pregnancy in rats leads to a postpubertal emergence of disrupted latent inhibition, dopaminergic hyperfunction, and altered limbic morphology in the offspring: a novel neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 28, 1778-1789. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp. 1300248