Sentimental bonds and revolutionary characters: Richardson's Pamela in England and France

The Literary Channel: The Inter-National Invention of the Novel

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 73-105

  Festa, Lynn ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84891014604     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (114)

1. I would like to thank Peter Stallybrass for the original references to Pamela in the Revolution and Margaret Cohen, Carolyn Dever, Mary Helen McMurran, and Joan De-Jean for their comments and suggestions.
2. Horace Walpole, quoted in Bernard Kreissman, Pamela-Shamela: A Study of the Criticisms, Burlesques, Parodies, and Adaptations of Richardson's "Pamela" (Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 1960), 4.
3. "Les Enseignements des bibliothèques privées [1750-1780]," Revue d'Histoire Littéraire de la France 17 [1910]: 461).
4. Pamela and Clarissa in France by 1790, Clarissa's 1778-89 print run at Rouen was 750 to Pamela's 1200 (Thomas Beebee, "Clarissa" on the Continent: Translation and Seduction [University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1990), 189 n. 5;
5. Georges May, Le Dilemme du roman au dix-huitième siècle [Paris: Presses Universitaires de France; New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963], 164, 176).
6. Horace Walpole, The Yale Edition of Horace Walpole's Correspondence, ed. W. S. Lewis, 48 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1937-83), 10:172.
7. Daily Advertiser, 23 April 1745, quoted in Samuel Richardson: A Biography, by T. C. Duncan Eaves and Ben D. Kimpel (Oxford: Clarendon, 1971), 127.
8. see Kreissman, Pamela-Shamela;
9. James Grantham Turner, "Novel Panic: Picture and Performance in the Reception of Pamela," Representations 48 (fall 1994): 70-96;
10. Terri Nickel, "Pamela as Fetish: Masculine Anxiety in Henry Fielding's Shamela and James Parry's The True Anti-Pamela," Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture 22 (1992): 37-50;
11. Morris Golden, "Public Context and Imagining Self in Pamela and Shamela," ELH 53, no. 2 (1986): 311-29.
12. Nancy Armstrong and Leonard Tennenhouse, The Imaginary Puritan (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992), 198. In challenging the notion of an originary metropolitan community and a derivative pool of colonial readers, their argument allows the origins of the novel to be sought outside of a narrowly delineated notion of nation based on the insularity of England.
13. Jean Antoine Rigoley de Juvigny, Discours sur le progrès des lettres en France (Paris: Saillant & Nyon, 1772), 184-87.
14. Journal Ètranger, February 1757. For a list of novels "from," "by," and about the English, see the appendix
15. Josephine Grieder, Anglomania in France, 1740-1789: Fact, Fiction, and Political Discourse (Geneva: Droz, 1985), 151-62.
16. Harold Wade Streeter, The Eighteenth-Century English Novel in French Translation: A Bibliographical Study (1936; reprint, New York: Benjamin Blom, 1970);
17. Joseph Texte, Jean-Jacques Rousseau et les origines du cosmopolitisme littéraire: Etude sur les relations de la France et de l'Angleterre au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Hachette, 1909);
18. Daniel Mornet, Introduction to La Nouvelle Héloïse, by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Grands écrivains de la France, 1 (Paris: Hachette, 1925);
19. Lawrence Lynch, "Richardson's Influence on the Concept of the Novel in Eighteenth-Century France," Comparative Literature Studies 14, no. 3 (1977): 233-43;
20. Henry Seidel Canby, "Pamela Abroad," Modern Language Notes 18, no. 7 (1903): 206-13.
21. Robert Darnton, "Readers Respond to Rousseau:The Fabrication of Romantic Sensitivity," In The Great Cat Massacre (New York: Basic Books, 1984).
22. Georges May, "The Influence of English Fiction on the French Mid-Eighteenth-Century Novel," In Aspects of the Eighteenth Century, ed. Earl R. Wasserman [Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1965]).
23. François Jost, "Prévost Traducteur de Richardson," In Expression, Communication, and Experience in Literature and Language, ed. Ronald Popperwell [London: Modern Humanities Research Association, 1973].
24. Frank Wilcox, Prévost's Translations of Richardson, University of California Publications in Modern Philology, 12 [Berkeley: University of California Press, 1927], 352, 360-62).
25. E. Purdie, "Some Adventures of Pamela on the European Stage," in German Studies Presented to Professor H. G. Fiedler [Oxford: Clarendon, 1938], 356-57).
26. Jean-François de La Harpe, "Des Romans," in Oeuvres, 6 vols. (Paris, 1778), 3:367.
27. Charles Bastide, Anglais et franc ̧ais du XVIIe siècle [Paris: Alcan, 1912], 290
28. John Plotz, "Portable Properties" (paper delivered at "National or Transnational? Britain, France, and the 'Rise' of the Novel," conference held at New York University, December 1999);
29. Samuel Richardson, Pamela, Or Virtue Rewarded, ed. T. C. Duncan Eaves and Ben D. Kimpel (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), 61.
30. Florian Schleck, "Richardson on the Index," Times Literary Supplement, 25 April 1935, 272;
31. Richard Thornton, "English Authors, placed on the Roman Index [1600-1750]," Notes and Queries 12 [1915]: 33).
32. One of the more shocking "imports" requested by the duc de Chartres at the height of his "Anglomania" is Pamela, not the novel, but a six-year-old girl, of whom he writes, "above all, let the nose not be too long" (Grieder, Anglomania in France, 15).
33. Jean-Arnold Trochereau, Choix de différents morceaux de poésie traduits de l'anglais [1749], xix
34. Streeter, Eighteenth-Century English Novel in French Translation, 29.
35. Claude Godard d'Aucour, La Déroute des Paméla (Paris: Veuve Pissot, 1744), 12.
36. Godard d'Aucour, La Déroute des Paméla, 12.
37. Abbé Marquet, Lettre sur Paméla (London, 1742), 3.
38. Aubert de la Chesnaye-Desbois, Lettres amusantes, 73.
39. George Gordon, Lord Byron, Ravenna Diary, 4 January 1821, in Byron's Letters and Journals, ed. Leslie A. Marchand, 12 vols. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973-82), 8:11-12.
40. Marquet, Lettre sur Paméla, 38.
41. Richardson, Pamela, 3.
42. Denis Diderot, "Èloge de Richardson," in Oeuvres esthétiques de Diderot, ed. Paul Vernière (Paris: Classiques Garnier, 1994), 33.
43. "should not cry enough to gain the credit of proper sensibility" (Brian Vickers, introduction to Henry Mackenzie, The Man of Feeling, ed. Vickers [London: Oxford University Press, 1967], viii).
44. Michelle Burnham, "Between England and America: Captivity, Sympathy, and the Sentimental Novel," in Cultural Institutions of the Novel, ed. Deidre Lynch and William Warner (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1996), 53.
45. Diderot, "Èloge de Richardson," 41.
46. Goldoni, Mémoires de M. Goldoni, pour servir à l'histoire de sa vie, et à celle de son Théâtre, 3 vols. [Paris, 1787], 2:63).
47. David Denby's analysis of Baculard d'Arnaud's version of Pamela, Fanny, histoire anglaise, in Sentimental Narrative and the Social Order in France, 1760-1820 [New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994], 16-18).
48. Mary Wortley Montagu, Complete Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, ed. Robert Halsband, 3 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1965-67), 2:470.
49. Abbé de La Porte, Observations sur la littérature moderne (La Haye, 1749), 60-61.
50. Pierre F. G. Desfontaines, Observations sur les Ècrits Modernes 29 (June 1742): 211.
51. Bibliothèque Françoise, ou Histoire Littéraire de la France 35, pt. 1 (1742): 323.
52. Lettre à Monsieur l'abbé Des Fontaines sur "Paméla" [Amiens, 1742], 14-15).
53. Lettre à Monsieur l'abbé Des Fontaine sur "Paméla," 11-12.
54. Daniel Gordon, Citizens without Sovereignty: Equality and Sociability in French Thought, 1670-1789 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).
55. Abbé Prévost, Le Pour et le contre, 2:30, quoted in Texte, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 64.
56. Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon to Philip Dorner Stanhope, earl of Chesterfield, 26 July 1742, quoted in Texte, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 257.
57. Philip Fisher, Hard Facts: Setting and Form in the American Novel (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 4.
58. Margaret Cohen, The Sentimental Education of the Novel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
59. Fisher, Hard Facts, 4.
60. Richardson, Pamela, 7. This observation prompted an acerbic rebuttal from Aubert de la Chesnaye-Desbois: "There is an art to embellishing facts without disguising them. . . . English solidity, without being turned into whipped cream, is susceptible to all the charms of diction" (Lettres amusantes, 73).
61. William Beatty Warner, Licensing Entertainment: The Elevation of Novel Reading in Britain, 1684-1750 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998).
62. "which cannot fail to excite, in all the young people who read it, sentiments quite different from those of virtue" (Bibliothè que Françoise, ou Histoire Littéraire de la France 35, pt. 1 [1742]: 320).
63. Richardson, Pamela, 5.
64. Edmond Jean François Barbier, Chronique de la régence et du règne de Louis XV, ou Journal de Barbier, 8 vols. (Paris: Charpentier, 1857-85), 8:158. Barbier also praised the Lettre à Monsieur l'abbé for its critique of Desfontaines.
65. Bibliothèque Raisonée des Ouvrages des Savans de l'Europe 28, pt. 2 (April-June 1742): 421.
66. Marquet, Lettre sur Paméla, 10-11.
67. Bibliothèque Raisonée des Ouvrages des Savans de l'Europe 28, pt. 2 (April-June 1742), 422.
68. Joseph de Laporte and Louis Mayeul Chaudron, Nouvelle bibliothèque d'un homme de goût, 4 vols. (Paris, 1777), 4:82, 103.
69. Diderot, "Èloge de Richardson," 39.
70. "Nationality," as Ernest Renan observed, "has a sentimental side to it" (Ernest Renan, "What Is a Nation?" in Nation and Narration, ed. Homi K. Bhabha [New York: Routledge, 1990], 18).
71. Burnham, "Between England and America," 50.
72. The Lettres d'un François, 3 vols. (La Haye: Jean Neaulme, 1745), 1:279-80, believes Pamela to be propaganda for the Society for the Reformation of Manners.
73. Ségur, Mémoires ou souvenirs, 3 vols. (Paris, 1826), 1:150-54
74. Arnaud de Maurepas and Florent Brayard, Les Français vus par eux-mêmes: Le XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1996), 565-66.
75. Rigoley de Juvigny, De la décadence des lettres et des moeurs (Paris: Mérigot le jeune, 1787), 468.
76. Letter dated 25 March 1788, in Correspondance secrète inédite sur Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette, la cour et la ville de 1777 à 1792 publiée d'après les manuscrits de la Bibliothèque impériale de Saint-Pétersbourg, ed. Mathurin François Adolphe de Lescure (Paris: Plon, 1866), 2:243
77. Grieder, Anglomania in France, 29.
78. Claude Louis Michel de Sacy, Les Amis rivaux (1767), 128
79. Grieder, Anglomania in France, 106.
80. Michael Rapport, "Robespierre and the Universal Rights of Man, 1789-1794," French History 10, no. 3 (1997): 306.
81. David Bell, "Jumonville's Death: Nation and Race in Eighteenth-Century France," in La Recherche dix-huitièmiste: Raison universelle et culture nationale au siècle des Lumières/Eighteenth-Century Research: Universal Reason and National Culture during the Enlightenment, ed. David A. Bell, Ludmila Pimenova, and Stéphane Pujol (Paris: Champion, 1999), 227-51.
82. Diderot, "Èloge de Richardson," 40.
83. Keith Michael Baker, "The Idea of a Declaration of Rights," in The French Idea of Freedom: The Old Regime and the Declaration of Rights of 1789, ed. Dale Van Kley (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994), 160.
84. Albert Mathiez, La Révolution et les étrangers: Cosmopolitisme et défense national [Paris: La Renaissance duLi vre, 1918], 55-56).
85. The legislative records of the Revolutionary assemblies, The Archives parlementaires de 1787 à 1860: Recueil complet des débats législatifs et politiques des chambres françaises 52 (21 September 1792): 68, 74;
86. François de Neufchâteau, N. François [de Neufchâteau], auteur de Pamela, à la Convention nationale [Paris, 1793], 24.
87. Archives parlementaires 74 [12-22 September 1793]: 622-29.
88. Gazette Nationale, no. 248 (5 September 1793): 1054.
89. Arthur Pougin, La Comédie-française et la Révolution (Paris: Gaultier, Magnier & Cie, 1902). For a transcript of the captain's testimony
90. see Histoire parlementaire de la Révolution Française, ou Journal des Assemblées Nationales, ed. P. J. B. Buchez and P. C. Roux, 40 vols. (Paris: Paulin, 1836), 29:18-23.
91. See also the accounts in the Feuille du Salut Public, 4, 5 September 1793;
92. The Gazette Nationale, ou Moniteur Universel, no. 248 (4 September 1793): 1054;
93. Le Républicain Français, 5 September 1793, 1184, 1192;
94. The Journal des Spectacles, 5 September 1793, 525-26.
95. Feuille du Salut Public, 4 September 1793.
96. Histoire parlementaire de la Révolution Française, 21.
97. See also the Courrier Français, 4 September 1793, 5.
98. Le Républicain Français, no. 294 (6 September 1793).
99. Feuille du Salut Public, 21 August 1793, 3.
100. Gazette Nationale, no. 248 (5 September 1793): 1054.
101. Louis-Sébastien Mercier's Annales Patriotiques et Littéraires de la France et Affaires Politiques de l'Europe, no. 244 (2 September 1793): 1134.
102. Feuille du Salut Public, no. 67 (5 September 1793): 3.
103. François de Neufchâteau, N. François (de Neufchâteau), auteur de Pamela, à la Convention nationale, 20; Archives parlementaires 74:624.
104. Journal des Spectacles, 30 September 1793, 717-18.
105. Susan Maslan, "Resisting Representation: Theater and Democracy in Revolutionary France," Representations 52 (1995): 27-51.
106. François de Neufchâteau, N. François (de Neufchâteau), auteur de Pamela, à la Convention nationale, 28-29;
107. Archives parlementaires 74:625.
108. Denby, Sentimental Narrative and the Social Order in France, ch. 4.
109. Feuille du Salut Public, 27 November 1793, 3.
110. Archives parlementaires 73 (3 September 1793): 364.
111. François de Neufchâteau, N. François (de Neufchâteau), auteur de Pamela, à la Convention nationale, 40-43;
112. Archives parlementaires 74:627-28.
113. See also Journal des Spectacles, 6 October 1793, 764-66;
114. Archives parlementaires 74:627.