Long-Term Effects of Cancer Treatment

Cancer Care for Adolescents and Young Adults

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 167-191

  Levitt, Gill ^a   Eshelman, Debra ^b  

^a GREAT ORMOND STREET HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders   (United States)

Author keywords

Body image; Cancer treatment; Chemotheraphy; Pubertal development; Radiation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84891010522     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470697740.ch8     Document Type: Chapter

References (153)

1. Adams, M. J., Lipsitz, S. R., Colan, S. D. et al. (2004) Cardiovascular status in long term survivors of Hodgkin's disease treated with chest radiotherapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22, 3139-3148.
2. Agarwal, A., Ranganathan, P., Kattal, N. et al. (2004) Fertility after cancer: a prospective review of assisted reproductive outcome with banked semen specimens. Fertility & Sterility, 81, 342-348.
3. Aisenberg, J., Hsieh, K., Kalaitzoglou, G. et al. (1998) Bone mineral density in young adult survivors of childhood cancer. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, 20(3), 241-245.
4. Aleman, B. M. P., Van den Belt-Dusebout, A. W., Klokman, W. J., Van't Veer, M. B., Bartelink, H., & Van Leeuwen, F. E. (2003) Long-term cause-specific mortality of patients treated for Hodgkin's disease. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21, 3431-3439.
5. Andrykowski, M. A., Curran, S. L., & Lightner, R. (1998) Off-treatment fatigue in breast cancer survivors: a controlled comparison. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 1-18.
6. Aubier, F., Flamant, F., Brauner, R., Caillaud, J. M., Chaussain, J. M., & Lemerle, J. (1989) Male gonadal function after chemotherapy for solid tumors in childhood. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 7, 304-309.
7. Bahadur, G., Ling, K. L., Hart, R. et al. (2002) Semen production in adolescent cancer patients. Human Reproduction, 17, 2654-2656.
8. Bar, J., Davidi, O., Goshen, Y., Hod, M., Yaniv, I., & Hirsch, R. (2003) Pregnancy outcome in women treated with doxorubicin for childhood cancer. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 189, 853-857.
9. Bauld, C., Toumbourou, J., Anderson, V., Coffey, C., & Ollson, C. (2005) Health risk behaviours among adolescent survivors of childhood cancer. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 45, 706-715.
10. Bhatia, S., Robison, L., Oberlin, O. et al. (1996) Breast cancer and other second malignant neoplasms after childhood Hodgkin's disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 334, 745-751.
11. Birch, J. M., Alston, R. D., Quinn, M., & Kelsey, A. M. (2003) Incidence of malignant disease by morphological type, in young persons aged 12-24 years in England, 1979-1997. European Journal of Cancer, 39, 2622-2631.
12. Boivan, J., Hutchinson, G., Zauber, A. et al. (1995) Incidence of second cancers in patients treated for Hodgkin's disease. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 87, 732-741.
13. Bonjour, J. P., Theintz, G., & Law, F. (1994) Peak bone mass. Oesteoporosis International, 1, 7-13.
14. Bramswig, J. H., Heimes, U., Heiermann, E., Schlegel, W., Nieschlag, E., & Schellong, G. (1990) The effects of different cumulative doses of chemotherapy on testicular function. Results in 75 patients treated for Hodgkin's disease during childhood or adolescence. Cancer, 65, 1298-1302.
15. Breslow, N., Takashima, J., Whitton, J., Moksness, J., D'Angio, G., & Green, D. (1995) Second malignant neoplasms following treatment for Wilms' tumor: a report from the National Wilms' Tumor Study Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 13, 1851-1859.
16. Broeckel, J. A., Jacobsen, P., Horton, J., Balducci, L., & Lyman, G. (1998) Characteristics and correlates of fatigue after adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 16, 1689-1696.
17. Butterfield, R., Park, E., Puleo, E. et al. (2004) Multiple risk behaviors among smokers in the Childhood Cancer Survivors Study cohort. Psycho-Oncology, 13, 619-629.
18. Campbell, J., Wallace, W. H., Bhatti, L. A., & Brewster, D. H. (2005) Cancer in Scotland: Trends in Incidence, Mortality and Survival 1975-1999. Information and Statistics Division, Edinburgh (www.isdscotland.org/cancer information).
19. Chiarelli, A. M., Marrett, L. D., & Darligton, G. (1999) Early menopause and infertility after treatment for childhood cancer diagnosed in 1994-1988 in Ontario Canada. American Journal of Epidemiology, 150, 245-354.
20. Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group (2005) After Cure Booklet. Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group, Leicester (www.aftercure.org).
21. Children's Oncology Group (2004) Long-term Follow-up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers (www.survivorshipguidelines.org).
22. Cohen, R., Curtis, R., Inskip, P., & Fraumeni, J. (2005) The risk of developing second cancers among survivors of childhood soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer, 103(11), 2391-2396.
23. Corkery, J., Li, F., McDonald, J. et al. (1979) Kids who really shouldn't smoke. New England Journal of Medicine, 300, 1279.
24. Craig, F., Leiper, A. D., Stanhope, R., Brain, C., Meller, S. T., & Nussey, S. S. (1999) Sexually dimorphic and radiation dose dependent effect of cranial irradiation on body mass index. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 81, 500-504.
25. Darzy, K. H., Gleeson, H. K., & Shalet, S. M. (2004) Growth and neuroendocrine consequences In: Late Effects of Childhood Cancer (eds D. Green & H. Wallace), pp. 189-211. Arnold, London.
26. Desandes, E., Lacour, B., Sommelet, D. et al. (2004) Cancer incidence among adolescents in France. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 43, 742-748.
27. Earle, E. A., Davies, H., Greenfield, D., Ross, R., & Eiser, C. (2005) Follow-up care for childhood cancer survivors: a focus group analysis. European Journal of Cancer, 41, 2882-2886.
28. Eiser, C. (2004) Quality of life and body image. In: Late Effects of Childhood Cancer (eds D. Green & H. Wallace), pp. 338-339. Arnold, London.
29. Emmons, K., Li, F., Whitton, J. et al. (2002) Predictors of smoking initiation and cessation among childhood cancer survivors: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 20, 1608-1616.
30. Evans, S. A. & Cooke, J. N. C. (2003) Cardiac effects of anthracycline treatment and their implications for aeromedical certification. Aviation, Space, & Environmental Medicine, 74, 1003-1008.
31. Ferrari, S., Rizzoli, R., Chevalley, T., Slosman, D., Eisman, J. A., & Bonjour, J.-P. (1995) Vitamin-D-receptor-gene polymorphisms and change in lumbar-spine bone mineral density. Lancet, 345, 423-424.
32. Fossa, S. D., Dahl, A., & Loge, J. (2003) Fatigue, anxiety, and depression in long-term survivors of testicular cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21, 1249-1254.
33. Friedman, D. & Meadows, A. (1999) Pediatric tumors. In: Multiple Primary Cancers (eds A. I. Neugent, A. T. Meadows, & L. Robison), pp. 235-256. Lippincott Williams & Williams, Philadelphia, PA.
34. Friedman, D. L., Freyer, D. R., & Levitt, G. A. (2005) Models of care for survivors of childhood cancer. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 46, 159-168.
35. Gilsanz, V., Carlson, M. E., Roe, T. F., & Ortega, J. A. (1990) Osteoporosis after cranial irradiation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Journal of Pediatrics, 117, 238-244.
36. Ginsberg, J. P., Hobbie, W. L., Carlson, C. A., & Meadows, A. T. (2006) Delivering longterm follow-up care to pediatric cancer survivors: transitional care issues. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 46, 169-173.
37. Gortmaker, S. L., Must, A., Perrin, J. M., Sobel, A. M., & Dietz, W. H. (1993) Social and economic consequences of overweight in adolescence and young adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 329, 1008-1012.
38. Gray, R., Doan, B., Shermer, P. et al. (1992) Psychological adaptation of survivors of childhood cancer. Cancer, 70, 2713-2721.
39. Great Britain England. Court of Appeal, Civil Division (1985) Gillick v Weat Norfolk and Wisbech Area Authority. All England Law Reg, 533-539.
40. Green, D. M., Gingell, R. L., Pearce, J., Panahon, A. M., & Ghoorah, J. (1987) The effect of mediastinal irradiation on cardiac function of patients treated during childhood and adolescence for Hodgkin's disease. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 5, 239-245.
41. Green, D. M., Hyland, A., Chung, C. S., Zevon, M. A., & Hall, B. C. (1999) Cancer and cardiac mortality among 15-year survivors of cancer diagnosed during childhood or adolescence. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 17, 3207-3215.
42. Guibout, C., Adjadj, E., Rubino, C. et al. (2005) Malignant breast tumors after radiotherapy for a first cancer during childhood. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23, 197-204.
43. Halton, J. M., Atkinson, S. A., Fraher, L. et al. (1996) Altered mineral metabolism and bone mass in children during treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Journal of Bone & Mineral Research, 11, 1774-1783.
44. Hancock, S. L. & Donaldson, S. S. (1993) Radiation-related heart disease: risks after treatment of Hodgkin's disease during childhood and adolescence. In: Cardiac Toxicity After Treatment for Childhood Cancer (eds J. T. Bricker, D. M. Green, & G. D'Angio), pp. 35-43. Wiley-Liss, New York, NY.
45. Haupt, R., Byrne, J., Connelly, R. et al. (1992) Smoking habits in survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer. Medical & Pediatric Oncology, 20, 301-306.
46. Hawkins, M. M., Draper, G. J., & Smith, R. A. (1989) Cancer among 1348 offspring of survivors of childhood cancer. International Journal of Cancer, 43, 975-978.
47. Hays, D., Landsverk, J., Sallan, S. et al. (1992) Educational, occupational and insurance status of childhood cancer survivors in their fourth and fifth decades of life. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 10, 1397-1406.
48. Hendry, W. F. (1995) Iatrogenic damage to male reproductive function. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 88, 579-584.
49. Hewitt, M., Weiner, S., & Simone, J. V. (eds) (2003) Childhood Cancer Survivorship: Improving Care and Quality of Life. National Cancer Policy Board; Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
50. Hinkle, A. S., Proukou, C. B., Deshpande, S. S. et al. (2004) Cardiovascular complications: cardiotoxicity caused by chemotherapy. In: Late Effects of Childhood Cancer (eds D. Green & H. Wallace), pp. 85-100. Arnold, London.
51. Hisada, M., Garber, J., Fung, C., Fraumeni, J., & Li, F. (1998) Multiple primary cancers in families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 15, 606-611.
52. Hobbie, W. L., Stuber, M., Meeske, K. et al. (2000) Symptoms of posttraumatic stress in young adult survivors of childhood cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 18, 4060-4066.
53. Hollen, P. & Hobbie, W. (1993) Risk taking and decision making of adolescent long term survivors of cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 20, 769-776.
54. Hudson, M. M., Jones, D., Boyett, J., Sharp, G. B., & Pui, C. H. (1997) Late mortality of long term survivors of childhood cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 15, 2205-2213.
55. Hudson, M. M., Mertens, A. C., Yasui, Y. et al. (2003) Health status of adult long term survivors of childhood cancer. JAMA, 290(12), 1583-1592.
56. Humpl, T., Fritsche, M., Bartels, U., & Gutjahr, P. (2001) Survivors of childhood cancer for more than twenty years. Acta Oncologica, 40, 44-49.
57. Hyer, S. L., Rodin, D. A., Tobias, J. H., Leiper, A., & Nussey, S. S. (1992) Growth hormone deficiency during puberty reduces adult bone mineral density. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 67, 1472-1474.
58. Jenkinson, H. C., Hawkins, M. M., Stiller, C. A., Winter, D. L., Marsden, H. B., & Stevens, M. C. (2004) Long-term population-based risks of second malignant neoplasms after childhood cancer in Britain. British Journal of Cancer, 91, 1905-1910.
59. Jenney, M. E. & Levitt, G. A. (2002) The quality of survival after childhood cancer. European Journal of Cancer, 38, 1241-1250.
60. Kaste, S. (2004) Bone-mineral density deficits from childhood cancer and its therapy. Pediatric Radiology, 34, 373-378.
61. Kaste, S. C., Chesney, R. W., Hudson, M. M., Lustig, R. H., Rose, S. R., & Carbone, L. D. (1999) Bone mineral status during and after therapy of childhood cancer: an increasing population with multiple risk factors for impaired bone health. Journal of Bone & Mineral Research, 14(12), 2010-2014.
62. Kaste, S. C., Jones-Wallace, D., Rose, S. R. et al. (2001) Bone mineral decrements in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: frequency of occurrence and risk factors for their development. Leukemia, 5, 728-734.
63. Kazak, A. E., Barakat, L. P., Meeske, K. et al. (1997) Posttraumatic stress, family functioning, and social support in survivors of childhood leukemia and their mothers and fathers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 120-129.
64. Kazak, A. E., Alderfer, M., Rourke, M. T., Simms, S., Streisand, R., & Grossman, J. R. (2004) Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in families of adolescent cancer survivors. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 29(3), 211-219.
65. Kelly, J., Damron, T., Grant, W. et al. (2005) Cross-sectional study of bone mineral density in adult survivors of solid pediatric cancers. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, 27(5), 248-253.
66. Kenney, L. B., Laufer, M. R., Grant, F. D., Grier, H., & Diller, L. (2001) High risk of infertility and long term gonadal damage in males treated with high dose cyclophosphamide for sarcoma during childhood. Cancer, 91, 613-621.
67. Kenney, L. B., Yasui, Y., Inskip, P. D. et al. (2004) Breast cancer after childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 141(8), 590-597.
68. Kingston, J., Hawkins, M., Draper, G., Marsden, H., & Kinnier Wilson, L. (1987) Patterns of multiple primary tumours in patients treated for cancer during childhood. British Journal of Cancer, 56, 331-338.
69. Krall, E. & Dawson-Hughes, B. (1999) Smoking increases bone loss and decreases intestinal calcium absorption. Journal of Bone & Mineral Research, 14, 215-220.
70. Kremer, L. C., Van Dalen, E. C., Offringa, M., & Voute, P. A. (2002a) Frequency and risk factors for anthracycline-induced clinical heart failure in children: a systematic review. Annals of Oncology, 13, 503-512.
71. Kremer, L. C. M., Van der Pal, H. J. H., Offringa, M., Van Dalen, E. C., & Voute, P. A. (2002b) Frequency and risk factors of subclinical cardiotoxicity after anthracycline therapy in children: a systematic review. Annals of Oncology, 13, 819-829.
72. Lackner, H., Benesch, M., Schagerl, S., Kerbl, R., Schwinger, W., & Urban, C. (2000) Prospective evaluation of late effects after childhood cancer therapy with a follow-up over 9 years. European Journal of Pediatrics, 159, 750-758.
73. Landier, W., Wallace, W. H. B., & Hudson, M. M. (2006) Long term follow-up of pediatric cancer survivors: education, surveillance, and screening. Pediatric Blood Cancer, 46, 149-158.
74. Langeveld, N. E., Stam, H., Groottenhuis, M. A., & Last, B. F. (2002) Quality of life in young adult survivors of childhood cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer, 10, 579-600.
75. Langeveld, N. E., Grootenhuis, M. A., Voute, P. A., De Haan, R. J., & Van den Bos, C. (2003) No excess fatigue in young adult survivors of childhood cancer. European Journal of Cancer, 39, 204-214.
76. Larcombe, I., Mott, M., & Hunt, L. (2002) Lifestyle behaviours of young adult survivors of childhood cancer. British Journal of Cancer, 87, 1204-1209.
77. Le Deley, M. C., Leblanc, T., Shamsaldin, A. et al.; Société Frandaise d'Oncologie Pediatrique (2003) Risk of secondary leukemia after a solid tumor in childhood according to the dose of epipodophyllotoxins and anthracyclines: a case-control study by the Société Francaise d'Oncologie Pédiatrique. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21, 1074-1081.
78. Leiper, A. D., Grant, D. B., & Chessells, J. M. (1986) Gonadal function after testicular radiation for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 61, 53-56.
79. Leiper, A. D., Stanhope, R., Preece, M. A., Grant, D. B., & Chessells, J. M. (1988) Precocious or early puberty and growth failure in girls treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Hormone Research, 30, 72-76.
80. Levitt, G. A. & Jenney, E. M. (1998) The reproductive system after childhood cancer. British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 105, 946-953.
81. Levitt, G. A. & Saran, F. H. (2004) Cardiovascular complications: radiation damage. In: Late Effects of Childhood Cancer (eds D. Green & H. Wallace), pp. 101-113. Arnold, London.
82. Levitt, G. A., Bunch, K., Rogers, C. A., & Whitehead, B. (1996) Cardiac transplantation in childhood cancer survivors in Great Britain. European Journal of Cancer, 32A(5), P826-P830.
83. Li, F. & Fraumeni, J. (1969) Soft tissue sarcomas, breast cancer, and other neoplasms. A familial syndrome? Annals of Internal Medicine, 71, 747-752.
84. Lipshultz, S. E., Lipsitz, S. R., Sallan, S. E. et al. (2002) Long term enalapril therapy for left ventricular dysfunction in doxorubicin-treated survivors of childhood cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 20, 4517-4522.
85. Lipshultz, S. E., Lipsitz, S. R., Sallan, S. E. et al. (2005) Chronic progressive cardiac dysfunction years after doxorubicin therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23, 2629-2636.
86. Lustig, R. H., Post, S. R., Srivannaboon, K. et al. (2003) Risk factors for the development of obesity in children surviving brain tumors. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 88, 611-616.
87. Mackie, E. J., Radford, M., & Shalet, S. M. (1996) Gonadal function following chemotherapy for childhood Hodgkin's disease. Medical & Pediatric Oncology, 27, 74-78.
88. Meadows, A., Baum, E., Fossati-Bellani, F. et al. (1985) Second malignant neoplasms in children: an update from the Late Effects Study Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 3, 532-538.
89. Meeske, K. A., Slegel, S. E., Globe, D. R., Mack, W. J., & Bernstein, L. (2005) Prevalence and correlates of fatigue in long term survivors of childhood leukaemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23, 5501-5510.
90. Mertens, A. C., Yasui, Y., Neglia, J. P. et al. (2001) Late mortality experience in five-year survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer: the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 19, 3163-3172.
91. Moller, T. R., Garwicz, S., Barlow, L. et al.; Association of the Nordic Cancer Registries; Nordic Society for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (2001) Decreasing late mortality among five-year survivors of cancer in childhood and adolescence: a population-based study in the Nordic countries. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 19, 3173-3181.
92. Mora, S., Goodman, W. G., Loro, M. L., Roe, T. F., Sayre, J., & Gilsanz, V. (1994) Age-related changes in cortical and cancellous vertebral bone density in girls: assessment with quantitative CT. AJR, 162, 405-409.
93. Mulhern, R. & Palmer, S. (2001) Neurocognitive late effects in pediatric cancer. Commissioned paper for the National Institutes of Health (www.iom.edu/ncpb).
94. Mulhern, R., Tyc, V., Phipps, S. et al. (1995) Health related behaviors of survivors of childhood cancer. Medical & Pediatric Oncology, 25, 159-165.
95. Nagarajan, R., Neglia, J. P., Clohisy, D. R. et al. (2003) Education, employment, insurance, and marital status among 694 survivors of pediatric lower extremity bone tumors: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Cancer, 97, 2554-2564.
96. National Comprehensive Cancer Network and the American Cancer Society (2005) Cancer Related Fatigue and Anemia: Treatment Guidelines for Patients, Version III, pp. 1-52 (www.cancer.org).
97. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2005) Guidance on Cancer Services: Improving Outcomes in Children and Young People with Cancer. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, London.
98. Neglia, J., Friedman, D., Yasui, Y. et al. (2001) Second malignant neoplasms in five year survivors of childhood cancer: Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 93(8), 618-629.
99. Nysom, K., Holm, K., Michaelsen, K. F., Hertz, H., Muller, J., & Molgaard, C. (1998a) Bone mass after treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 12, 3752-3760.
100. Nysom, K., Colan, S. D., & Lipshultz, S. E. (1998b) Late cardiotoxicity following anthracycline therapy for childhood cancer. Progress in Pediatric Cardiology, 8, 121-138.
101. Nysom, K., Holm, K., Lipsitz, S. R. et al. (1998c) Relationship between cumulative anthracycline dose and late cardiotoxicity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 16, 545-550.
102. Oeffinger, K. C. & Wallace, W. H. (2006) Barriers to follow-up care of survivors in the United States and the United Kingdom. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 46, 135-142.
103. Oeffinger, K. C., Mertens, A. C., Sklar, C. A. et al. (2004) Obesity in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21, 1359-1365.
104. Ogilvy-Stuart, A. L., Clayton, P. E., & Shalet, S. M. (1994) Cranial irradiation and early puberty. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 78, 1282-1286.
105. Olsen, J. H., Garwicz, S., Hertz, H. et al. (1993) Second malignant neoplasms after cancer in childhood or adolescence. Nordic Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology Association of the Nordic Cancer Registries. BMJ, 23(307), 1030-1036.
106. Pein, F., Sakiroglu, O., Dahan, M. et al. (2004) Cardiac abnormalities 15 years and more after adriamycin therapy in 229 childhood survivors of a solid tumour at the Institut Gustave Roussy. British Journal of Cancer, 91, 37-44.
107. Pemberger, S., Jagsch, R., Frey, E. et al. (2005) Quality of life in long term childhood cancer survivors and the relation of late effects and subjective well-being. Supportive Care in Cancer, 13, 49-56.
108. Prince, R. L., Smith, M., Dick, I. M. et al. (1991) Prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 325, 1189-1195.
109. Pui, C., Ribeiro, R., Hancock, M. et al. (1991) Acute myeloid leukemia in children treated with epipodophyllotoxins for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 325, 1682-1687.
110. Puukko, L.-R. M., Hirvonen, E., Aalberg, V., Hovi, L., Rautonen, J., & Siimes, S. S. (1997) Sexuality of young women surviving leukaemia. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 76, 197-202.
111. Relander, T., Cavallin-Stahl, E., Garwicz, S., Olssen, A. M., & Willen, M. (2000) Gonadal and sexual function in men treated for childhood cancer. Medical & Pediatric Oncology, 35, 52-63.
112. Rimm, I., Li, F., Tarbell, N., Winston, K., & Sallen, S. (1987) Brain tumors after cranial irradiation for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A 13 year experience from the Dana Farber Cancer Institute and the Children's Hospital. Cancer, 59, 1506-1508.
113. Ris, M. & Noll, R. (1994) Long term neurobehavioral outcome in pediatric brain tumor patients: review and methodological critique. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neurology, 16, 21-42.
114. Robertson, C. M., Hawkins, M. M., & Kingston, J. E. (1994) Late deaths and survival after childhood cancer: implications for cure. BMJ, 309, 162-166.
115. Robison, L. L., Mertens, A. C., Boice, J. D. et al. (2002) Study design and cohort characteristics of the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study: a multi-institutional collaborative project. Medical & Pediatric Oncology, 38, 229-239.
116. Rodgers, J., Horrocks, J., Britton, P. G., & Kernahan, J. (1999) Attentional ability among survivors of leukaemia. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 80, 318-323.
117. Rogers, P. C., Meacham, L. R., Oeffinger, K. C., Henry, D. W., & Lange, B. J. (2005) Obesity in pediatric oncology. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 45, 881-891.
118. Ross, J. A., Oeffinger, K. C., Davies, S. M. et al. (2004) Genetic variation in the leptin receptor gene and obesity in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22, 3558-3562.
119. Rueffer, U., Breuer, K., Josting, A. et al. (2001) Male gonadal dysfunction in patients with Hodgkin's disease prior to treatment. Annals of Oncology, 12, 1307-1311.
120. Sanders, J. E., Buckner, C. D., Leonard, J. M. et al. (1983) Late effects on gonadal function of cyclophosphamide, total-body irradiation, and marrow transplantation. Transplantation, 36, 252-255.
121. Sandler, E., Friedman, D., Mustafa, M., Winick, N., Bowman, W., & Buchanan, G. (1997) Treatment of children with epipodophyllotoxin-induced secondary acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer, 79, 1049-1054.
122. Sentipal, J. M., Wardlaw, G. M., Mahan, J., & Matkovic, V. (1991) Influence of calcium intake and growth indexes on vertebral bone mineral density in young females. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 54, 425-428.
123. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (2004) Long Term Follow up of Survivors of Childhood Cancer. A National Clinical Guideline. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, Edinburgh.
124. Silber, J. H., Cnaan, A., Clark, B. J. et al. (2001) Design and baseline characteristics for the ACE Inhibitor After Anthracycline (AAA) Study of cardiac dysfunction in long term pediatric cancer survivors. American Heart Journal, 142, 577-585.
125. Skinner, R., Levitt, G., & Wallace, W. H. (2005) Therapy Based LTFU Practice Statement. UKCCSG (www.ukccsg.org.uk/public/followup/PracticeStatement/index.html).
126. Sklar, C. & La Quaglia, M. P. (1998) Rhabdomyosarcoma. In: Paediatric Surgery and Urology: Long Term Outcomes (eds M. D. Stringer, K. T. Oldham, D. E. Mouriquand, & E. R. Howard), pp. 688-701. W. B. Saunders, London.
127. Sorensen, K., Levitt, G. A., Bull, C., Dorup, I., & Sullivan, I. D. (2003) Late anthracycline cardiotoxicity after childhood cancer: a prospective longitudinal study. Cancer, 97, 1991-1998.
128. Spunt, S. L., Sweeney, T. A., Hudson, M. M., Billups, C. A., Krasin, M. J., & Hester, A. L. (2005) Late effects of pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma and its treatment in female survivors. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23(1), 7143-7151.
129. Stamatakis, E., Primatesta, P., Chinn, S., Rona, R., & Falascheti, E. (2005) Overweight and obesity trends from 1974 to 2003 in English children: what is the role of socioeconomic factors? Archives of Disease in Childhood, 90, 999-1004.
130. Stevens, M. C. G., Mahler, H., & Parkes, S. (1998) The health status of adult survivors of cancer in childhood. European Journal of Cancer, 34, 694-698.
131. Stuber, M., Christakis, D. A., Houskamp, B., & Kazak, A. E. (1996) Posttrauma symptoms in childhood leukemia survivors and their parents. Psychosomatics, 37, 254-261.
132. Talvensaari, K. K., Lanning, M., Tapanainen, P., & Knip, M. (1996) Long-term survivors of childhood cancer have an increased risk of manifesting the metabolic syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 81, 3051-3055.
133. Tao, M., Guo, M., Weiss, R. et al. (1998) Smoking in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 90, 219-225.
134. Taylor, A., Hawkins, M., Griffiths, A. et al. (2004) Long term follow-up of survivors of childhood cancer in the UK. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 42, 161-168.
135. Tillmann, V., Darlington, A. S., Eiser, C., Bishop, N. J., & Davies, H. A. (2002) Male sex and low physical activity are associated with reduced spine bone mineral density in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Journal of Bone & Mineral Research, 17, 1073-1080.
136. Tokita, A., Matsumoto, H., Morrison, N. A. et al. (1996) Vitamin D receptor alleles, bone mineral density and turnover in premenopausal Japanese women. Journal of Bone & Mineral Research, 11, 1003-1009.
137. Travis, L., Holowaty, E., Bergfeldt, K. et al. (1999) Risk of secondary leukemia after platinumbased chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 340, 351-357.
138. Travis, L., Hill, D., Dores, G. et al. (2003) Breast cancer following radiotherapy and chemotherapy among young women with Hodgkin disease. JAMA, 290(4), 465-475.
139. Tucker, M., D'Angio, G., Boice, J. et al. (1987) Bone sarcomas linked to radiotherapy and chemotherapy in children. New England Journal of Medicine, 317, 588-593.
140. Tyc, V. L., Hadley, W., & Crockett, G. (2001) Prediction of health behaviors in pediatric cancer survivors. Medical & Pediatric Oncology, 37, 42-46.
141. Van Dalen, E. C., Van der Pal, H. J., Van den Bos, C., Caron, H. N., & Kremer, L. C. (2003) Treatment for asymptomatic anthracycline-induced cardiac dysfunction in childhood cancer survivors: the need for evidence. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21, 3777.
142. Viner, R. (2003) Bridging the gaps: transition for young people with cancer. European Journal of Cancer, 39, 2684-2687.
143. Wallace, H. & Green, D. (eds) (2004) Late Effects of Childhood Cancer. Arnold, London.
144. Wallace, W. H., Blacklay, A., Eiser, C. et al. (2001) Developing strategies for long term follow up of survivors of childhood cancer. BMJ, 323, 271-274.
145. Wallace, W. H. B., Anderson, R. A., & Irvine, S. D. (2005) Fertility preservation for young patients with cancer: who is at risk and what can be offered. Lancet Oncology, 6, 209-218.
146. Warner, J. T., Bell, W., Webb, D. K., & Gregory, J. W. (1998) Daily energy expenditure and physical activity in survivors of childhood malignancy. Pediatric Research, 43, 607-613.
147. Williams, D., Levitt, G., & Crofton, D. (2005) Does ifosfamide affect male gonadal function? Medical & Pediatric Oncology, 45, 419.
148. Winther, J. F., Boice, J. D., Mulvihill, J. J. et al. (2004) Chromosomal abnormalities among offspring of childhood cancer survivors in Denmark: a population-based study. American Journal of Genetics, 74, 1282-1285.
149. Wong, F., Boice, J., Abramson, D. et al. (1997) Cancer incidence after retinoblastoma. Radiation dose and sarcoma risk. JAMA, 278, 1262-1267.
150. Wyshak, G. (2000) Teenaged girls, carbonated beverage consumption, and bone fractures. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 154, 610-613.
151. Zebrack, B. J. & Zeltzer, L. K. (2003) Quality of life issues and cancer survivorship. Current Problems in Cancer, 27, 198-211.
152. Zebrack, B., Zeltzer, L., Whitton, J. et al. (2002) Psychological outcomes in long term survivors of childhood leukemia, Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Pediatrics, 110, 42-52.
153. Zeltzer, L. K., Chen, E., Weiss, R. et al. (1997) Comparison of psychological outcome in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia versus sibling controls: a cooperative Children's Cancer Group and National Institutes of Health Study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 15, 547-556.