Neurosyphilis

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Volumn 121, Issue , 2014, Pages 1461-1472

  Berger, Joseph R ^a   Dean, Dawson ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Dementia; General paresis of the insane; Neurosyphilis; Stroke; Tabes dorsalis; Treponema pallidum

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE;

ARTICLE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; DEMENTIA; GENERAL PARESIS OF THE INSANE; HISTORY; HUMAN; MICROBIOLOGY; NEUROSYPHILIS; NOMENCLATURE; PATHOLOGY; TABES DORSALIS; TREPONEMA PALLIDUM;

DEMENTIA; GENERAL PARESIS OF THE INSANE; NEUROSYPHILIS; STROKE; TABES DORSALIS; TREPONEMA PALLIDUM;

NEUROSYPHILIS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; HISTORY, 15TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; PENICILLINS; TERMINOLOGY AS TOPIC;

EID: 84890849996     PISSN: 00729752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00098-5     Document Type: Chapter

References (80)

1. Berger J.R. Syphilis of the spinal cord. The Handbook of the Spinal Cord 1987, Vol. 5:491-538. Marcel Dekker, New York. R. Davidoff (Ed.).
2. Berger J.R. Neurosyphilis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seropositive individuals. A prospective study. Arch. Neurol. 1991, 48:700-702.
3. Berger J.R. Spinal cord syphilis associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a treatable myelopathy. Am. J. Med. 1992, 92:101-103.
4. Berger J.R., Waskin H., Pall L., et al. Syphilitic cerebral gumma with HIV infection. Neurology 1992, 42(7):1282-1287.
5. Berry C.D., Hooton T.M., Collier A.C., et al. Neurologic relapse after benzathine penicillin therapy for secondary syphilis in a patient with HIV infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 1987, 316:1587-1589.
6. Bordon J., Martinez-Vazquez C., de la Fuente-Aguado J., et al. Response to standard syphilis treatment in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 1999, 18:729-732.
7. Brandon W.R., Boulos L.M., Morse A. Determining the prevalence of neurosyphilis in a cohort co-infected with HIV. Int. J. STD AIDS 1993, 4:99-101.
8. Brightbill T.C., Ihmeidan I.H., Post M.J., et al. Neurosyphilis in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients: neuroimaging findings. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 1995, 16:703-711.
9. Burstain J.M., Grimprel E., Lukehart S.A., et al. Sensitive detection of Treponema pallidum by using the polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1991, 29:62-69.
10. Carey L.A., Glesby M.J., Mundy L.M., et al. Lumbar puncture for evaluation of latent syphilis in hospitalized patients. High prevalence of cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities unrelated to syphilis. Arch. Intern. Med. 1995, 155:1657-1662.
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Trends in primary and secondary syphilis and HIV infections in men who have sex with men - San Francisco and Los Angeles, California, 1998-2002. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2004, 53:575-578.
12. Chen C.W., Chiang H.C., Chen, et al. General paresis with reversible mesial temporal T2-weighted hyperintensity on magnetic resonance image: a case report. Acta Neurol. Taiwan. 2005, 14:208-212.
13. Chung W.M., Pien F.D., Grekin J.L. Syphilis: a cause of fever of unknown origin. Cutis 1983, 31:537-540.
14. Clark E.G., Danbolt N. The Oslo study of the natural cause of untreated syphilis: an epidemiologic investigation based on a re-study of the Boeck-Bruusgard material. Med. Clin. North Am. 1964, 48:613-624.
15. Cosottini M., Mascalchi M., Zaccara G., et al. Reversal of syphilitic hydrocephalus with intravenous penicillin. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 1997, 24:343-344.
16. Darmstadt G.L., Harris J.P. Luetic hearing loss: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Am. J. Otolaryngol. 1989, 10:410-421.
17. Davis L.E., Schmitt J.W. Clinical significance of cerebrospinal fluid tests for neurosyphilis. Ann. Neurol. 1989, 25:50-55.
18. Dougan S., Evans B.G., Elford J. Sexually transmitted infections in Western Europe among HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Sex. Transm. Dis. 2007, 34:783-790.
19. Dowell M.E., Ross P.G., Musher D.M., et al. Response of latent syphilis or neurosyphilis to ceftriaxone therapy in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Am. J. Med. 1992, 93:481-488. [see comments].
20. Faber W.R., Bos J.D., Rietra P.J., et al. Treponemicidal levels of amoxicillin in cerebrospinal fluid after oral administration. Sex. Transm. Dis. 1983, 10:148-150.
21. Fadil H., Gonzalez-Toledo E., Kelley B.J., et al. Neuroimaging findings in neurosyphilis. J. Neuroimaging 2006, 16:286-289.
22. Fernandez-Guerrero M.L., Miranda C., Cenjor C., et al. The treatment of neurosyphilis in patients with HIV infection. JAMA 1988, 259:1495-1496.
23. Flood J.M., Weinstock H.S., Guroy M.E., et al. Neurosyphilis during the AIDS epidemic, San Francisco, 1985-1992. J. Infect. Dis. 1998, 177:931-940. [see comments].
24. French P., Gomberg M., Janier M., et al. IUSTI: 2008 European Guidelines on the Management of Syphilis. Int. J. STD AIDS 2009, 20:300-309.
25. Goldmeier D., Hay P. A review and update on adult syphilis, with particular reference to its treatment [editorial]. Int. J. STD AIDS 1993, 4:70-82.
26. Good C.D., Jager H.R. Contrast enhancement of the cerebrospinal fluid on MRI in two cases of spirochaetal meningitis. Neuroradiology 2000, 42:448-450.
27. Gordon S.M., Eaton M.E., George R., et al. The response of symptomatic neurosyphilis to high-dose intravenous penicillin G in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994, 331:1469-1473. [see comments].
28. Han J.H., Lee C.C., Crupi R.S. Meningovascular syphilis and improvement with tissueplasminogen activator (T-PA). Am J Emerg Med 2004, 22(5):426-427.
29. Harris D.E., Enterline D.S., Tien R.D. Neurosyphilis in patients with AIDS. Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. 1997, 7:215-221.
30. Hay P.E., Clarke J.R., Taylor-Robinson D., et al. Detection of treponemal DNA in the CSF of patients with syphilis and HIV infection using the polymerase chain reaction. Genitourin. Med. 1990, 66:428-432.
31. Hollander H. Cerebrospinal fluid normalities and abnormalities in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J. Infect. Dis. 1988, 158:855-858.
32. Holtom P.D., Larsen R.A., Leal M.E., et al. Prevalence of neurosyphilis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with latent syphilis. Am. J. Med. 1992, 93:9-12. [see comments].
33. Hook E.W., Baker-Zander S.A., Moskovitz B.L., et al. Ceftriaxone therapy for asymptomatic neurosyphilis. Case report and Western blot analysis of serum and cerebrospinal fluid IgG response to therapy. Sex. Transm. Dis. 1986, 13(3 Suppl):185-188.
34. Inoue R., Katayama S., Kusakabe T., et al. Cerebral gumma showing linear dural enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging - case report. Neurol. Med. Chir. (Tokyo) 1995, 35:813-817.
35. Iwamoto K., Aoyagi J., Kiyozuka T., et al. Neurosyphilis with unilateral optic tract lesion causing homonymous hemianopia. Neurologist 2009, 15:345-346.
36. Johns D.R., Tierney M., Felsenstein D. Alteration in the natural history of neurosyphilis by concurrent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. N. Engl. J. Med. 1987, 316:1569-1572.
37. Katz D.A., Berger J.R. Neurosyphilis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch. Neurol. 1989, 46:895-898. [see comments].
38. Katz D.A., Berger J.R., Duncan R.C. Neurosyphilis. A comparative study of the effects of infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Neurol 1993, 50:243-249. [published erratum appears in Arch Neurol 1993 50: 614].
39. Katz K.A., Pillay A., Ahrens K., et al. Molecular epidemiology of syphilis - San Francisco, 2004-2007. Sex. Transm. Dis. 2010, 37:660-663.
40. Kellett M.W., Young G.R., Fletcher N.A. Paraparesis due to syphilitic aortic dissection. Neurology 1997, 48:221-223.
41. Kitabayashi Y., Ueda H., Narumoto J., et al. Cerebral blood flow changes in general paresis following penicillin treatment: a longitudinal single photon emission computed tomography study. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2002, 56:65-70.
42. Knopman D.S. Dementia and cerebrovascular disease. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2006, 81:223-230.
43. Kojan S., Van Ness P.C., Diaz-Arrastia R. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus resulting from Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in a patient with neurosyphilis. Clin. Electroencephalogr. 2000, 31:138-140.
44. Lanska M.J., Lanska D.J., Schmidley J.W. Syphilitic polyradiculopathy in an HIV-positive man. Neurology 1988, 38:1297-1301.
45. Lessig S., Tecoma E. Perils of the prozone reaction: neurosyphilis presenting as an RPR-negative subacute dementia. Neurology 2006, 66(5):777.
46. Libois A., De Wit S., Poll B., et al. HIV and syphilis: when to perform a lumbar puncture. Sex. Transm. Dis. 2007, 34:141-144.
47. Lukehart S.A., Hook E.W., Baker-Zander S.A., et al. Invasion of the central nervous system by Treponema pallidum: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Ann. Intern. Med. 1988, 109:855-862.
48. Malone J.L., Wallace M.R., Hendrick B.B., et al. Syphilis and neurosyphilis in a human immunodeficiency virus type-1 seropositive population: evidence for frequent serologic relapse after therapy. Am. J. Med. 1995, 99:55-63.
49. Marra C.M., Tantalo L.C., Maxwell C.L., et al. Alternative cerebrospinal fluid tests to diagnose neurosyphilis in HIV-infected individuals. Neurology 2004, 63:85-88.
50. Marra C., Sahi S., Tantalo L., et al. Enhanced molecular typing of treponema pallidum: geographical distribution of strain types and association with neurosyphilis. J. Infect. Dis. 2010, 202:1380-1388.
51. Morrison R.E., Harrison S.M., Tramont E.C. Oral amoxycillin, an alternative treatment for neurosyphilis. Genitourin. Med. 1985, 61:359-362.
52. Musher D.M., Hamill R.J., Baughn R.E. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on the course of syphilis and on the response to treatment. Ann. Intern. Med. 1990, 113:872-881.
53. Oette M., Hemker J., Feldt T., et al. Acute syphilitic blindness in an HIV-positive patient. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2005, 19:209-211.
54. Pearce J.M. Romberg and his sign. Eur. Neurol. 2005, 53:210-213.
55. Peterman T.A., Heffelfinger J.D., Swint E.B., et al. The changing epidemiology of syphilis. Sex. Transm. Dis. 2005, 32(10 Suppl):S4-S10.
56. Phan T.G., Somerville E.R., Chen S. Intractable epilepsy as the initial manifestation of neurosyphilis. Epilepsia 1999, 40:1309-1311.
57. Polnikorn N., Witoonpanich R., Vorachit M., et al. Penicillin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid after different treatment regimens for syphilis. Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1980, 56:363-367.
58. Roberts M.C., Emsley R.A. Cognitive change after treatment for neurosyphilis. Correlation with CSF laboratory measures. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 1995, 17:305-309.
59. Roberts M.C., Emsley R.A., Jordaan G.P. Screening for syphilis and neurosyphilis in acute psychiatric admissions. S. Afr. Med. J. 1992, 82:16-18.
60. Rothschild B.M., Rothschild C. Treponemal disease revisited: skeletal discriminators for yaws, bejel, and venereal syphilis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1995, 20:1402-1408.
61. Rothschild B.M., Hershkovitz I., Rothschild C., et al. Origin of yaws in the Pleistocene. Nature 1995, 378:343-344.
62. Rushing E.J., Liappis A., Smirniotopoulos J.D., et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome of the brain: case illustrations of a challenging entity. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2008, 67:819-827.
63. Russouw H.G., Roberts M.C., Emsley R.A., et al. Psychiatric manifestations and magnetic resonance imaging in HIV-negative neurosyphilis. Biol. Psychiatry 1997, 41:467-473.
64. Santos V. Differential diagnosis of nesiotemporal lesions: case report and MRI findings. Neuroradiology 2005, 47:664-667.
65. Scheid R., Voltz R., Vetter T., et al. Neurosyphilis and paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis: important differential diagnoses. J. Neurol. 2005, 252:1129-1132.
66. Schiller F. Staggering gait in medical history. Ann. Neurol. 1995, 37:127-135.
67. Shi X., Wu J., Liu Z., et al. Single photon emission CT perfusion imaging of cerebral blood flow of early syphilis patients. Chin Med J (Engl) 2003, 116:1051-1054.
68. Smith J.L., Holman R.P. The prozone phenomenon with syphilis and HIV-1 co-infection. South. Med. J. 2004, 97:379-382.
69. Smith J.L., Byrne S.F., Cambron C.R. Syphiloma/gumma of the optic nerve and human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity. J. Clin. Neuroophthalmol. 1990, 10:175-184.
70. Soares-Fernandes J.P., Ribeiro M., Maré R., et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging findings in a patient with cerebral syphilitic gumma. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 2007, 31:592-594.
71. Stepper F., Schroth G., Sturzenegger M., et al. Neurosyphilis mimicking Miller-Fisher syndrome: a case report and MRI findings. Neurology 1998, 51:269-271.
72. Tramont E.C. Persistence of Treponema pallidum following penicillin G therapy. Report of two cases. JAMA 1976, 236:2206-2207.
73. Whang K.K., Lee M.G., Lew W., et al. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to Treponema pallidum. J. Dermatol. Sci. 1992, 4:26-32.
74. Winston A., Marriott D., Brew B. Early syphilis presenting as a painful polyradiculopathy in an HIV positive individual. Sex. Transm. Infect. 2005, 81:133-134.
75. Workowski K.A., Berman S. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm. Rep. 2010, 59:1-110.
76. World Health Organization Global Prevalence and Incidence of Selected Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections: Overview and Estimates 2001, WHO/HIV_AIDS/2001.02 WHO/CDS/CSR/EDC/2001.10 Volume, DOI:. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/sti/who_hiv_aids_2001.02.pdf.
77. Yim C.W., Flynn N.M., Fitzgerald F.C., et al. Penetration of oral doxycycline into the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with latent or neurosyphilis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1985, 28:347-348.
78. Yimtae K., Srirompotong S., Lertsukprasert K. Otosyphilis: a review of 85 cases. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2007, 136:67-71.
79. Zambrano W., Perez G.M., Smith J.L. Acute syphilitic blindness in AIDS. J. Clin. Neuroophthalmol. 1987, 7:1-5.
80. Zifko U., Wimberger D., Lindner K., et al. MRI in patients with general paresis. Neuroradiology 1996, 38:120-123.