Turkish as an Immigrant Language in Europe

The Handbook of Bilingualism

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 689-724

  Backus, Ad ^a  

^a TILBURG UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Europe; Immigrant language; Labor migration; Turkish diaspora; Turkish language

Indexed keywords

EID: 84890747040     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470756997.ch26     Document Type: Chapter

References (98)

1. Aarssen, J. (1996). Relating Events in Two Languages: Acquisition of Cohesive Devices by Turkish-Dutch Bilingual Children at School Age (Studies in Multilingualism 2). Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press.
2. Aarts, R. (1996). Functional literacy of Turkish children in Turkey and in the Netherlands. In L. Johanson, in cooperation with E. Csato, V. Locke, A. Menz, and D. Winterling (eds.), Turkologica, 32: The Mainz Meeting: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, August 3-6, 1994, pp. 517-26. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
3. Abadan-Unat, N. (1976). Turkish migration to Europe, 1960-1975. A balance sheet of achievements and failures. In N. Abadan-Unat (ed.), Turkish Workers in Europe 1960-1975, pp. 1-44. Leiden: Brill.
4. Abadan-Unat, N. (1985). Identity crisis of Turkish migrants, first and second generation. In I. Baqgöz and N. Furniss (eds.), Indiana University Turkish Studies. Volume 5: Turkish Workers in Europe. An Interdisciplinary Study, pp. 3-22. Bloomington: Indiana University.
5. Adalar, N. and Tagliamonte, S. (1998). Borrowed nouns; bilingual people: The case of the "Londrali" in Northern Cyprus. International Journal of Bilingualism, 2(2), 139-59.
6. Akinci, M.-A. (1999). Turkish spoken by bilingual children in France: Mother tongue and weak language? In Bayraktaroglu, A. (ed.), TASG News. Newsletter of the Turkish Area Study Group, 49 (special edition: Turkish Language in Diaspora), 40-6.
7. Akinci, M.-A. (2001). LINCOM Studies in Language Acquisition. Volume 3: Développement des compétences narratives des enfants bilingues turc-franqais en France agés de 5 a 10 ans [Development of narrative competence of bilingual Turkish-French children in France between the ages of 5 and 10]. Munich: LINCOM.
8. Akinci, M.-A., Jisa, H., and Kern, S. (2001). Influence of L1 Turkish on L2 French narratives. In L. Verhoeven and S. Strömqvist (eds.), Narrative Development in a Multilingual Context, pp. 189-208). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
9. Akinci, M.-A. and K. Yagmur (forthcoming). Language use and attitudes of Turkish immigrants in France and their subjective ethnolinguistic vitality perceptions. In A. S. Özsoy (ed.), Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Turkish Linguistics. Istanbul: Bogaziςi University.
10. Aksu-Koç, A. (1988). The Acquisition of Aspect and Modality: The Case of Past Reference in Turkish. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
11. Aksu-Koç, A. (1994). Development of linguistic forms: Turkish. In R. A. Berman and D. I. Slobin (eds.), Relating Events in Narrative: A Crosslinguistic Developmental Study, pp. 329-85. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
12. Auer, P. (ed.) (1998). Code-switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction and Identity. London: Routledge.
13. Auer, P. and Dirim, I. (2000). On the use of Turkish routines by adolescents of non-Turkish descent in Hamburg. In A. Holmen and J. N. Jørgensen (eds.), Copenhagen Studies in Bilingualism: The Køge Series. Volume 7: Det er Conversation 801, degil mi? Perspectives on the Bilingualism of Turkish Speaking Children and Adolescents in North Western Europe, pp. 159-94. Copenhagen: The Danish University of Education.
14. Auer, P. and Dirim, I. (forthcoming). Socio-cultural orientation, youth styles and the spontaneous acquisition of Turkish by non-Turkish adolescents in Germany. In J. Androutsopoulos and A. Georgakopoulou (eds.), Discourse Constructions of Youth Identities.
15. Backus, A. (1992). Patterns of Language Mixing: A Study in Turkish-Dutch Bilingualism. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
16. Backus, A. (1996). Studies in Multilingualism. Volume 1: Two in One. Bilingual Speech of Turkish Immigrants in the Netherlands. Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press.
17. Backus, A. (2001). The role of semantic specificity in insertional codeswitching: Evidence from Dutch Turkish. In R. Jacobson (ed.), Codeswitching Worldwide II, pp. 125-54. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
18. Backus, A. (2003). Units in codeswitching: Evidence for multimorphemic elements in the lexicon. Linguistics, 41(1), 83-132.
19. Backus, A. and Van der Heijden, H. (1998). Life and birth of a bilingual: the mixed code of bilingual children and adults in the Turkish community in the Netherlands. In L. Johanson, in cooperation with E. Csato, V. Locke, A. Menz, and D. Winterling (eds.), Turkologica, 32: The Mainz Meeting: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, August 3-6, 1994, pp. 527-51. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
20. Backus, A. and Van der Heijden, H. (2002). Language mixing by young Turkish children in the Netherlands. Psychology of Language and Communication, 6(1), 55-73.
21. Bayraktaroglu, A. (1999). Non-standard uses in the mother tongue by the Turkish diaspora adolescents in England. In Bayraktaroglu, A. (ed.), TASG News. Newsletter of the Turkish Area Study Group, 49 (special edition: Turkish Language in Diaspora), 28-39.
22. Bayraktaroglu, A. (ed.) (1999). TASG News. Newsletter of the Turkish Area Study Group, 49 (special edition: Turkish Language in Diaspora). London: TASG.
23. Bhatia, T. and Ritchie, W. (1999). The bilingual child: Some issues and perspectives. In W. Ritchie and T. Bhatia (eds.), Handbook of Child Language Acquisition, pp. 569-643. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
24. Boeschoten, H. (1990). Acquisition of Turkish by Immigrant Children. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
25. Boeschoten, H. (1994). Second language influence on first language acquisition: Turkish children in Germany. In G. Extra and L. Verhoeven (eds.), The Cross-linguistic Study of Bilingual Development, pp. 253-63. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen.
26. Boeschoten, H. (1997). Codeswitching, codemixing and code alternation: What a difference. In R. Jacobson (ed.), Codeswitching Worldwide, pp. 15-24. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
27. Boeschoten, H. (1999). Equivalence and levels of analysis. In B. Brendemoen, E. Lanza and E. Ryen (eds.), Language Encounters in Time and Space, pp. 63-71. Oslo: Novus.
28. Boeschoten, H. (2000). Convergence and divergence in migrant Turkish. In K. Mattheier (ed.), Dialect and Migration in a Changing Europe, pp. 145-54. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
29. Boeschoten, H. and Broeder, P. (1999). Zum Interferenzbegriff in seiner Anwendung auf die Zweisprachigkeit türkischer Immigranten. In L. Johanson and J. Rehbein (eds.), Türkisch und Deutsch im Vergleich, pp. 1-21. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
30. Boeschoten, H. and Verhoeven, L. (1987). Language mixing in children's speech: Dutch language use in Turkish discourse. Language Learning, 37, 191-215.
31. Boyd, S. (2001). Immigrant languages in Sweden. In G. Extra and D. Gorter (eds.), The Other Languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives, pp. 177-92. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
32. Boyd, S., Andersson, P., Berggreen, H., and Hjulstad Junttila, J. (1995). Minority and majority language use in the family among four immigrant groups in the Nordic region. In W. Fase, K. Jaspaert, and S. Kroon (eds.), The State of Minority Languages: International Perspectives on Survival and Decline, pp. 97-111. Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger.
33. Csato, Eva Agnes (forthcoming). Turkologica: Spoken Karaim. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
34. Deuchar, M. and Quay, S. (2000). Bilingual Acquisition: Theoretical Implications of a Case Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
35. Dirim, I. (1999). "Var mi lan Marmelade?"-Türkisch-deutscher Sprachkontakt in einer Grundschulklasse ["Var mi lan Marmelade?"-Turkish-German language contact in an elementary school classroom]. Münster: Waxmann.
36. El Aissati, A. and Schaufeli, A. (1999). Language maintenance and loss: Evidence from language perception and production. In G. Extra and L. Verhoeven (eds.), Studies on Language Acquisition. Volume 14: Bilingualism and Migration, pp. 363-77). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
37. Eminov, A. (1997). Turkish and Other Muslim Minorities in Bulgaria. London and New York: Routledge.
38. Enç, M. (1986). Topic switching and pronominal subjects in Turkish. In D. Slobin and K. Zimmer (eds.), Studies in Turkish Linguistics, pp. 195-208. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
39. Erguvanli-Taylan, E. (1984). The Function of Word Order in Turkish Grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.
40. Extra, G. and Gorter, D. (2001). Comparative perspectives on regional and immigrant minority languages in multicultural Europe. In G. Extra and D. Gorter (eds.), The Other Languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives, pp. 1-41. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
41. Extra, G. and Verhoeven, L. (1999). Processes of language change in a migration context: the case of the Netherlands. In G. Extra and L. Verhoeven (eds.), Studies on Language Acquisition. Volume 14: Bilingualism and Migration, pp. 29-57. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
42. Gogolin, I. and Reich, H. (2001). Immigrant languages in federal Germany. In G. Extra and D. Gorter (eds.), The Other Languages of Europe. Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives, pp. 193-214. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
43. Gubbay, J. (1999). The European Union role in the formation, legitimation and implementation of migration policy. In G. Dale and M. Cole (eds.), The European Union and Migrant Labour, pp. 43-66. Oxford: Berg.
44. Haig, G. and Braun, F. (1999). The state of the Turkish language in Germany. In Bayraktaroglu, A. (ed.), TASG News. Newsletter of the Turkish Area Study Group, 49 (special edition: Turkish Language in Diaspora), pp. 13-18.
45. Hill, J. and Hill, K. (1986). Speaking Mexicano: Dynamics of Syncretic Language in Central Mexico. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
46. Hinnenkamp, V. (2002). "zwei zu bir miydi?" Mischsprachliche Varietäten von Migrantenjugendlichen im Hybriditätsdiskurs ["Zwei zu bir miydi?" Mixed varieties of migrant youths in hybrid discourse]. In V. Hinnenkamp and K. Meng (eds.). Sprachgrenzen überspringen. Sprachliche Hybridität und polykulturelles Selbstverständnis. [Crossing language boundaries: Linguistic hybridity and multicultural self-understanding]. Studien zur deutschen Sprache. Forschungen des Instituts für Deutsche Sprache. Tübingen: Narr.
47. Holmen, A. and Jørgensen, J. N. (eds.) (2000). Copenhagen Studies in Bilingualism: The Køge Series. Volume 7: Det er Conversation 801, degil mi? Perspectives on the Bilingualism of Turkish speaking Children and Adolescents in North Western Europe. Copenhagen: The Danish University of Education.
48. Holmen, A., Latomaa, S., Gimbel, J., Andersen, S. and Jørgensen, J. N. (1995). Parent attitudes to children's L1 maintenance: A cross-sectional study of immigrant groups in the Nordic countries. In W. Fase, K. Jaspaert, and S. Kroon (eds.), European Studies on Multilingualism. Volume 5: The State of Minority Languages. International Perspectives on Survival and Decline, pp. 173-85. Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger.
49. Huls, E. (2000). Power in Turkish migrant families. Discourse and Society, 11(3), 345-72.
50. Huls, E. and Van de Mond, A. (1992). Some aspects of language attrition in Turkish families in the Netherlands. In W. Fase, K. Jaspaert, and S. Kroon (eds.), Studies in Bilingualism. Volume 1: Maintenance and Loss of Minority Languages, pp. 99-115. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
51. Johanson, L. (1992). Strukturelle Faktoren in Türkischen Sprachkontakten [Structural factors in Turkic language contacts]. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
52. Johanson, L. (1993). Code-copying in immigrant Turkish. In G. Extra and L. Verhoeven (eds.), Immigrant Languages in Europe, pp. 197-221. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
53. Johanson, L. (1999a). Frame-changing code-copying in immigrant varieties. In G. Extra and L. Verhoeven (eds.), Studies on Language Acquisition. Volume 14: Bilingualism and Migration, pp. 247-60. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
54. Johanson, L. (1999b). The dynamics of code-copying in language encounters. In B. Brendemoen, E. Lanza, and E. Ryen (eds.), Language Encounters in Time and Space, pp. 37-62. Oslo: Novus.
55. Jongenburger, W. and Aarssen, J. (2001). Linguistic and cultural exchange and appropriation: A survey study in a multi-ethnic neighbourhood in the Netherlands. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 22(4), 293-308.
56. Jørgensen, J. N. (1998). Children's acquisition of code-switching for power wielding. In P. Auer (ed.) Code-switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction and Identity, pp. 237-58. London: Routledge.
57. Kallmeyer, W. and Keim, I. (2003). Linguistic variation and the construction of social identity in a German-Turkish setting: A case study of an immigrant youth-group in Mannheim, Germany. In J. Androutsopoulos and A. Georgapoulou (eds.), Discourse Constructions of Youth Identities, pp. 29-46. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
58. Keim, I. and Cindark, I. (forthcoming). Deutsch-türkischer Mischcode in einer Migrantinnengruppe: Form von "Jugendsprache" oder soziolektales Characteristikum? [German-Turkish mixed code in a migrant network: A type of "youth slang" or a sociolectal characteristic?]. In E. Neuland (ed.), Jugendsprache-Spiegel der Zeit. Tagungsband der internationalen Fachkonferenz in Wuppertal 2001. [Youth language-Mirror of the times. Proceedings of the international conference in Wuppertal 2001]. Frankfurt.
59. Kiral, F. (2001). Das gesprochene Aserbaidschanisch von Iran. Eine Studie zu den syntaktischen Einflüssen des Persischen [Spoken Azerbaijani in Iran: A study of the syntactic influence of Persian]. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
60. Kiray, M. (1976). The family of the immigrant worker. In N. Abadan-Unat (ed.), Turkish Workers in Europe 1960-1975, pp. 210-34. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
61. Kurtböke, Petek (1998). A Corpus-driven Study of Turkish-English Language Contact in Australia. Unpublished dissertation, Monash University, Melbourne, Department of Linguistics (available on-line at http://home.vicnet.net.au/~petek/thesis).
62. McClure, E. (1981). Formal and functional aspects of the code-switched discourse of bilingual children. In R. Durán (ed.), Latino Language and Communicative Behavior, pp. 69-94. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
63. Maschler, Yael (2000). What can bilingual conversation tell us about discourse markers? Introduction. International Journal of Bilingualism, 4(4), 437-45.
64. Menz, A. (1993). Studien zum Türkischen der zweiten deutschland-türkischen Generation. [Studies of the Turkish of second-generation German Turks]. Unpublished MA thesis, Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
65. Menz, A. (1999). Turkologica, 41: Gagausische Syntax. Eine Studie zum kontaktinduzierten Sprachwandel [Gagauz syntax: A study of contact-induced language change]. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
66. Moffatt, S. and Milroy, L. (1992). Panjabi/English language alternation in the early school years. Multilingua, 11(4), 355-85.
67. Mushaben, J. M. (1985). A crisis of culture: isolation and integration among Turkish guestworkers in the German Federal Republic. In I. Ba_göz and N. Furniss (eds.), Indiana University Turkish Studies. Volume 5: Turkish Workers in Europe. An Interdisciplinary Study, pp. 125-50. Bloomington: Indiana University.
68. Muysken, P. (2000). Bilingual Speech: A Typology of Code-mixing. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
69. Myers-Scotton, C. (1997). Duelling languages: Grammatical structure in codeswitching (2nd edn.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
70. Necef, M. Ü. (1994). The language of intimacy. In L. Andersen (ed.), Middle East Studies in Denmark, pp. 141-58. Odense: Odense University Press.
71. Özcan, H., Keçik I., Topbaq, S. and Konrot, A. (2000). A comparative study in pronominal use in the discourse of monolingual Turkish-speaking and bilingual Turkish-Danish speaking children. In A. Holmen and J. N. Jørgensen (eds.), Copenhagen Studies in Bilingualism: The Køge Series. Volume 7: Det er Conversation 801, degil mi? Perspectives on the Bilingualism of Turkish speaking Children and Adolescents in North Western Europe, pp. 121-36. Copenhagen Studies in Bilingualism: The Køge Series, K7. Copenhagen: The Danish University of Education.
72. Pfaff, C. W. (1991). Turkish in contact with German: Language maintenance and loss among immigrant children in West Berlin. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 90, 97-129.
73. Pfaff, C. W. (1993). Turkish language development in Germany. In G. Extra and L. Verhoeven (eds.), Immigrant Languages in Europe, pp. 119-46. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
74. Pfaff, C. W. (1994). Early bilingual development of Turkish children in Berlin. In G. Extra and L. Verhoeven (eds.), The Cross-linguistic Study of Bilingual Development, pp. 75-97. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen.
75. Pfaff, C. W. (1997). Contacts and conflicts: Perspectives from code-switching research. In M. Pütz (ed.), Language Choices, pp. 341-60. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
76. Pfaff, Carol W. (1999). Changing patterns of language mixing in a bilingual child. In G. Extra and L. Verhoeven (eds.), Studies on Language Acquisition. Volume 14: Bilingualism and Migration, pp. 97-121. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
77. Pfaff, C. W. (2000). Development and use of et-and yap-by Turkish/German bilingual children. In A. Göksel and C. Kerslake (eds.), Studies on Turkish and Turkic Languages, pp. 365-73. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
78. Polinsky, M. (1995). Cross-linguistic parallels in language loss. Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 14(1/2), 87-123.
79. Poplack, Shana, and Meechan, Marjorie (1998). Introduction: How languages fit together in codemixing. International Journal of Bilingualism, 2(2), 127-38.
80. Queen, R. (2001). Bilingual intonation patterns: Evidence of language change from Turkish-German bilingual children. Language in Society, 30(1), 55-80.
81. Rampton, B. (1995). Crossing: Language and Ethnicity among Youths. London: Longman.
82. Romaine, S. (1995). Bilingualism, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.
83. Rudin, C. and Eminov, A. (1990). Bulgarian Turkish: The linguistic effects of recent nationality policy. Anthropological Linguistics, 32, 149-62.
84. Schaufeli, A. (1991). Turkish in an Immigrant Setting: A Comparative Study of the First Language of Monolingual and Bilingual Turkish Children. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam.
85. Schaufeli, A. (1992). A domain approach to the Turkish vocabulary of bilingual Turkish children in the Netherlands. In W. Fase, K. Jaspaert, and S. Kroon (eds.) Studies in Bilingualism. Volume 1: Maintenance and Loss of Minority Languages, pp. 117-35. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
86. Schaufeli, A. (1993). Turkish language development in the Netherlands. In G. Extra and L. Verhoeven (eds.), Immigrant Languages in Europe, pp. 147-57. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
87. Schaufeli, A. (1994). First language text cohesion in a Turkish-Dutch bilingual setting. In G. Extra and L. Verhoeven (eds.), The Cross-linguistic Study of Bilingual Development, pp. 199-218. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen.
88. Thomason, S. G. (2001). Language Contact. An Introduction. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
89. Tribalat, M. (1995). Faire France. Une grande enquete sur les immigrés et leurs enfants. Paris: Editions la Découverte.
90. Türker, E. (1998). Turkish as an immigrant language: A descriptive study of second generation immigrant Turkish in Norway. In L. Johanson, in cooperation with E. Csato, V. Locke, A. Menz, and D. Winterling (eds.), Turkologica, 32: The Mainz Meeting: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, August 3-6, 1994, pp. 697-704. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
91. Türker, E. (2000). Turkish-Norwegian codeswitching: Evidence from intermediate and second generation Turkish immigrants in Norway. Oslo: Unipub Forlag.
92. Van der Heijden, H. (1999). Word formation processes in young bilingual children. In G. Extra and L. Verhoeven (eds.), Studies on Language Acquisition. Volume 14: Bilingualism and Migration, pp. 123-40. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
93. Van der Heijden, H. and Verhoeven, L. (1994). Early bilingual development of Turkish children in the Netherlands. In G. Extra and L. Verhoeven (eds.), The Cross-linguistic Study of Bilingual Development, pp. 51-73. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen.
94. Verhoeven, L. (1988). Acquisition of discourse cohesion in Turkish. In S. Koç (ed.), Studies on Turkish Linguistics, pp. 437-52. Ankara: Middle East Technical University.
95. Verhoeven, L. (1989). Acquisition of clause linking in Turkish. In A.Van Kemenade and H. Bennis (eds.) Linguistics in the Netherlands 1989, pp. 153-62. Dordrecht: Foris.
96. Verhoeven, L. and Boeschoten, H. (1986). First language acquisition in a second language submersion environment. Applied Psycholinguistics, 7, 241-56.
97. Weinreich, U. (1953). Languages in Contact. New York: Linguistic Circle of New York Publication no. 2.
98. Wray, A. (2002). Formulaic Language and the Lexicon. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.