Biochar's role in mitigating soil nitrous oxide emissions: A review and meta-analysis

Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment

Volumn 191, Issue , 2014, Pages 5-16

  Cayuela, M L ^a   van Zwieten, L ^b   Singh, B P ^b   Jeffery, S ^c   Roig, A ^a   Sanchez Monedero M A ^a  

^a RESEARCH GROUP ON QUALITY   (Spain)

^b NSW DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES   (Australia)

^c WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Charcoal; Greenhouse gas emissions; N2O mitigation; Systematic review

Indexed keywords

BIOFUEL; BLACK CARBON; CHARCOAL; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; FERTILIZER APPLICATION; LABORATORY METHOD; META-ANALYSIS; NITROGEN CYCLE; NITROUS OXIDE; PYROLYSIS; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; SOIL EMISSION; SOIL TEXTURE;

EID: 84890745772     PISSN: 01678809     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.009     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Adams D.C., Gurevitch J., Rosenberg M.S. Resampling tests for meta-analysis of ecological data. Ecology 1997, 78:1277-1283.
2. 2O emissions and microbial properties of biochar amended sandy loam soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2013, 57:401-410.
3. Angst T.E., Patterson C.J., Reay D.S., Anderson P., Peshkur T.A., Sohi S.P. Biochar diminishes nitrous oxide and nitrate leaching from diverse nutrient sources. J. Environ. Qual. 2013, 42:672-682.
4. Augustenborg C.A., Hepp S., Kammann C., Hagan D., Schmidt O., Müller C. Biochar and earthworm effects on soil nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions. J. Environ. Qual. 2012, 41:1203-1209.
5. Baggs E.M. Soil microbial sources of nitrous oxide: recent advances in knowledge, emerging challenges and future direction. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sust. 2011, 3:321-327.
6. Baggs E.M., Rees R.M., Smith K.A., Vinten A.J.A. Nitrous oxide emission from soils after incorporating crop residues. Soil Use Manage. 2000, 16:82-87.
7. 2O emissions from soils. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 2012, 367:1226-1234.
8. 2O emissions from soils at different water-filled pore space. Biol. Fertil. Soils 2005, 41:379-388.
9. Biederman L.A., Harpole W.S. Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: a meta-analysis. GCB Bioenergy 2013, 5:202-214.
10. Bremner J.M., Blackmer A.M., Waring S.A. Formation of nitrous oxide and dinitrogen by chemical decomposition of hydroxylamine in soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1980, 12:263-269.
11. Brewer C.E., Hu Y.-Y., Schmidt-Rohr K., Loynachan T.E., Laird D.A., Brown R.C. Extent of pyrolysis impacts on fast pyrolysis biochar properties. J. Environ. Qual. 2012, 41:1115-1122.
12. 2O emissions: potential effects of blending fast-pyrolysis biochar with anaerobically digested slurry. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 2011, 62:581-589.
13. Butterbach-Bahl K., Baggs E.M., Dannenmann M., Kiese R., Zechmeister-Boltenstern S. Nitrous oxide emissions from soils: how well do we understand the processes and their controls?. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 2013, 368.
14. Cao X., Harris W. Properties of dairy-manure-derived biochar pertinent to its potential use in remediation. Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101:5222-5228.
15. Cao X., Ma L., Gao B., Harris W. Dairy-manure derived biochar effectively sorbs lead and atrazine. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:3285-3291.
16. 2 emissions from a sandy loam soil-the role of soil aeration. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2012, 51:125-134.
17. Castaldi S., Riondino M., Baronti S., Esposito F.R., Marzaioli R., Rutigliano F.A., Vaccari F.P., Miglietta F. Impact of biochar application to a Mediterranean wheat crop on soil microbial activity and greenhouse gas fluxes. Chemosphere 2011, 85:1464-1471.
18. Cayuela M.L., Oenema O., Kuikman P.J., Bakker R.R., van Groenigen J.W. Bioenergy by-products as soil amendments? Implications for carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions. GCB Bioenergy 2010, 2:201-213.
19. 2O emissions?. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3:1732.
20. Cayuela M.L., Velthof G.L., Mondini C., Sinicco T., van Groenigen J.W. Nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions during initial decomposition of animal by-products applied as fertilisers to soils. Geoderma 2010, 157:235-242.
21. Clough T., Condron L., Kammann C., Müller C. A review of biochar and soil nitrogen dynamics. Agronomy 2013, 3:275-293.
22. Clough T.J., Bertram J.E., Ray J.L., Condron L.M., O'Callaghan M., Sherlock R.R., Wells N.S. Unweathered wood biochar impact on nitrous oxide emissions from a bovine-urine-amended pasture soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2010, 74:852-860.
23. Clough T.J., Condron L.M. Biochar and the nitrogen cycle: introduction. J. Environ. Qual. 2010, 39:1218-1223.
24. 2O to biochars and other organic and inorganic materials under anhydrous conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47:7704-7712.
25. Curtin D., Campbell C.A., Jalil A. Effects of acidity on mineralization: pH-dependence of organic matter mineralization in weakly acidic soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1998, 30:57-64.
26. Chan K.Y., Van Zwieten L., Meszaros I., Downie A., Joseph S. Using poultry litter biochars as soil amendments. Soil Res. 2008, 46:437-444.
27. 2O? A review. Global Change Biol. 2007, 13:1-17.
28. Chen J., Qu J., Liu X., Zheng J., Li L., Pan G. Inconsistent changes in microbial community structure and abundance with biochar amendment in rice paddy soils from South China. EGU General Assembly 2012 2012, 656.
29. Cheng C.-H., Lehmann J., Engelhard M.H. Natural oxidation of black carbon in soils: changes in molecular form and surface charge along a climosequence. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72:1598-1610.
30. 2O production in a cultivated Black Chernozem. Biol. Fertil. Soils 2012, 48:941-946.
31. Dempster D.N., Gleeson D.B., Solaiman Z.M., Jones D.L., Murphy D.V. Decreased soil microbial biomass and nitrogen mineralisation with Eucalyptus biochar addition to a coarse textured soil. Plant Soil 2012, 354:311-324.
32. Dempster D.N., Jones D.L., Murphy D.V. Clay and biochar amendments decreased inorganic but not dissolved organic nitrogen leaching in soil. Soil Res. 2012, 50:216-221.
33. Ducey T.F., Ippolito J.A., Cantrell K.B., Novak J.M., Lentz R.D. Addition of activated switchgrass biochar to an aridic subsoil increases microbial nitrogen cycling gene abundances. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2013, 65:65-72.
34. Fernandes S.O., Bonin P.C., Michotey V.D., Garcia N., LokaBharathi P.A. Nitrogen-limited mangrove ecosystems conserve N through dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium. Sci. Rep. 2012, 2:419.
35. Fu H., Zhu D. Graphene oxide-facilitated reduction of nitrobenzene in sulfide-containing aqueous solutions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47:4204-4210.
36. Gell K., van Groenigen J., Cayuela M.L. Residues of bioenergy production chains as soil amendments: immediate and temporal phytotoxicity. J. Hazard. Mater. 2011, 186:2017-2025.
37. Guo G.-X., Deng H., Qiao M., Yao H.-Y., Zhu Y.-G. Effect of long-term wastewater irrigation on potential denitrification and denitrifying communities in soils at the watershed scale. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47:3105-3113.
38. Hale S.E., Lehmann J., Rutherford D., Zimmerman A.R., Bachmann R.T., Shitumbanuma V., O'Toole A., Sundqvist K.L., Arp H.P.H., Cornelissen G. Quantifying the total and bioavailable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dioxins in biochars. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46:2830-2838.
39. 2O emissions: a review. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 1999, 55:133-157.
40. Herath H.M.S.K., Camps-Arbestain M., Hedley M. Effect of biochar on soil physical properties in two contrasting soils: an Alfisol and an Andisol. Geoderma 2013, 209-210:188-197.
41. Hilber I., Blum F., Leifeld J., Schmidt H.-P., Bucheli T.D. Quantitative determination of PAHs in biochar: a prerequisite to ensure its quality and safe application. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012, 60:3042-3050.
42. Huygens D., Boeckx P., Templer P., Paulino L., Van Cleemput O., Oyarzun C., Muller C., Godoy R. Mechanisms for retention of bioavailable nitrogen in volcanic rainforest soils. Nat. Geosci. 2008, 1:543-548.
43. Jeffery S., Verheijen F.G.A., van der Velde M., Bastos A.C. A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2011, 144:175-187.
44. 4. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 2012, 58:503-509.
45. Jones D.L., Rousk J., Edwards-Jones G., DeLuca T.H., Murphy D.V. Biochar-mediated changes in soil quality and plant growth in a three year field trial. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2012, 45:113-124.
46. Joseph S.D., Camps-Arbestain M., Lin Y., Munroe P., Chia C.H., Hook J., van Zwieten L., Kimber S., Cowie A., Singh B.P., Lehmann J., Foidl N., Smernik R.J., Amonette J.E. An investigation into the reactions of biochar in soil. Soil Res. 2010, 48:501-515.
47. Kameyama K., Miyamoto T., Shiono T., Shinogi Y. Influence of sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar application on nitrate leaching in calcaric dark red soil. J. Environ. Qual. 2012, 41:1131-1137.
48. Kammann C., Ratering S., Eckhard C., Müller C. Biochar and hydrochar effects on greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane) fluxes from soils. J. Environ. Qual. 2012, 41:1052-1066.
49. Keiluweit M., Nico P.S., Johnson M.G., Kleber M. Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon (biochar). Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:1247-1253.
50. Keith A., Singh B., Singh B.P. Interactive priming of biochar and labile organic matter mineralization in a smectite-rich soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45:9611-9618.
51. Knowles O.A., Robinson B.H., Contangelo A., Clucas L. Biochar for the mitigation of nitrate leaching from soil amended with biosolids. Sci. Total Environ. 2011, 409:3206-3210.
52. Kolton M., Meller Harel Y., Pasternak Z., Graber E.R., Elad Y., Cytryn E. Impact of biochar application to soil on the root-associated bacterial community structure of fully developed greenhouse pepper plants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2011, 77:4924-4930.
53. Lehmann J., Rillig M.C., Thies J., Masiello C.A., Hockaday W.C., Crowley D. Biochar effects on soil biota-a review. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2011, 43:1812-1836.
54. Liang B., Lehmann J., Sohi S.P., Thies J.E., O'Neill B., Trujillo L., Gaunt J., Solomon D., Grossman J., Neves E.G., Luizão F.J. Black carbon affects the cycling of non-black carbon in soil. Org. Geochem. 2010, 41:206-213.
55. Lin Y., Munroe P., Joseph S., Kimber S., Zwieten L. Nanoscale organo-mineral reactions of biochars in ferrosol: an investigation using microscopy. Plant Soil 2012, 357:369-380.
56. 2 production as affected by soil pH. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2010, 72:407-417.
57. 2O emission in rice paddies? A cross site field experiment from South China. Ecol. Eng. 2012, 42:168-173.
58. Liu X.H., Han F.P., Zhang X.C. Effect of biochar on soil aggregates in the Loess Plateau: results from incubation experiments. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 2012, 14:975-979.
59. Lovley D.R., Coates J.D., Blunt-Harris E.L., Phillips E.J.P., Woodward J.C. Humic substances as electron acceptors for microbial respiration. Nature 1996, 382:445-448.
60. Lubbers I.M., van Groenigen K.J., Fonte S.J., Six J., Brussaard L., van Groenigen J.W. Greenhouse-gas emissions from soils increased by earthworms. Nat. Clim. Change 2013, 3:187-194.
61. Luo Y., Durenkamp M., De Nobili M., Lin Q., Brookes P.C. Short term soil priming effects and the mineralisation of biochar following its incorporation to soils of different pH. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2011, 43:2304-2314.
62. Major J., Lehmann J., Rondon M., Goodale C. Fate of soil-applied black carbon: downward migration, leaching and soil respiration. Global Change Biol. 2010, 16:1366-1379.
63. Malghani S., Gleixner G., Trumbore S.E. Chars produced by slow pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization vary in carbon sequestration potential and greenhouse gases emissions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2013, 62:137-146.
64. Maliszewska-Kordybach B., Klimkowicz-Pawlas A., Smreczak B., Janusauskaite D. Ecotoxic effect of phenanthrene on nitrifying bacteria in soils of different properties. J. Environ. Qual. 2007, 36:1635-1645.
65. Martin S.M., Kookana R.S., Van Zwieten L., Krull E. Marked changes in herbicide sorption-desorption upon ageing of biochars in soil. J. Hazard. Mater. 2012, 231-232:70-78.
66. 2O emissions and denitrifier community abundance in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2008, 40:2553-2562.
67. 2O product ratio of nitrification and its dependence on long-term changes in soil pH. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2007, 39:2048-2057.
68. 2 production during nitrate reduction. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2010, 42:1864-1871.
69. Mukherjee A., Lal R. Biochar impacts on soil physical properties and greenhouse gas emissions. Agronomy 2013, 3:313-339.
70. Mukherjee A., Zimmerman A.R. Organic carbon and nutrient release from a range of laboratory-produced biochars and biochar-soil mixtures. Geoderma 2013, 193-194:122-130.
71. Nelissen V., Rütting T., Huygens D., Staelens J., Ruysschaert G., Boeckx P. Maize biochars accelerate short-term soil nitrogen dynamics in a loamy sand soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2012, 55:20-27.
72. Nelson N.O., Agudelo S.C., Yuan W., Gan J. Nitrogen and phosphorus availability in biochar-amended soils. Soil Sci. 2011, 176:218-226. 10.1097/SS.0b013e3182171eac.
73. Newman D.K., Kolter R. A role for excreted quinones in extracellular electron transfer. Nature 2000, 405:94-97.
74. Nishio M. Microbial Fertilizers in Japan. Extension Bulletin 1996, 13. Food & Fertilizer Technology Center, FFTC, Taipei City.
75. Noguera D., Barot S., Laossi K.R., Cardoso J., Lavelle P., Cruz de Carvalho M.H. Biochar but not earthworms enhances rice growth through increased protein turnover. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2012, 52:13-20.
76. Ogawa M., Okimori Y. Pioneering works in biochar research, Japan. Soil Res. 2010, 48:489-500.
77. Oh S.-Y., Son J.-G., Chiu P.C. Biochar-mediated reductive transformation of nitro herbicides and explosives. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013, 32:501-508.
78. Prendergast-Miller M.T., Duvall M., Sohi S.P. Localisation of nitrate in the rhizosphere of biochar-amended soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2011, 43:2243-2246.
79. 2O): the dominant ozone-depleting substance emitted in the 21st century. Science 2009, 326:123-125.
80. Rillig M.C., Wagner M., Salem M., Antunes P.M., George C., Ramke H.-G., Titirici M.-M., Antonietti M. Material derived from hydrothermal carbonization: effects on plant growth and arbuscular mycorrhiza. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2010, 45:238-242.
81. Rogovska N., Laird D., Cruse R., Fleming P., Parkin T., Meek D. Impact of biochar on manure carbon stabilization and greenhouse gas emissions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2011, 75:871-879.
82. Rondon M., Lehmann J., Ramírez J., Hurtado M. Biological nitrogen fixation by common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) increases with bio-char additions. Biol. Fertil. Soils 2007, 43:699-708.
83. Rondon M.A., Ramirez J.A., Lehmann J. Greenhouse gas emissions decrease with charcoal additions to tropical soils. Proceedings of the 3rd USDA Symposium on Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Sequestration in Agriculture and Forestry 2005, 208.
84. Rosenberg M.S., Adams D.C., Gurevitch J. MetaWin: Statistical Software for Meta-Analysis. Version 2.0 2000, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
85. Rosenthal R. The "file drawer problem" and tolerance for null results. Psychol. Bull. 1979, 86:638-641.
86. Rubasinghege G., Spak S.N., Stanier C.O., Carmichael G.R., Grassian V.H. Abiotic mechanism for the formation of atmospheric nitrous oxide from ammonium nitrate. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45:2691-2697.
87. 2O emissions via soil moisture and plant N uptake. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2013, 58:99-106.
88. Samarkin V.A., Madigan M.T., Bowles M.W., Casciotti K.L., Priscu J.C., McKay C.P., Joye S.B. Abiotic nitrous oxide emission from the hypersaline Don Juan Pond in Antarctica. Nat. Geosci. 2010, 3:341-344.
89. Sarkhot D.V., Berhe A.A., Ghezzehei T.A. Impact of biochar enriched with dairy manure effluent on carbon and nitrogen dynamics. J. Environ. Qual. 2012, 41:1107-1114.
90. Saxton K.E., Rawls W.J., Romberger J.S., Papendick R.I. Estimating generalized soil-water characteristics from texture. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1986, 50:1031-1036.
91. Scheer C., Grace P.R., Rowlings D.W., Kimber S., van Zwieten L. Effect of biochar amendment on the soil-atmosphere exchange of greenhouse gases from an intensive subtropical pasture in northern New South Wales, Australia. Plant Soil 2011, 345:47-58.
92. Schouten S., van Groenigen J.W., Oenema O., Cayuela M.L. Bioenergy from cattle manure? Implications of anaerobic digestion and subsequent pyrolysis for carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soil. GCB Bioenergy 2012, 4:751-760.
93. Seastedt T.R. The role of microarthropods in decomposition and mineralization processes. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1984, 29:25-46.
94. Šimek M., Cooper J.E. The influence of soil pH on denitrification: progress towards the understanding of this interaction over the last 50 years. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 2002, 53:345-354.
95. Singh B., Singh B.P., Cowie A.L. Characterisation and evaluation of biochars for their application as a soil amendment. Soil Res. 2010, 48:516-525.
96. Singh B.P., Cowie A.L., Smernik R.J. Biochar carbon stability in a clayey soil as a function of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46:11770-11778.
97. Singh B.P., Hatton B.J., Singh B., Cowie A.L., Kathuria A. Influence of biochars on nitrous oxide emission and nitrogen leaching from two contrasting soils. J. Environ. Qual. 2010, 39:1224-1235.
98. Slavich P.G., Sinclair K., Morris S.G., Kimber S.W.L., Downie A., Zwieten L. Contrasting effects of manure and green waste biochars on the properties of an acidic ferralsol and productivity of a subtropical pasture. Plant Soil 2013, 366:213-227.
99. Smith P., Martino D., Cai Z., Gwary D., Janzen H., Kumar P., McCarl B., Ogle S., O'Mara F., Rice C., Scholes B., Sirotenko O., Howden M., McAllister T., Pan G., Romanenkov V., Schneider U., Towprayoon S., Wattenbach M., Smith J. Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 2008, 363:789-813.
100. Spokas K., Baker J., Reicosky D. Ethylene: potential key for biochar amendment impacts. Plant Soil 2010, 333:443-452.
101. Spokas K.A. Impact of biochar field aging on laboratory greenhouse gas production potentials. GCB Bioenergy 2012, 5:165-176.
102. Spokas K.A., Koskinen W.C., Baker J.M., Reicosky D.C. Impacts of woodchip biochar additions on greenhouse gas production and sorption/degradation of two herbicides in a Minnesota soil. Chemosphere 2009, 77:574-581.
103. Spokas K.A., Reikosky D.C. Impacts of sixteen different biochars on soil greenhouse gas production. Ann. Environ. Sci. 2009, 3:179-193.
104. Stewart C.E., Zheng J., Botte J., Cotrufo M.F. Co-generated fast pyrolysis biochar mitigates green-house gas emissions and increases carbon sequestration in temperate soils. GCB Bioenergy 2012, 5:153-164.
105. Suddick E.C., Six J. An estimation of annual nitrous oxide emissions and soil quality following the amendment of high temperature walnut shell biochar and compost to a small scale vegetable crop rotation. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 465:298-307.
106. Sverdrup L.E., Ekelund F., Krogh P.H., Nielsen T., Johnsen K. Soil microbial toxicity of eight polycyclic aromatic compounds: effects on nitrification, the genetic diversity of bacteria, and the total number of protozoans. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2002, 21:1644-1650.
107. Taghizadeh-Toosi A., Clough T.J., Condron L.M., Sherlock R.R., Anderson C.R., Craigie R.A. Biochar incorporation into pasture soil suppresses in situ nitrous oxide emissions from ruminant urine patches. J. Environ. Qual. 2011, 40:468-476.
108. Tagoe S., Horiuchi T., Matsui T. Effects of carbonized and dried chicken manures on the growth, yield, and N content of soybean. Plant Soil 2008, 306:211-220.
109. Thomson A.J., Giannopoulos G., Pretty J., Baggs E.M., Richardson D.J. Biological sources and sinks of nitrous oxide and strategies to mitigate emissions. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 2012, 367:1157-1168.
110. 2O at transition-metal centers: recent mechanistic insights. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49:1018-1024.
111. Troy S.M., Lawlor P.G., O' Flynn C.J., Healy M.G. Impact of biochar addition to soil on greenhouse gas emissions following pig manure application. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2013, 60:173-181.
112. USDA Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys 1999, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
113. Ussiri D., Lal R. The Role of Nitrous Oxide on Climate Change. Soil Emission of Nitrous Oxide and its Mitigation 2013, 1-28. Springer, Netherlands.
114. 2 emissions. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 1998, 52:187-194.
115. 2O emissions: a case study for arable crops. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 2010, 61:903-913.
116. Van Zwieten L., Kimber S., Morris S., Chan K.Y., Downie A., Rust J., Joseph S., Cowie A. Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility. Plant Soil 2010, 327:235-246.
117. 2 from ferrosol. Aust. J. Soil Res. 2010, 48:555-568.
118. Venterea R.T., Halvorson A.D., Kitchen N., Liebig M.A., Cavigelli M.A., Grosso S.J.D., Motavalli P.P., Nelson K.A., Spokas K.A., Singh B.P., Stewart C.E., Ranaivoson A., Strock J., Collins H. Challenges and opportunities for mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized cropping systems. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2012, 10:562-570.
119. 2O emission and denitrifying community. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47:7341-7349.
120. Wang T., Camps Arbestain M., Hedley M., Bishop P. Chemical and bioassay characterisation of nitrogen availability in biochar produced from dairy manure and biosolids. Org. Geochem. 2012, 51:45-54.
121. Wang Z., Zheng H., Luo Y., Deng X., Herbert S., Xing B. Characterization and influence of biochars on nitrous oxide emission from agricultural soil. Environ. Pollut. 2013, 174:289-296.
122. 2O on Fe-embedded graphene. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116:16992-16998.
123. Weyers S.L., Spokas K.A. Impact of biochar on earthworm populations: a review. Appl. Environ. Soil Sci. 2011, Article ID 541592.
124. Wrage N., Velthof G.L., Van Beusichem M.L., Oenema O. Role of nitrifier denitrification in the production of nitrous oxide. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2001, 33:1723-1732.
125. 2O emissions from soil resulting from rewetting air-dried soil in short-term laboratory experiments. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 2007, 53:181-188.
126. Yao Y., Gao B., Zhang M., Inyang M., Zimmerman A.R. Effect of biochar amendment on sorption and leaching of nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate in a sandy soil. Chemosphere 2012, 89:1467-1471.
127. Yoo G., Kang H. Effects of biochar addition on greenhouse gas emissions and microbial responses in a short-term laboratory experiment. J. Environ. Qual. 2012, 41:1193-1202.
128. Yuan J.-H., Xu R.-K., Qian W., Wang R.-H. Comparison of the ameliorating effects on an acidic ultisol between four crop straws and their biochars. J. Soils Sediments 2011, 11:741-750.
129. Yuan J.-H., Xu R.-K., Zhang H. The forms of alkalis in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures. Bioresour. Technol. 2011, 102:3488-3497.
130. Yuan J.H., Xu R.K. The amelioration effects of low temperature biochar generated from nine crop residues on an acidic ultisol. Soil Use Manage. 2011, 27:110-115.
131. Yuan Y., Yuan T., Wang D., Tang J., Zhou S. Sewage sludge biochar as an efficient catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in an microbial fuel cell. Bioresour. Technol. 2013, 144:115-120.
132. Zhang A., Bian R., Pan G., Cui L., Hussain Q., Li L., Zheng J., Zheng J., Zhang X., Han X., Yu X. Effects of biochar amendment on soil quality, crop yield and greenhouse gas emission in a Chinese rice paddy: a field study of 2 consecutive rice growing cycles. Field Crop Res. 2012, 127:153-160.
133. Zhang A., Liu Y., Pan G., Hussain Q., Li L., Zheng J., Zhang X. Effect of biochar amendment on maize yield and greenhouse gas emissions from a soil organic carbon poor calcareous loamy soil from Central China Plain. Plant Soil 2012, 351:263-275.
134. Zhao L., Cao X., Mašek O., Zimmerman A. Heterogeneity of biochar properties as a function of feedstock sources and production temperatures. J. Hazard. Mater. 2013, 256-257:1-9.
135. Zheng J., Stewart C.E., Cotrufo M.F. Biochar and nitrogen fertilizer alters soil nitrogen dynamics and greenhouse gas fluxes from two temperate soils. J. Environ. Qual. 2012, 41:1361-1370.
136. 2O and NO under low oxygen availability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2013, 110:6328-6333.