Einstein and religion: Physics and theology

Einstein and Religion: Physics and Theology

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-279

  Jammer, Max ^a  

^a NONE

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References (469)

1. R. W. Clark, Einstein-The Life and Times (Avon, New York, 1971), p. 10.
2. D. Brian, Einstein-A Life (Wiley, New York, 1966), p. IX.
3. J. Bernstein, Einstein (Fontana Press, London, 1991, 1993);
4. R. Schulmann and J. Renn, Albert Einstein-Mileva Maric (Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1992);
5. R. B. Dilts, Einstein (Junfermann, Paderborn, 1992)
6. J. Merleau-Ponty, Einstein (Flammarion, Paris, 1993, 1995);
7. M. White and J. Gribben, Einstein (Simon and Schuster, NewYork, 1993);
8. B. Kirksberg, Einstein: Humanismo y Judaismo (Lumen, Buenos Aires, 1993);
9. A. Fölsing, Albert Einstein (Suhrkamp, Frankfurt, 1993; Viking, New York, 1997);
10. R. Highfield and P. Carter, The Private Lives of Albert Einstein (Faber and Faber, London, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1993) (German ed., Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich, 1996);
11. F. Balibar, Einstein-La Joie de la Pensée (Éditions Gallimard, Paris, 1993) (German ed., Ravensburger Buchverlag, Ravensburg, 1995);
12. A. Pais, Einstein Lived Here (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994);
13. A. Hermann, Einstein-Der Weltweise und sein Jahrhundert (Piper, Munich, 1994);
14. G. Holton, Einstein, History and Other Passions (American Institute of Physics Press, New York, 1995)
15. D. Brian, Einstein-A Life (Wiley, New York, 1996).
16. J. Stachel, "Einstein's Jewish Identity" (draft prepared for the Symposium "Einstein in Context," Center for Einstein Studies and Physics Department, Boston University, Boston, 1989);
17. G. E. Tauber, Einstein on Zionism, Arabs and Palestine (Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 1979).
18. M. Grüning, Ein Haus für Einstein (Verlag der Nation Berlin, Berlin, 1990).
19. D. Charles, "Who owns Einstein's summerhouse?" New Scientist 154, no. 2078 (1997): 5.
20. "Einstein pflegte so oft von Gott zu reden, dass ich beinahe vermute, er sei ein verkappter Theologe gewesen." F. Dürrenmatt, Albert Einstein (Diogenes Verlag, Z ürich, 1979), p. 12.
21. The review of the lecture in the Berliner Morgenpost of 28 October 1993, p. 37, or in the periodical Der Havelbote of 17 November 1993, p. 1.
22. The full-page article in the Frankfurter Allgemeine of 20 September 1995 (no. 219/38D).
23. Rabbi Kook to Einstein, 4 February 1923. Igroth Harav Kook (in Hebrew) (Kook Institute, Jerusalem, 1984), p. 150.
24. M. J. Zuriel, ed., Ozroth Harav Kook (Jeshivat Scha'alwim, Sha'alwim, 1988), p. 26.
25. S. Raghib, Haqaiq Majhoulah an al-Kawn (Homes, Syria, 1927).
26. M. A. Al-Aqqad, "Einstein al-Mafhoum," Al-Muqtataf 75 (1929): 16-22.
27. A. Einstein and L. Infeld, The Evolution of Physics (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1938), p. 27.
28. A. Einstein, "Autobiographical Notes," in Albert Einstein: Philosopher- Scientist, ed. P. A. Schilpp (Library of Living Philosophers, Evanston, Ill., 1949), p. 33.
29. A. Reiser, Albert Einstein-A Biographical Portrait (A. and C. Boni, New York, 1930), p. 28.
30. Maja Winteler-Einstein, "Albert Einstein-Beitrag für sein Lebensbild," The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein (J. Stachel, ed.), vol. 1 (Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1987), pp. xlvii-lxvi;
31. "Albert Einstein-A Biographical Sketch" (translated excerpts), English translations of The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, vol. 1 (Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1987), pp. xv-xxii.
32. A. Moszkowski, Einstein-Einblicke in seine Gedankenwelt, entwickelt aus Gesprächen mit Einstein (Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg, 1920); Einstein the Searcher-His Work Explained from Dialogues with Einstein (Methuen, London, 1921), p. 221.
33. Moszkowski, Einstein the Searcher, p. 222.
34. D. Brian, Einstein-A Life, p. 193.
35. A. Einstein, "Autobiographical Notes," in Albert Einstein: Philosopher- Scientist, p. 3.
36. J. Gebele, Hundert Jahre der Münchener Volksschule (in German) (C. Gerber, Munich, 1903). Cf. also, Appendix A (Munich Volksschule, Curriculum) and Appendix B (Luitpold Gymnasium, Curriculum) in The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, vol. 1, pp. 341-355.
37. A. Reiser, Albert Einstein-A Biographical Portrait, p. 30;
38. C. Seelig, Albert Einstein (Europa Verlag, Zurich, 1960), p. 16.
39. P. Frank, Einstein-His Life and Times (Knopf, New York, 1947), pp. 9-10.
40. A. Reiser, Albert Einstein-A Biographical Portrait, p. v.
41. G. S. Viereck, "What Life Means to Einstein," Saturday Evening Post, 26 October 1929;
42. Schlagschatten, Sechsundzwanzig Schicksalsfragen an Grosse der Zeit (Vogt-Schild, Solothurn, 1930), p. 60;
43. Glimpses of the Great (Macauley, New York, 1930), pp. 373-374.
44. M. Talmey, The Relativity Theory Simplified (Falcon Press, New York, 1932).
45. A. Einstein, "Autobiographical Notes," in Albert Einstein: Philosopher- Scientist, p. 5.
46. A. Pais, Subtle is the Lord . . . The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1982), p. 38.
47. A. Hermann, Einstein-Der Weltweise und sein Jahrhundert (Piper, Munich, 1994), p. 410.
48. P. Frank, Einstein-His Life and Times, p. 280.
49. W. Cahn, Einstein-A Pictorial Biography (Citadel Press, New York, 1955), p. 62.
50. A. Einstein, "Autobiographical Notes," in Albert Einstein: Philosopher- Scientist, p. 5.
51. B. Hoffmann, with the collaboration of Helen Dukas, Albert Einstein- Creator and Rebel (Viking Press, New York, 1972), p. 24.
52. L. S. Feuer, "A Narrative of Personal Events and Ideas," in S. Hook, W. L. O'Neill, and R. O'Toole, eds., Philosophy, History and Social Action (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1988), pp. 1-85.
53. L. S. Feuer, "The Social Roots of Einstein's Theory of Relativity," Annals of Science 27 (1971): 277-298, 313-344.
54. L. S. Feuer, Einstein and the Generations of Science (Basic Books, New York, 1974), p. 66.
55. A. Einstein, "Science and Religion," Address at the Conference on Science, Philosophy, and Religion, New York, 1940;
56. A. Einstein, Ideas and Opinions (Crown, New York, 1954, 1982), pp. 44-49. Quotation on p. 46.
57. A. Einstein, "Science and God," Forum and Century 83 (1930): 373-379.
58. P. Frank, Einstein-His Life and Times, p. 280.
59. E. Cassirer, Substance and Function-Einstein's Theory of Relativity (Open Court, London, 1963), p. 392.
60. A. Sommerfeld, "Philosophie und Physik seit 1900," Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau 1 (1948): 97-100;
61. Gesammelte Schriften (Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1968), vol. 4, pp. 640-643.
62. For details on the use of this term, see The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein (Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1989), vol. 2, p. 259.
63. C. Seelig, Albert Einstein-A Documentary Biography (Staples Press, London, 1956), p. 82.
64. A. Einstein, Über die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie (Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1920), p. 28.
65. New York Times, 4 April 1921.
66. G. Holton, "Einstein's search for the Weltbild," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 125 (1981): 1-15.
67. A. Einstein, "What is the theory of relativity?" London Times, 28 November 1919;
68. A. Einstein, Ideas and Opinions (Crown Publishers, New York, 1954, 1982), pp. 227-232; p. 248.
69. Harry Graf Kessler, Tagebücher 1918-1937 (Insel Verlag, Frankfurt, 1961);
70. The Diary of a Cosmopolitan (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1971), p. 157.
71. G. Holton, "On the origins of the special theory of relativity," American Journal of Physics 28 (1960): 627-636;
72. G. Holton, Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought: Kepler to Einstein (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1973), pp. 165-183.
73. J. L. Heilbron, book review, Science 185 (1974): 777-779.
74. P. Forman, Introduction to L. Infeld, Why I Left Canada: Reflections on Science and Politics (McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, 1978), p. 9.
75. A. Einstein, "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper," Annalen der Physik 17 (1905): 891-921;
76. H. A. Lorentz, A. Einstein, H. Minkowski, and H. Weyl, The Principle of Relativity (Dover, New York, 1952), pp. 35-65;
77. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, vol. 2 (Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1989), pp. 276-306.
78. "An analysis of the concept of time was my solution." A. Einstein, "How I created the theory of relativity," lecture given in Kyoto, 14 December 1922. Physics Today 35 (August 1982): 45-47.
79. Statement sent to a special meeting of the Cleveland Physical Society, 19 December 1952, honoring the centenary of Michelson's birth; printed in R. S. Shankland, "Michelson-Morley Experiment," American Journal of Physics 32 (1964): 16-35.
80. H. G. Kessler, The Diary of a Cosmopolitan, p. 322.
81. The second issue will be discussed in general-i.e., without being restricted to Einstein personally-in chapter 3, because it touches on the implications of Einstein's theories for religious thought.
82. Einstein to C. Lanczos, 24 January 1938. Einstein Archive, reel 15-267.
83. C. Seelig, Albert Einstein-A Documentary Bibliography, p. 67.
84. P. Frank, Einstein-His Life and Times, p. 206.
85. M. Talmey, The Relativity Theory Simplified. See also C. Seelig, Albert Einstein, p. 14, where it is stated that "the 16-year-old youth intoxicated himself with Kant's Critique of Pure Reason."
86. P. A. Schilpp, ed., Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, p. 13.
87. The Born-Einstein Letters (Macmillan, London, 1971), p. 7.
88. A. Einstein, "Physics and Reality," Journal of the Franklin Institute 221 (1936): 349-382;
89. Out of My Later Years (Littlefield, Adams & Co., Totowa, N.J., 1967), pp. 58-94.
90. Einstein to S. Hessing, 8 September 1932. Einstein Archive, reel 33-288.
91. M. Paty, "Einstein and Spinoza," in M. Grene and D. Nails, eds., Spinoza and the Sciences (Reidel, Dordrecht, 1986), pp. 267-302.
92. A. Einstein, "What I Believe," Forum and Century 84, 193-194 (1930); reprinted in Ideas and Opinions, pp. 8-11.
93. Einstein to W. Aron, 14 January 1943. Einstein Archive, reel 33-296.
94. H. A. Wolfson, The Philosophy of Spinoza (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1934), vol. 1, p. vii.
95. P. Birnbaum, ed., Daily Prayer Book (Hebrew Publishing, New York, 1949), p. 154.
96. G. S. Viereck, Glimpses of the Great (Macauley, New York, 1930), quoted by D. Brian, Einstein-A Life, p. 186.
97. New York Times, 25 April 1929, p. 60.
98. C. Cohen, God and the Universe, 3d ed. (Pioneer Press, London), pp. 126-132.
99. K. Eddi, Es gibt keinen Gott-Bekenntnisse eines Unbekannten (Koch, Neff & Oetinger, Stuttgart, 1929).
100. A. Einstein, "Science and Religion." Einstein to E. B üsching, 25 October 1929. Einstein Archive, reel 33-275.
101. A. Einstein, "Religion and Science," New York Times Magazine, 9 November 1930, section 5, pp. 1-4;
102. German translation in Berliner Tageblatt, 11 November 1930, pp. 1-3;
103. reprinted as the title essay in Cosmic Religion with Other Opinions and Aphorisms (Covici-Friede, New York, 1931), pp. 43-54; also in The World as I See It (Philosophical Library, New York, 1949), pp. 24-28;
104. Ideas and Opinions (Crown, New York, 1954, 1982), pp. 36-40.
105. "Order and connection of ideas is the same as order and connection of things." B. Spinoza, Ethica, Proposition 7, part 2.
106. I. Rosenthal-Schneider, "Reminiscences of Conversation with Einstein," 23 July 1957; "Reminiscences of Einstein," in H. Woolf, ed., Some Strangeness in the Proportion (Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1980), p. 523.
107. The term "Trennungsprinzip" was used in Einstein to E. Schrödinger, 9 June 1935. Einstein Archive, reel 22-047.
108. G. Holton, "Mach, Einstein, and the search for reality," Daedalus 97 (1968): 636-673
109. Holton, Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought, pp. 219-259.
110. A. Einstein, Ideas and Opinions, p. 39.
111. A. Einstein, "Science and Religion."
112. C. Chaplin, My Autobiography (Bodley Head, London, 1964), pp.346-347.
113. C. Lanczos, Judaism and Science (Leeds University Press, Leeds, 1970).
114. B. Thüring, "Physik und Astronomie in j üdischen Händen," Zeitschrift f ür die gesamte Naturwissenschaft 3, pp. 55-70 (May-June 1937);
115. Bruno Thüring iterates here almost verbatim statements made by Hans Alfred Grunsky in his pamphlet Der Einbruch des Judentums in die Philosophie (Schriften der Deutschen Hochschule f ür Politik, Heft 14), (Junker & D ünnhaupt, Berlin, 1937), pp. 17-18.
116. For details of the rabbinical interpretation of Exodus 16:29 ("Let no man go out of his place on the seventh day"), see The Mishnah (Shabbat Eruvin, chap. 3-5, Seder Moad), e.g., in the English translation (P. Kehati, ed., Elineri Library, Jerusalem, 1990), pp. 33-87.
117. He made this declaration in his interview with Viereck (Viereck, Glimpses of the Great, and D. Brian, Einstein-A Life, p. 186).
118. Address of the President, Sir J. J. Thomson, at the Anniversary Meeting, Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, A96 (1919): 311-322, quotation on p. 317.
119. G. Gamow, My Worldline (Viking Press, New York, 1970), p. 44.
120. A. Einstein, "Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur algemeinen Relativit ätstheorie," Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1917, part 1, pp. 142-152;
121. "Cosmological Considerations on the General Theory of Relativity," The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, vol. 6 (Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1996), pp. 543-551.
122. J. T. Cushing and E. McMullin, eds. Philosophical Consequences of Quantum Theory (University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Ind., 1989), p. 60.
123. A. Einstein, "Science and God."
124. R. Tagore, The Religion of Man (George Allen & Unwin, London, 1932).
125. "Note on the Nature of Reality," Appendix II in R. Tagore, Religion of Man, pp. 222-225;
126. Modern Review (Calcutta) 49 (1931): 42-43;
127. American Hebrew 129 (September 11, 1931): 351-355;
128. The Living Age 340 (1931): 262-265.
129. A. Einstein, "What I Believe," Forum and Century 84 (1930): 193-194;
130. Ideas and Opinions, pp. 8-11;
131. E. H. Cotton, ed., Has Science Discovered God? (Crowell, New York, 1931), pp. 93-97.
132. Original German text in A. Einstein, Mein Weltbild (Querido, Amsterdam, 1934), pp. 11- 17. The World as I See It (Lane, London, 1935), pp. 1-5.
133. D. Reichinstein, Albert Einstein, sein Lebensbild und seine Weltanschauung (Stella, Prague, 1934);
134. Albert Einstein, a Picture of His Life and His Conception of the World (E. Goldstone, London, 1934), pp. 99- 100.
135. F. Herneck, "Albert Einsteins gesprochenes Glaubensbekenntnis," Naturwissenschaften 53 (1966): 198;
136. Einstein und sein Weltbild (Der Morgen, Berlin, 1976), pp. 99-101.
137. A. Einstein, "Moses Maimonides," a talk delivered at the celebration of the 800th anniversary of Maimonides' birth, New York Times, 15 April 1935, p. 15.
138. A. Einstein, Essays in Humanism (Philosophical Library, New York, 1950, 1985), pp. 114-115.
139. Maimonides, The Guide for the Perplexed, M. Friedländer, ed. (George Routledge, London; Dutton, New York, 1942), p. 85.
140. A. Einstein, Gelegentliches (Soncino Gesellschaft, Berlin, 1929), p. 9.
141. A. Einstein, "Religion and Science," New York Times, 9 November 1930, section 5, pp. 1-2 (abridged), with a commentary by R. L. D., p. 2.
142. M. Talmey, The Relativity Theory Simplified.
143. J. W. v. Goethe, "Gedichte," in Goethes Werke, vol. 1 (Wegner, Hamburg, 1948, 1952), p. 367.
144. New York Times, 10 November 1930, p. 18.
145. Quoted after R. W. Clark, Einstein-The Life and Times, p. 517.
146. Einstein Archive, reel 47-097.
147. E. L. Offenbacher, "Albert Einstein-Scientist and Jew," Jewish Life, May-June 1955: 15-23.
148. H. Küng, Does God Exist? (Doubleday, Garden City, N.Y., 1980), pp. 627-666.
149. A. Einstein, "What I Believe."
150. J. Singer, Einstein's Religion (a sermon published as a pamphlet in 1931).
151. New York Times, 28 January 1931, p. 2, col. 2.
152. Einstein to Geller, 17 April 1933. Einstein Archive, reel 33-293.
153. A. Einstein, Out of My Later Years, p. 239.
154. A. Einstein, Ideas and Opinions, p. 39.
155. A. Einstein, The World as I See It, p. 28;
156. Ideas and Opinions, p. 40.
157. M. Jammer, The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics (Wiley, New York, 1974), chap. 5.
158. "Dort, wo eine Gesetzmässigkeit nicht vorhanden ist, kann auch ihre Ausnahme, d.h. ein Wunder, nicht existieren." D. Reichinstein, Die Religion der Gebildeten (Verlag Aristoteles, Zurich, 1941), p. 21.
159. A. Einstein, "The Goal," lecture delivered 19 May 1939, Ideas and Opinions, pp. 41-44;
160. Out of My Later Years, pp. 25-28.
161. A. Einstein, "Science and Religion," Transactions of the First Conference on Science, Philosophy and Religion in Their Relation to the Democratic Way of Life (New York, 1941);
162. Ideas and Opinions, pp. 44-49;
163. Out of My Later Years, pp. 28-33;
164. Nature 146 (1940): 605-607.
165. Einstein to P. Wright, 24 January 1936. Einstein Archive, reel 52-337.
166. V. Ferm, ed., An Encyclopedia of Religion (Philosophical Library, New York, 1945), p. 44.
167. Born-Einstein Letters p. 203.
168. M. Pearlman, Ben Gurion Looks Back (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1965), p. 217.
169. Prinz Hubertus zu Löwenstein, Towards the Further Shore (Victor Gollancz, London, 1968), p. 156.
170. Einstein to an unidentified addressee, 7 August 1941. Einstein Archive, reel 54-927.
171. AGC to Einstein, 11 September 1940. Einstein Archive, reel 40-247.
172. JFG, S.J. to Einstein, 11 September 1940. Einstein Archive, reel 40-367. JFG apparently referred to Summa contra Gentiles, chap. 7: "quod veritati fedei christianae contraritur veritas rationis," chap. 20: "quod deus non est corpus," and chap. 44: "quod deus est intelligens."
173. HWE to Einstein, 14 November 1940. Einstein Archive, reel 40-339.
174. RRC to Einstein, 19 September 1940. Einstein Archive, reel 40-330.
175. ATE to Einstein, 3 October 1940. Einstein Archive, reel 40-343.
176. EFW to Einstein, 12 September 1940. Einstein Archive, reel 40-372.
177. Quoted after R. W. Clark, Einstein-The Life and Times, pp. 686- 687.
178. P. Tillich, Systematic Theology, vol. 1 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1951; Nisbet, London, 1953), chap. 8-10.
179. P. Tillich, "The Idea of a Personal God," Union Review 2 (1940): 8- 10;
180. "Das Problem des 'persönlichen Gottes," in P. Tillich, Gesammelte Werke, vol. 12 (Evangelisches Verlagswerk, Stuttgart, 1971), pp. 300-304.
181. W. J. Mander, "God and Personality," Heythrop Journal 38 (1997): 401-412.
182. Tillich to Einstein, 21 October 1937. Einstein Archive, reel 54-353.
183. P. Tillich, "The Religious Symbol," Journal of Liberal Religion 2 (1940): 13-33.
184. P. Tillich, "The Religious Symbol," Daedalus (Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences) 87 (1958): 3-21.
185. P. Tillich, Dynamics of Faith (Harper, New York, 1957);
186. Gesammelte Werke, vol. 8, pp. 111-196, esp. chap. 3 (Die Symbole des Glaubens), pp. 139-148.
187. H. Küng, Does God Exist? p. 632.
188. R. Otto, The Idea of the Holy (Oxford University Press, New York, 1950), p. 12;
189. Das Heilige (Beck, Munich, 1917).
190. Einstein's 1930 essay "Religion and Science."
191. A. Einstein, "Religion and Science: Irreconcilable?" Christian Unitarian Register 127 (June 1948): 19-20;
192. Ideas and Opinions, pp. 49-52.
193. German original text in Einstein Archive, reel 29-118.
194. New York Times 6 January 1951, p. 16, col. 6.
195. A. Einstein, "The Need for Ethical Culture," in Mein Weltbild; Ideas and Opinions, pp. 53-54.
196. A. Einstein, Conceptions scientifiques, morales et sociales (Flammarion, Paris, 1952).
197. A. Einstein, "Science and Religion."
198. M. Solovine to Einstein, 7 December 1950. Einstein Archive, reel 21-273.
199. Einstein to M. Solovine, 1 January 1951. Einstein Archive, reel 21-274;
200. A. Einstein, Letters to Solovine (Philosophical Library, New York, 1987), pp. 119-121.
201. BF to Einstein, 12 December 1952. Einstein Archive, reel 59-794.
202. Einstein to BF, 17 December 1952. Einstein Archive, reel 59-797.
203. W. Hermanns, Einstein and the Poet-In Search of the Cosmic Man (Branden Press, Brookline Village, Mass., 1983), p. 132.
204. E. Salaman, "A Talk with Einstein," The Listener 54 (1955): 370-371.
205. Isaiah 55:8. See also Paul's Epistle to the Romans in which God's thoughts are said to be "inscrutable." Romans 11:33.
206. A. Einstein, Conceptions scientifiques.
207. F. Herneck, Naturwissenschaften 53 (1966): 198.
208. B. Pascal, Pensées sur la Religion (Wolfgang, Amsterdam, 1688).
209. V. Ferm, Encyclopedia of Religion, p. 514.
210. Quoted after R. W. Clark, pp. 339-340.
211. "Der mystische Zug unserer Zeit . . . ist f ür mich nur ein Symptom von Schwäche und Zerfahrenheit." Einstein to Lili Halpern- Neuda, 5 February 1921. Einstein Archive, reel 43-847.
212. M. Solovine to Einstein, 7 December 1950.
213. Einstein to Solovine, 1 January 1951.
214. A. Einstein, Introduction to C. Baumgardt, Johannes Kepler (V. Gollancz, London, 1952), pp. 12-13.
215. S. L. Jaki, The Road of Science and the Ways to God (Chicago University Press, Chicago, 1978), pp. 349-350.
216. P. Tillich, "The Idea of a Personal God."
217. F. Schleiermacher, Über die Religion-Reden an die Gebildeten unter ihren Verächtern (Brockhaus, Leipzig, 1868; first published in 1799).
218. A. Schweitzer, Das Christentum und die Weltreligionen (Beck, Munich, 1922, 1925; Haupt, Bern, 1948); Christianity and the Religions of the World (Allen and Unwin, London, 1939).
219. A copy of Schleiermacher's Über die Bildung zur Religion (Diederich, Jena, 1916), which is an excerpt of Über die Religion, was in Einstein's library in Berlin, now at the Einstein Archive in Jerusalem.
220. Einstein and Schweitzer corresponded with each other, but their correspondence dealt almost exclusively with social issues.
221. R. D. Morrison II, "Albert Einstein: The Methodological Unity Underlying Science and Religion," Zygon-Journal of Religion and Science 14 (1979): 255-266.
222. D. R. Fowler, "Einstein's Cosmic Religion," Zygon-Journal of Religion and Science 14 (1979): 267-278.
223. F. Ferré, "Einstein on Religion and Science," American Journal of Theology and Philosophy 1 (1980): 20-28.
224. A. Einstein, Preface to M. Planck, Where is Science Going? (W. W. Norton, New York, 1932), p. 12.
225. A. Einstein, "Religion and Science: Irreconcilable?"; see also "The Goal."
226. A. Einstein, Science and God, p. 375.
227. A. Einstein, Ideas and Opinions, p. 40;
228. The World as I See It, p. 28; see also Einstein to Solovine, 1 January 1951.
229. Einstein to R. E. Benenson, 31 January 1946; Einstein Archive, reel 33-317.
230. F. Ferré, Basic Modern Philosophy of Religion (George Allen and Unwin, London, 1967), p. 69 [emphasis added].
231. A. Einstein, "Autobiographical Notes," p. 5.
232. Einstein to M. W. Gross, 26 April 1947. Einstein Archive, reel 58-243. Einstein's letter to M. Magalaner, also of 26 April, 1947 (reel 33-324), is almost identical with this letter to Gross.
233. A. Moszkowski, Einstein the Searcher, p. 221.
234. A. Bernstein's Naturwissenschaftliche Volksb ücher (F. D ümmler, Berlin, 4th ed. n.d.), these are chapter 12 (pp. 49-53) and chapter 13 (pp. 53-57) of volume 12; in L. B üchner's Kraft und Stoff (T. Thomas, Leipzig, 9th ed., 1867), it is the chapter entitled "Die Gottes-Idee" (pp. 191-201).
235. H. A. Wolfson, "Maimonides on Negative Attributes," Jubilee Volume for Louis Ginzberg (American Academy for Jewish Research, New York, 1945), pp. 411-446.
236. Maimonides, The Guide of the Perplexed, book 1, chap. 54.
237. J. Guttmann, "Commentary," in Maimonides, The Guide of the Perplexed, abridged ed. Trans. C. Rabin (East and West Library, London, 1952), p. 210.
238. R. J. Z. Werblowski, "Anthropomorphism," in M. Eliade, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion (Macmillan, New York, 1987), pp. 318- 319.
239. H. Dukas and B. Hoffmann, Albert Einstein-The Human Side, p. 33
240. F. Schleiermacher, Über die Religion, p. XI. In note 88 the German original of Schleiermacher's work is quoted. Cf. note 89.
241. "Ein gottrunkener Mensch." Novalis (Freiherr Friedrich von Hardenberg), Gesammelte Werke (B ühler, Herrliberg-Z ürich, 1946), vol. 4, p. 259.
242. H. Wolfson, The Philosophy of Spinoza, vol. 1.
243. A. Einstein, Foreword to D. D. Runes, Spinoza Dictionary (Philosophical Library, New York, 1951), p. vi.
244. Einstein to S. Hessing, 8 September 1932.
245. Einstein to D. Dagobert, 8 September 1932.
246. Spinoza, Ethics, col. 2 to proposition 20, pt. 1.
247. "Il est evident que le champ unifié . . . est l'analogue de la substance de Spinoza." B. Kouznetsov, "Spinoza et Einstein," Revue de Synth`ese 88 (1967): 38.
248. S. Zac, "On the idea of creation in Spinoza's philosophy," in Y. Yovel, God and Nature: Spinoza's Metaphysics (E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1991), p. 240.
249. E. F. W. to Einstein, 12 September 1940 (n. 48).
250. Einstein to E. B üsching, 25 October 1929.
251. A. Einstein, "The Goal," p. 43.
252. H. Dukas and B. Hoffmann, Albert Einstein-The Human Side, p. 96.
253. R. W. Clark, Einstein-The Life and Times, p. 516.
254. Quoted in S. S. Kantha, An Einstein Dictionary (Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn., 1996), p. 146.
255. Z. Rosenkranz, Albert through the Looking-Glass (Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem, 1998), pp. xi, 80.
256. Quoted in E. H. Cotton, ed., Has Science Discovered God? vi.
257. Quoted in E. H. Cotton, ed., Has Science Discovered God?
258. "Man wird zum tief religi ösen Ungläubigen. (Dies its eine einigermassen neue Art von Religion)." Einstein to H. Mühsam, 30 March 1954. Einstein Archive, reel 38-434.
259. W. Paley, Natural Theology: or Evidence of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, Collected from the Appearances of Nature (Faulder, London, 1802).
260. C. Townes, Making Waves (American Institute of Physics, New York, 1995).
261. S. L. Jaki, "Science and Religion," in The Encyclopedia of Religion, vol. 13 (Macmillan, New York, 1987), p. 132.
262. E. Schrödinger, Mind and Matter (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1959), p. 82.
263. H. Weyl, Philosophy of Mathematics and Natural Science (Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1949), p. 116.
264. See also the differentiation between the "A-series" and the "B-series" in J. M. L. McTaggart, "The Unreality of Time," Mind 17 (1908): 457-474 and in his The Nature of Existence, vol. 2 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1927), chap. 33.
265. For proofs of the symmetry and transitivity of the simultaneity relation see H. Reichenbach, Axiomatik der relativistischen Raum-Zeit-Lehre (Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1924)
266. Axiomatics of the Theory of Relativity (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1969), pt. 1, sec. 7.
267. A. Einstein, Uber die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitatstheorie (Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1917)
268. Relativity-The Special and the General Theory (Methuen, London, 1920), sec. 9.
269. Plato, Politeia, Republic, II, 379a.
270. Plato, Timaeus, 37C-38A.
271. Plotinus, Enneads III: 7, 11; 7, 18.
272. M. T. Cicero, De Divinatione, books 2, 3.
273. "Eternity is the complete possession all at once of illimitable life." Boethius, The Theological Tractates and the Consolation of Philosophy (Heinemann, London; Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1973), p. 422.
274. R. Swinburne, The Coherence of Theism (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1977, 1986), pp. 220-221.
275. A. Kenny, The God of the Philosophers (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1979), pp. 38-39.
276. See M. Jammer, "The History of the Concept of Distant Simultaneity," Rendiconti 103, p. 175.
277. E. Stump and N. Kretzmann, "Eternity," The Journal of Philosophy 78 (1981): 429-458; reprinted in T. Morris, ed., The Concept of God (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1987), pp. 219-252.
278. Stump and Kretzmann, "Eternity."
279. Recently Stump and Kretzmann expressed some dissatisfaction with their model. See B. J. Shanley, "Eternity and Duration in Aquinas," Thomist 61 (1997): 525-548.
280. E. Stump and N. Kretzmann, "Atemporal duration," Journal of Philosophy 84 (1987): 214-219.
281. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica.
282. R. Swinburne, The Coherence of Theism, pp. 216-217.
283. R. G. Mitchell, Einstein and Christ (Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh, 1987), p. 41.
284. "[U]test . . . ad aeternitatem tempus, ad punctum medium circulus." Boethius, Consolatio Philosophiae, book 4, prose 6.
285. Plotinus, Enneads III, 7, 3.
286. See also K. A. Rogers, "Eternity Has No Duration," Religious Studies 30 (1994): 1-16.
287. D. B. Burrell, "God's Eternity," Faith and Philosophy 1 (1984): 389-406.
288. B. Cowan, "A Reductio ad Absurdum of Divine Temporality," Religious Studies 32 (1996): 371-378.
289. W. L. Craig, "The Special Theory of Relativity and Theories of Divine Eternity," Faith and Philosophy 11 (1994): 19-37.
290. P. Fitzgerald, "Stump and Kretzmann on Time and Eternity," Journal of Philosophy 82 (1985): 260-269
291. W. Hasker, "Concerning the Intelligibility of 'God is Timeless'" New Scholasticism 57 (1983): 170-195
292. God, Time and Knowledge (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y., 1989).
293. B. Leftow, "The Roots of Eternity," Religious Studies 24 (1988): 189-212
294. "Time, Actuality and Omniscience," Religious Studies 26 (1990): 303-322
295. Time and Eternity (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y., 1991)
296. "Eternity and Simultaneity," Faith and Philosophy 8 (1991): 148-179
297. D. Lewis, "Eternity Again: A Reply to Stump and Kretzmann," International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 15 (1984): 73-79
298. "Timelessness and Divine Agency," Philosophy of Religion 21 (1987): 148-159
299. "Eternity, Time and Tenselessness," Faith a nd Philosophy 5 (1988): 72-86
300. H. Nelson, "Time(s), eternity, and duration," Philosophy of Religion 22 (1987): 3-19
301. A. G. Padgett, God, Eternity and the Nature of Time (St. Martin's Press, New York, 1992), esp. pp. 66-74
302. "Eternity and the Special Theory of Relativity," International Philosophical Quarterly 33 (1993): 219-233
303. J. Simon, "Eternity, Omniscience and Temporal Passage: A Defence of Classical Theism," Review of Metaphysics 42 (1989): 547-568
304. See also E. Stump and N. Kretzmann, "Eternity, Awareness, and Action," Faith and Philosophy 9 (1992): 463-483, in which they reply to some of the criticisms raised against their 1981 paper.
305. W. L. Craig, "God and Real Time," Religious Studies 26 (1990): 335-347.
306. A. G. Padgett, "Divine Eternity and the Nature of Time," Ph.D. diss., Oxford University, 1988.
307. A. G. Padgett, God, Eternity and the Nature of Time, pp. 69-72.
308. God, Time, and Knowledge, chap. 8, 9
309. J. Simons, "Eternity, Omniscience and Temporal Passage," Review of Metaphysics 42 (1989): 547-568.
310. R. Weingard, "Relativity and the Spatiality of Mental Events," Philosophical Studies 31 (1977): 279-284.
311. M. Lockwood, "Einstein and the Identity Theory," Analysis 44 (1984): 22-25.
312. F. H. Bradley, The Principles of Logic (Kegan Paul, London, 1883), p. 53.
313. The original German edition of Weyl's book, Philosophy of Mathematics and Natural Science, was published in 1927 under the title Philosophie der Mathematik und Naturwissenschaft by Oldenburg in Handbuch der Philosophie.
314. E. Cassirer, Zur Einsteinschen Relativitatstheorie (B. Cassirer, Berlin, 1921), p. 119
315. Einstein's Theory of Relativity (bound together with Substance and Function), (Dover, New York, 1953), p. 449.
316. Sir James Jeans, "Man and the Universe" in Scientific Progress (George Allen and Unwin, London, 1936), pp. 11-38.
317. F. Herneck, "Albert Einstein gesprochenes Glaubensbekenntnis."
318. C. W. Rietdijk, "A Rigorous Proof of Determinism Derived from the Special Theory of Relativity," Philosophy of Science 33 (1966): 341-344.
319. C. W. Rietdijk, On Waves, Particles and Hidden Variables (Van Gorcum, Assen, The Netherlands, 1971), p. IV.
320. H. Stein, "The Einstein-Minkowski Space-Time," The Journal of Philosophy 65 (1968): 5-23.
321. R. Torretti, Relativity and Geometry (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1983), pp. 249-251.
322. H. Bondi, "Relativity and Indeterminacy," Nature 169 (1952): 660.
323. Augustine, De Libro Arbitrio, book 3, chap. 3.
324. A. N. Whitehead, Process and Reality (Macmillan, New York, 1929; Free Press, New York, 1978).
325. C. Hartshorne, Whitehead's Philosophy-Selected Essays 1935-1970 (University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1972
326. see esp. the essay "Whitehead's Idea of God," pp. 63-97.
327. Cf. J. Cobb and D. Griffin, Process Theology: An Introductory Exposition (Westminster Press, Philadelphia, 1976).
328. W. A. Christian, An Interpretation of Whitehead's Metaphysics (Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn., 1959), pp. 330-333.
329. J. T. Wilcox, Relativity, Simultaneity, and Divine Omniscience (M. A. thesis, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga., 1956).
330. for the nonphysicist is J. Saunders and J. Norton, "Einstein, Light Signals and the e-decision," in R. McLaughlin, ed., What? Where? When? Why? (Reidel, Dordrecht, 1982), pp. 101-127.
331. see also D. Malament, "Causal Theories of Time and the Conventionality of Simultaneity," Nous 11 (1977): 293-300
332. A. Janis, "Simultaneity and Conventionality" in R. S. Cohen and L. Laudin, eds., Physics, Philosophy and Psychoanalysis (Reidel, Dordrecht, 1983), pp. 101-110.
333. J. T. Wilcox, Relativity, Simultaneity and Divine Omniscience.
334. L. S. Ford, "Is Process Theism Compatible with Relativity Theory?" Journal of Religion 48 (1968): 124-135.
335. G. Schroeder, Genesis and the Big Bang (Bantam Books, New York, 1990).
336. C. Domb, "Faith and Reason in Judaism," in N. Mott, Can Scientists Believe? (James & James, London, 1991), pp. 129-142.
337. A. G. Padgett, "Divine Eternity and the Nature of Time," Ph.D. diss. (Oxford University, 1988)
338. "God and Time: Toward a New Doctrine of Timeless Eternity," Religious Studies 25 (1989): 209-215
339. God, Eternity and the Nature of Time, chap. 6.
340. W. L. Craig, "God and Real Time."
341. A. G. Padgett, God, Eternity and the Nature of Time, pp. 128-129.
342. D. Stanesby, Science, Reason and Religion (Routledge, London, 1988), pp. 128-129.
343. A. Smethurst, Modern Science and Christian Belief (J. Nisbet, London, 1955).
344. "Dicendum, quod tenendum est firmiter, quod Deus potest facere aliquid ex nihilo et facit," S. Thomas Aequinatis Quaestiones Disputatae, vol. 2 (Marietti, Rome, 1958), question 3, article 6, p. 14.
345. H. Margenau, Thomas and the Physics of 1958: A Confrontation (Marquette University Press, Milwaukee, 1958), p. 41.
346. A. Einstein, "Cosmological Considerations on the General Theory of Relativity."
347. T. F. Torrance, God and Rationality (Oxford University Press, London, 1971), Preface, p. viii.
348. T. F. Torrance, "The Word of God and the Nature of Man," in F. W. Camfield, ed., Reformation Old and New (Butterworth, London, 1947), p. 136.
349. T. F. Torrance, Space, Time and Incarnation (Oxford University Press, London, 1969).
350. T. F. Torrance, Space, Time and Incarnation, p. 58.
351. F. D. Schubert, "Thomas F. Torrance: The Case for a Theological Science," Encounter 45 (1984): 123-137, quotation on p. 133.
352. For interpretations of the mass-energy relation, see M. Jammer, Concepts of Mass in Contemporary Physics and Philosophy (Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., forthcoming), chap. 3.
353. W.-H. Wong, "An Appraisal of the Interpretation of Einsteinian Physics in T. F. Torrance's Scientific Theology," Ph.D. diss., University of Aberdeen, 1992.
354. J. Polkinghorne, Reason and Reality: The Relationship between Science and Theology (Trinity Press International, Philadelphia, 1991), p. 93.
355. W. Pannenberg, Systematische Theologie (Vandenbroeck & Ruprecht, Goettingen, 1991)
356. Systematic Theology, vol. 2 (T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1994), chap. 2.
357. W. Pannenberg, "The Doctrine of Creation and Modern Science," Zygon 23 (1988): 3-21.
358. "W'ruah elohim m'rahefet al-pnei hamajim," Genesis, 1:2.
359. "Pneuma ho theos," The Gospel according to John, 4:24.
360. M. Jammer, "Feld-Feldtheorie," in J. Ritter, ed., Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie vol. 2 (Schwabe, Basel, 1972), pp. 923-927
361. "Feld," Archiv der Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften (Hollinek, Wien, 1981), pp. 113-121.
362. W. Pannenberg, Systematic Theology, p. 81.
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371. M. Maimonides, The Guide for the Perplexed, trans. M. Friedländer (George Routledge & Sons, London; E. P. Dutton, New York, 1904), p. 170.
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377. W. A. Wallace, "St. Thomas, Galileo, and Einstein," Thomist 24 (1961): 1-22.
378. J. F. Kiley, Einstein and Aquinas; A Rapprochment (M. Nijhoff, The Hague, 1969).
379. G. S. Viereck, Glimpses of the Great, p. 374.
380. J. Kepler, "De fundamentis astrologiae certioribus," thesis XX in Johann Kepler, Gesammelte Werke, vol. 4 (Beck, Munchen, 1941), p. 15.
381. "To platos kai m-ekos kai hypsos kai bathos," Ephesians, 3:18. See also Job, 11:7-9.
382. See, e.g., M. Jammer, "Science and Philosophy in the Problem of the Dimensionality of Space," in Y. Elkana, The Interaction between Science and Philosophy (Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, N.J., 1975), pp. 463-468.
383. H. H. Riggs, "Immortality and a Fourth Dimension," The Hibbert Journal 37 (1938/1939): 264-270.
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385. See M. Jammer, The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics-The Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics in Historical Perspective (Wiley, New York, 1974), pp. 40-41.
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388. N. Bohr, Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1934), p. 10.
389. A. Petersen, "The Philosophy of Niels Bohr," Bulletin of the Atomic Physicist 19 (1963): 8-14, quotation on p. 12. Emphasis in original.
390. A. Einstein, "Autobiographical Notes," p. 81.
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393. For technical reasons, the definition of local realism often also contains the denial of temporal retroaction, that is, the denial that the past can be influenced by choices made in the future.
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398. D. Bohm, "Hidden Variables and the Implicate Order," Zygon 20 (1985): 111-124, quotation on pp. 113-114.
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403. C. A. Coulson, Science and Christian Belief (Oxford University Press, London, 1955), p. 75.
404. A. S. Eddington, The Nature of the Physical World (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1928), p. 350.
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408. F. J. Belinfante, A Survey of Hidden Variables (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973).
409. A. Einstein, Science and Religion.
410. A. Fine, The Shaky Game (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1986).
411. G. S. Stent, "Does God Play Dice?" The Sciences 19 (March 1979), 18-21.
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413. E. Schrödinger, My View of the World (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1964), pp. 18-22, pp. 92-104.
414. D. Harrison, "Teaching the Tao of Physics," American Journal of Physics 47 (1979): 779-783.
415. See D. Bohm, Quantum Theory.
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428. S. Weinberg, The First Three Minutes (Basic Books, New York, 1977).
429. S. W. Hawking and R. Penrose, "The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology," Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, A 314 (1970): 529-548.
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432. H. Margenau, Thomas and the Physics of 1958.
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439. S. W. Hawking, A Brief History of Time, p. 136, pp. 140-141.
440. Eddington, The Philosophy of Physical Science, p. 7.
441. In these equations, the tensor Gmn determines the curvature of the space-time and k is a constant of proportionality.
442. Plato, Timaeus E 7 (Heinemann, London; Putnam's Sons, New York, 1929; Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., Heinemann, London, 1942), p. 77.
443. "Not in time but with time God created the world." Augustine, De Civitate Dei, book 11, 5.
444. G. Pelland, CinqÉtudes d'Augustin sur le DÉbut de la Genese (DeclÉe, Paris; Bellarmin, Montreal, 1972).
445. Augustine, On Genesis-Two Books on Genesis against the Manichees and On the Literal Interpretation of Genesis: An Unfinished Book (Catholic University of America Press, Washington, D.C., 1991).
446. Aristotle, De Caelo (On the Heavens), book 2, chap. 1 (283 b 27); The Physics, book 8, chap. 1 (250 b 11-252 b 6).
447. K. G. Bretschneider, Handbuch der Dogmatik (Barth, Leipzig, 1814, 1828), p. 587.
448. "Science and the Catholic Church," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 8 (1952): 143-146, 165.
449. "Einstein Session of the Pontifical Academy," Science 207 (1980): 1159-1167
450. See also S. Hawking's comments on an audience with the Pope in A Brief History of Time, pp. 116, 136.
451. R. Jastrow, God and the Astronomers (W. W. Norton, New York, 1978), p. 116.
452. N. Aviezer, In the Beginning-Biblical Creation and Science (Ktav, Hoboken, N.J., 1990), p. 17. The book has been published also in French, Russian, Spanish, and Portuguese.
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454. G. Burbidge, "Was There Really a Big Bang?" Nature 233 (1971): 36-40.
455. G. F. R. Ellis, "Alternatives to the Big Bang," Annual Review in Astronomy and Astrophysics 32 (1984): 157-184
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467. J. J. Tanner, "Letter to the Editors," American Scientist 73 (1985): 12.
468. S. W. Hawking, A Brief History of Time, p. 174.
469. A. Einstein, "On the 'Cosmological Problem,'" p. 123.