A short history of celebrity

A short History of Celebrity

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-311

  Inglis, Fred ^a  

^a NONE

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References (246)

1. Guy Debord, Society of the Spectacle (Detroit: Black and Red, revised edition, 1977), paras. 36, 37.
2. Clifford Geertz, "Centres, Kings, Charisma," in Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology (New York: Basic Books, 1983), p. 125.
3. See also D. M. Bergeron, English Civic Pageantry 1558-1642 (London: 1970).
4. Quoted in Bergeron, English Civic Pageantry, p. 15.
5. Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (New York: Free Press, 1904), part 3.
6. I follow Alasdair MacIntyre here, in his "Practical Rationalities as Social Structures," in The MacIntyre Reader, ed. K. Knight (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998), pp. 133-35.
7. Clifford Geertz, Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth Century Bali (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), pp. 124-32.
8. See also my Clifford Geertz: Culture, Ethics, Custom (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000), chap. 7.
9. Geertz, Negara , p. 123.
10. In his splendid and indispensable The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the 18th Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997).
11. "Dissertation on the Passions," elisions in MacIntyre MacIntyre Reader, p. 125, on whom I depend here.
12. Roy Porter, "The Social Order," in English Society in the 18th Century (Harmondsworth: Penguin, revised edition, 1990), pp. 65ff.
13. David Hume, "Of Superstition and Enthusiasm," in Selected Essays, ed.
14. Copley and A. Edgar (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 41.
15. MacIntyre Reader, p. 126.
16. The rest, as E. P. Thompson shows us, had a much more rough-and-ready emotional calculus, although one still matched to Hume's sequence. See his "The Moral Economy of the Crowd in Georgian Britain," in Customs in Common (London: Allen Lane, 1990).
17. Quoted and translated by Adam Smith, Essays on Philosophical Subjects, ed. W. Wightman and J. Bryce (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), p. 253.
18. "On the Romantic Sensibility in the Movements of the Heart," in Madame de Staël, De L'Allemagne, Collected Writings, ed. Renan (Paris: Gallimard, 1953).
19. See T. J. Clark, Farewell to an Idea: Episodes in the History of Modernism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996).
20. Preface to Lyrical Ballads, 1800, ed. H. Littledale (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1911), pp. 232, 237.
21. E.g., in the movie starring Richard Gere and Julia Roberts, Pretty Woman (1990).
22. Instances finely developed by Richard Sennett in The Fall of Public Man (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
23. F. R. Leavis, "Anna Karenina," in Anna Karenina and Other Essays (London: Chatto and Windus, 1967), p. 21.
24. MacIntyre Reader, p. 128.
25. In, classically, The Ambassadors (1903).
26. A tale well told by Anthony Giddens in The Transformation of Intimacy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992).
27. Philip Larkin, "Love Songs in Age," Collected Poems (London: Faber, 1988), p. 113.
28. I draw here and subsequently with admiration on Peter Ackroyd, London: The Biography (London: Minerva, 1997).
29. Thompson, "The Moral Economy of the Crowd."
30. Details from Porter, English Society in the 18th Century, p. 101.
31. See E. P. Thompson, Whigs and Hunters: The Origins of the Black Act (London: Allen Lane, 1975).
32. Porter, English Society in the 18th Century, pp. 67ff.
33. J. H. Plumb, N. McKendrick, and J. Brewer, The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialisation of 18th Century England (London: Europa Press, 1982).
34. As witness J. H. Plumb, The Growth of Political Stability in England (London: Macmillan, 1972).
35. Quoted by Brewer, Pleasures of the Imagination, pp. 333-34.
36. As Linda Colley shows in Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837 (London: Vintage, 1996).
37. Brewer, Pleasures of the Imagination, p. 419.
38. Sophie de la Roche, quoted in German Visitor to London Theatres (New York: Octagon Press, 1978), p. 114.
39. Alexander Pope, The Dunciad in The Poems, ed. John Butt (London: Methuen, 1965), book 1,ll.32 following.
40. Brewer, Pleasures of the Imagination, p. 63.
41. See Andor Gomme and David Walker, Architecture of Glasgow (London: Lund Humphries, 1968), chap. 3;
42. Also Andor Gomme et al., Bristol: An Architectural History (London: Lund Humphries, 1979).
43. Porter, English Society in the 18th Century, p. 233.
44. See Charles Ryskamp et al., Art in the Frick Collection (New York: Harry N. Adams, 1996), p. 89.
45. Norbert Elias, The Civilising Process (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000);
46. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979).
47. See R.G.S. Eyre's classic study, The Novel in Women's Magazines, 1740-1780 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967), a splendid source book for a history of the sentiments.
48. Quoted from Dr. Johnson by Mrs. Thrale, The Anecdotes of Mrs. Piozzi in Their Original Form, ed. R. Ingrams (London: John Murray, 1984), p. 45.
49. Quoted in Joseph Wood Krutch, Samuel Johnson (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1963), p. 117.
50. See Jenny Uglow's excellent biography, Hogarth (London: Random House, 2001).
51. I follow Martin Postle here in his catalogue essay, "The Modern Apelles," in Joshua Reynolds: The Creation of Celebrity, ed. M. Postle (London: Tate Gallery 2005), pp. 17-34.
52. See also Ellis Waterhouse, Reynolds (London: 1973).
53. Quoted by Postle, "The Modern Apelles," p. 19.
54. Colley, Britons, pp. 208ff, "Majesty."
55. See "The Invention of the Seaside" in my The Delicious History of the Holiday (London: Routledge, 2000).
56. Ian Nairn and Nikolaus Pevsner, The Buildings of England: Sussex (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965), p. 439.
57. Selected Letters of Byron, ed. V. H. Collins (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1928), April 6, 1819.
58. Frederick Raphael, Byron (London: Sphere Books, 1989), p. 67. I depend extensively on Raphael's splendid and vivid biography.
59. George Gordon, Lord Byron: Letters and Journals, ed. Leslie Marchand (London: John Murray, 1912), vol. 8, p. 112.
60. Theory of the Mortal Sentiments, ed. D. Raphael and A. Macfie (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976). Smith revised the sixth edition just before he died in 1790.
61. See Emma Rothschild's brave work of rehabilitation, Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet and the Enlightenment (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), p. 27.
62. "On the Middle Station of Life," in Selected Essays, ed. Copley and Edgar, p. 10.
63. Quoted by Rothschild, Economic Sentiments, p. 228.
64. Copley and Edgar, eds., Selected Essays, p. 7.
65. Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), p. 373.
66. First of all correlated by Edmund Burke in his Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful, 1757.
67. Taylor, Sources of the Self, pp. 410ff.
68. See Eric Hobsbawm and Georges Rudé, Captain Swing (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1969).
69. I take much here from Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984).
70. I follow E. P. Thompson in calling it that. See "The Peculiarities of the English," in his The Poverty of Theory (London: Merlin Press, 1978).
71. Cf. Taylor, Sources of the Self, p. 424.
72. Simon Schama thinks it would all have happened anyway, but without the guillotine. See his Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (New York: Knopf, 1989).
73. These details of the fragmentariness of France are taken from Graham Robb, The Discovery of France (London: Bloomsbury, 2006).
74. Charles Dickens, Dombey and Son (1848), ed. with an introduction by Raymond Williams (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983), pp. 103, and 473.
75. I take these examples from T. J. Clark's retelling of the tale in The Absolute Bourgeois: Artists and Politics in France 1848-1851 (London: Thames and Hudson, 1973).
76. The story of the coup is best and most ironically told by Marx in "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon," in Marx and Engels, Selected Works (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1968), pp. 97-174.
77. T. J. Clark, The Painting of Modern Life: Paris in the Art of Manet and His Followers (London: Thames and Hudson, 1985), "The View from Notre-Dame."
78. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, trans. by Howard Eiland and Kevin McLaughlin (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 879.
79. As told by Bill Lancaster in The Department Store: A Social History (London: Leicester University Press, 1995).
80. Affectionately remembered by Asa Briggs in Friends of the People: The Centenary History of Lewis's (London: Batsford, 1956).
81. See M. B. Miller, The Bon Marché: Bourgeois Culture and the Department Store, 1869-1920 (London: Allen and Unwin, 1981).
82. Figures in Lancaster, Department Store, p. 20.
83. Susan Porter Benson, Counter Cultures: Saleswomen, Managers and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890-1940 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986).
84. Clark, Painting of Modern Life, pp. 41ff.
85. Taken as his definition by F.W.J. Hemmings in Baudelaire the Damned (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1982).
86. I take much here from Christopher Prendergast, Paris and the nineteenth Century (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), "The High View: Three Cityscapes."
87. Hemmings, Baudelaire the Damned, pp. 199-200.
88. Edmond and Jules Goncourt, Pages from the Goncourt Journal, ed. and trans. Robert Baldick (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984), p. 399.
89. I repeat with admiration much of Richard Sennett's pioneering argument in The Fall of Public Man (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976).
90. Immortalised of course by Henry James, The Awkward Age, first published in 1899.
91. Shown to me years ago by B. S. Raine, a descendant of the Victorian hunting memorialist Surtees.
92. Charles Dickens, Little Dorrit (1857) (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967), p. 503.
93. Sennett, The Fall of the Public Man, pp. 193-94.
94. I compress into a sentence the vast theorisation of these developments by Michel Foucault. See, for a start, Souci de Soi (Paris: Gallimard, 1984).
95. This famous concept was invented by David Riesman in his book of that title, which he applied to the 1950s United States. The idea applies just as happily to 1890.
96. Robert Graves, Selected Poems (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1961), p. 161.
97. Most of these details come from Ruth Brandon's rather long but excellent biography, Being Divine: A Biography of Sarah Bernhardt (London: Secker and Warburg, 1991).
98. My Double Life: The Memories of Sarah Bernhardt (New York: SUNY Press, 1999).
99. Henry James, Collected Travel Writings (New York: Library of America, 1993), p. 732.
100. This short account rests entirely on James Morton, Lola Montez: Her Life and Conquests (London: Portrait, 2007).
101. Ambroise Vollard, Recollections of a Picture Dealer (New York: Dover, 2002).
102. Introduction to Families of Fortune: Life in the Gilded Age, by Alexis Gregory (New York: Vendome Press, 1993), p. 7.
103. Another Trianon was built down the road at Rosecliff in 1898.
104. Theodor Adorno, Minima Moralia (London: New Left Books, 1974), p. 224.
105. Justin Kaplan, When the Astors Owned New York (New York: Plume Books, 2007), p. 29.
106. Gustavus Myers, History of the Great American Fortunes (New York: Monthly Press, 1937), p. 47.
107. These details and much else from C. Wright Mills's classic, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956), chaps. 3 and 4.
108. Dixon Wecter, The Saga of American Society (New York: Scribner's, 1937), pp. 234-35. "Society" in the title means "High."
109. Mills, The Power Elite, p. 72.
110. As John dos Passos satirises him, in his great novel The Big Money (1937) (New York: Washington Square Press, 1961), pp. 525-34.
111. Gore Vidal, Hollywood (London: Abacus, 1994), p. 115.
112. Benson, Counter Cultures, chap. 1.
113. First published in 1885. Here referred to in the edition (New York: Bantam, 1960).
114. I take much in what follows from Charles Ponce de Leon, Self-Exposure: Human Interest Journalism and the Emergence of Celebrity, 1890-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002).
115. Don Seitz, Joseph Pulitzer: His Life and Letters (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1924), p. 622.
116. Ponce de Leon, Self-Exposure, p. 60.
117. Taylor, Sources of the Self, pp. 393ff.
118. Paul Gallico, Liberty, October 29, 1929, p. 54, quoted by Ponce de Leon.
119. Geertz, Negara, "Conclusion."
120. Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class (1901), welcomed in a famous review by Howells here cited in the edition (New York: Scribner's, 1964).
121. Life of Hawthorne in Henry James, Critical Essays (New York: Scribner's, 1937), vol. 9, p. 49.
122. At various points in this chapter I am using the argument of my book, The Delicious History of the Holiday.
123. Hear her story as adventurer-anthropologist-explorer told by Mary Russell in The Blessings of a Good Thick Skirt (London: Flamingo, 1994).
124. Van Gogh, Collected Letters, ed. Mark Roskill (London: Flamingo, 1993), p. 268.
125. This short history of transport owes much to Mary Blume and her book Côte d'Azur: Inventing the French Riviera (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1992).
126. F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender Is the Night (1934) (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1955), p. 101.
127. The phrase is R. G. Collingwood's in The Principles of Art (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1937), pp. 57ff.
128. Fitzgerald, Tender Is the Night, p. 138.
129. Evelyn Waugh, Vile Bodies (1930 and in print ever since) (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1996), pp. 96-97.
130. Quoted from Lindbergh's journals in Philip Roth, "Postscript: A True Chronology of the Major Figures," in The Plot Against America (New York: Vintage Books, 2005), pp. 369-70.
131. Vidal, Hollywood, p. 112.
132. A.J.P. Taylor, English History 1914-1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965), pp. 312-13.
133. This is Richard Sennett's argument in a nutshell. See Sennett, The Fall of Public Man, pp. 290ff.
134. The title of Lionel Trilling's book acutely relevant to my argument in this chapter. See his Sincerity and Authenticity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974).
135. Sennett, The Fall of Public Man, p. 221.
136. I take much in the foregoing from Ian Kershaw, Hitler: Hubris 1889-1936 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998).
137. Paul Ginsborg, Italy and Its Discontents (Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2003), pp. 296-97.
138. I am relying on two biographies for these details: Denis Mack Smith's classic, Mussolini (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981), unyielding in his contempt for his subject;
139. R.J.B. Bosworth, Mussolini (London: Arnold, 2002).
140. Mack Smith, Mussolini, p. 129.
141. Charlie Chaplin, dir., The Great Dictator (1940).
142. In Tim Parks, Italian Neighbours and An Italian Education. See also Ginsborg, Italy and Its Discontents, pp. 68-93.
143. Mack Smith, Mussolini, facing p. 147.
144. As Elias Canetti teaches us in Crowds and Power (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1981).
145. Kershaw, Hitler, p. 403.
146. George Orwell, England, Your England (London: Secker and Warburg, 1968), p. 34.
147. Canetti, Crowds and Power, p. 19.
148. Geertz, Local Knowledge, p. 122.
149. See Philip Kieff's excellent critique of psychologism, The Triumph of the Therapeutic (New York: Random House, 1966).
150. I borrow here from a classic paper by Edward Shils, "Charisma, Order and Status," American Sociological Review (April 1965).
151. A point taken from David Runciman's excellent study, Political Hypocrisy: The Mask of Power from Hobbes to Orwell and Beyond (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008).
152. As Scott Fitzgerald almost put it in The Great Gatsby (New York: Scribners, 1925), p. 76.
153. FDR's Fireside Chats, ed. R. D. Buhite and D. W. Levy (New York: Penguin, 1993), pp. 12-17. Given on March 12, 1933.
154. Gore Vidal, Palimpsest: A Memoir (London: Abacus, 1996).
155. Arthur Schlesinger, A Thousand Days (London: André Deutsch, 1965), p. 191.
156. The article first appeared in Esquire and was reprinted in Norman Mailer, Cannibals and Christians (New York: Doubleday, 1964), p. 88.
157. Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, p. 105.
158. Policies variously proposed by him to the Party Congress in 1986 and at Reykjavik the same year. See my The Cruel Peace: Everyday Life and the Cold War (New York: Basic Books, 1991), pp. 355-62.
159. Vidal, Palimpsest, p. 312.
160. Paul Krugman, The Conscience of a Liberal (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), pp. 11-12.
161. No one can write of these matters without using Guy Debord's slightly mad and doctrinaire little book, Society of the Spectacle, brought to birth by the events of May 1968.
162. I am drawing here on Peter Stallybrass and Allon White, The Politics and Poetics of Transgression (Brighton: Harvester, 1986).
163. I depend here on many sources, including in particular Joe Klein, The Natural (New York: Doubleday, 2002);
164. John B. Thompson, Political Scandal (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000).
165. Joan Didion, Political Fictions (New York: Vintage Books, 2002), pp. 215-16.
166. Walter Cronkite, A Reporter's Life (New York: Ballantine Books, 1997), p. 220.
167. Richard Dyer, Heavenly Bodies: Film Stars and Society (London: Routledge, rev. ed., 1986), p. 3.
168. I take much here from Nicholas Garnham, Capitalism and Communication (London: Sage, 1990), chap. 2.
169. E.g., A.J.P. Taylor, English History, 1914-1945, as quoted, pp. 314-15.
170. Joan Didion, Slouching towards Bethlehem (New York: Washington Square Press, 1981), pp. 44-45.
171. Wills, John Wayne's America, p. 268.
172. D. H. Lawrence, Selected Literary Criticism, ed. Anthony Beal (London: Heinemann, 1955), p. 329.
173. Wills, John Wayne's America, p. 316.
174. Marc Eliot, Jimmy Stewart: A Biography (New York: Harmony, 2006).
175. Graham McCann, Cary Grant: A Class Apart (London: Fourth Estate, 1996), p. 3.
176. I follow much of what follows from Stanley Cavell's splendid Pursuits of Happiness: The Hollywood Comedy of Remarriage (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981).
177. McCann, Cary Grant, p. 133.
178. Cavell, Pursuits of Happiness, p. 170.
179. Evelyn Waugh, Brideshead Revisited (London: Dent, Everyman ed., 1993), p. 246.
180. This is a suppressed quotation from John Berger, About Looking (London: Writers and Readers Cooperative, 1980), pp. 197-98.
181. Quoted by Graham McCann, Marilyn Monroe (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1988), p. 175.
182. I take this account from Norman Mailer's justly famous Marilyn: A Biography (which is also a photo album) (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1973), pp. 120-21.
183. McCann, Cary Grant, p. 160. I am also grateful for several conversations with Professor Ross Miller, Arthur Miller's nephew.
184. Mailer, Marilyn, p. 130.
185. Arthur Miller, Timebends: A Life (London: Methuen, 1987), p. 307.
186. Dyer, Heavenly Bodies, chap. 2.
187. Miller, Timebends, p. 359.
188. Simone de Beauvoir, Brigitte Bardot and the Lolita Syndrome (New York: Reynard Press, 1960).
189. Martha Gellhorn, The Face of War (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1988), p. 180.
190. So famous it became the title of a film about one of his greatest moments, facing down Senator McCarthy: Good Night and Good Luck, dir. George Clooney, 2006.
191. The sociology of his great victory is vividly explored by Timothy Garton Ash in his We, the People (Cambridge: Granta, 1990).
192. The phrase is the architectural historian Mark Girouard's in his The Queen Anne Movement 1860-1900 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977).
193. Walter Benjamin, "The Storyteller," in Illuminations (London: Jonathan Cape, 1970), p. 102.
194. Charles Dickens, David Copperfield (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974), p. 71.
195. In a conversation with me reported in my The Name of the Game (London: Heinemann, 1978).
196. As he says in his autobiography, Golf Is My Game (London: Chatto and Windus, 1959), p. 111.
197. Alistair Cooke, Letter from America, broadcast by the BBC, September 1972.
198. These details taken from Lawrence Loudino, Tiger Woods: A Biography (Albany NY: Greenwood Press, rev. ed., 2007), and the Wikipedia site on Woods.
199. A point made for me by Colin Crouch, Coping with Post-Democracy (London: Fabian Society 598, 2000).
200. As admirers of that astonishing book will recognise, I am influenced here by John Berger's G (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1972).
201. My guide through this evanescent history is Simon Firth, The Sociology of Rock (London: Picador, 1979).
202. I learned much about their music from Wilfred Mellers, Twilight of the Gods: The Beatles in Retrospect (London: Viking, 1974).
203. Robert Darnton, Bohemians before Bohemianism (Wassenaar: Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study, 2006).
204. Much of what follows is from Eric Clapton: The Autobiography (London: Random House, 2008), with extensive additions, naturally, from New Musical Express and press sources.
205. I owe much here to the scholar of Queen, Hilary Britland.
206. James Scott, Weapons of the Weak (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985).
207. Stuart Hall and T. Jefferson, Resistance through Rituals (London: Hutchinson, 1976).
208. Bob Dylan, Chronicles I (London: Simon and Schuster, 2004), pp. 82-83.
209. Bob Spitz, Dylan: A Biography (London: Michael Joseph, 1989).
210. Quoted by Christopher Ricks in his Dylan's Visions of Sin (London: Viking Penguin, 2003), p. 1.
211. Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations (Oxford: Basic Blackwell, 1953), part 2, p. xi.
212. Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Culture (London: Hutchinson, 1975), p. 448.
213. I borrow this phrase from Raymond Williams, The English Novel from Dickens to Lawrence (London: Chatto and Windus, 1970), where it is a controlling idea.
214. Details from Cronkite, A Reporter's Life.
215. As is well argued by Raymond Geuss in his Public Goods, Private Goods (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).
216. Figures from Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945 (London: Penguin, 2005), p. 188.
217. Details from John Cole, As It Seemed to Me: Political Memoirs (London: Orion Books, 1996).
218. Max Clifford interview about a client in Heat, November 1-7, 2008.
219. Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectation (New York: W. W. Norton, 1979).
220. Philip Larkin, "The Building," in Collected Poems (London: Faber and Faber, 1988).
221. Bernard Malamud, The Natural (New York: Dell, 1971).
222. George Orwell, "Raffles and Miss Blandish," in Collected Essays (London: Heinemann Mercury, 1961), p. 237.
223. Quoted in Tara Brabazon's excellent Thinking Popular Culture (Farnham: Ashgate, 2008), p. 70.
224. Great Interviews of the Twentieth Century no. 2: Diana, Princess of Wales (London: Guardian News and Media, 2007), pp. 13ff.
225. Hugh Young, The Hugo Young Papers, ed. Ion Trewin (London: Allen Lane, 2008), p. 267.
226. Quotations which follow are from Emily Nussbaum's article, Observer Magazine, October 26, 2008.
227. Jim Hunter, The Flame (London: Faber and Faber, 1966), here quoted in the Pantheon edition (New York, 1966).
228. Andrew O'Hagan, Personality (London: Faber and Faber, 2004).
229. Geertz's (1981) words, already quoted from Negara, p. 135.
230. Amelie Oksenberg Rorty, "A Literary Postscript," in the collection she edited, The Identities of Persons (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), pp. 301-23.
231. Here updated by Alisdair MacIntyre, in his After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (London: Duckworth, 1981).
232. E.g., Lord David Puttnam, Observer, September 28, 2008.
233. Claude Levi-Strauss, Structural Anthropology (London: Allen Lane, 1968), chap. 1.
234. (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971).
235. I have in mind Iris Murdoch's parable, The Nice and the Good (London: Chatto and Windus, 1969).
236. Norman Mailer, The Armies of the Night (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968).
237. Rorty, "A Literary Postscript," p. 318.
238. I follow Herbert Hart in making this claim, in his paper "Are There Any Natural Rights?," Philosophical Review 64 (1955), pp. 175ff.
239. Details from an unpublished autobiography loaned me by her daughter.
240. Iris Murdoch stands up for a plain, blunt defence of the word in The Sovereignty of Good (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970).
241. Phrases quoted from F. R. Leavis, New Bearings in English Poetry (London: Chatto and Windus, rev. ed., 1959).
242. Seamus Heaney, North (London: Faber and Faber, 1978), p. 59.
243. As his lovely collection, Field Work (London: Faber and Faber, 1976), betokens.
244. Dennis O'Driscoll, Stepping Stones: Interviews with Seamus Heaney (London: Faber, 2008), p. 485.
245. Seamus Heaney, Finders Keepers: Selected Prose 1971-2001 (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2002), p. 207.
246. Mills, The Power Elite, p. 361.