Intellectual function in patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa

European Eating Disorders Review

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 15-24

  Weider, Siri ^a,b   Indredavik, Marit Sæbø ^a,c   Lydersen, Stian ^a   Hestad, Knut ^a,d  

^a NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

^b Levanger Hospital   (Norway)

^c TRONDHEIM UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^d INNLANDET HOSPITAL TRUST   (Norway)

Author keywords

anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa; intelligence; neuropsychology

Indexed keywords

ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; HYPNOTIC AGENT; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; THYROID HORMONE;

ADULT; ANOREXIA NERVOSA; ARTICLE; BECK DEPRESSION INVENTORY; BODY MASS; BULIMIA; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMOGRAPHY; DSM-IV; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; MALE; MENTAL FUNCTION; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; STRENGTH; WEAKNESS; WECHSLER INTELLIGENCE SCALE; WORKING MEMORY;

ADULT; ANOREXIA NERVOSA; BULIMIA NERVOSA; COGNITION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTELLIGENCE; INTELLIGENCE TESTS; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS;

EID: 84890552272     PISSN: 10724133     EISSN: 10990968     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/erv.2260     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR, 4th. Ed. (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
2. American Psychiatric Association Workgroup on Eating Disorders. (2006). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with eating disorders (revision). American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1-39.
3. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., &, Brown, G. K., (1996). Beck Depression Inventory- Second Edition. Manual Norsk versjon [Norwegian version]: Assessio Norge a/s.
4. Blanz, B. J., Detzner, U., Lay, B., Rose, F., &, Schmidt, M. H., (1997). The intellectual functioning of adolescents with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 6, 129-135.
5. Bosanac, P., Kurlender, S., Stojanovska, L., Hallam, K., Norman, T., McGrath, C., et al. (2007). Neuropsychological study of underweight and "weight-recovered" anorexia nervosa compared with bulimia nervosa and normal controls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40, 613-621. doi: 10.1002/eat.20412.
6. Bosnes, O., (2009). Norsk versjon av Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence: Hvor godt er samsvaret mellom WASI og norsk versjon av Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III. [The Norwegian version of Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI): Do scores on the WASI correspond with scores on the Norwegian version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- III (WAIS-III)?]. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening [Journal of the Norwegian Psychological Association], 46, 564-568.
7. Bosnes, O., &, Troland, K., (2012). Wechsler Memory Scale-III og Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III utprøvd I et utvalg av HUNT 3- populasjonen. [Do US norms for the WMS-III/WAIS-III fit in Norway]. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening [Journal of the Norwegian Psychological Association] 49, 462-467.
8. Bulik, C. M., (2005). Exploring the gene-environment nexus in eating disorders. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 30, 335-339.
9. Bulik, C. M., Sullivan, P. F., Wade, T. D., &, Kendler, K. S., (2000). Twin studies of eating disorders: A review. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 27, 1-20. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(200001)27:1<1::AID- EAT1>3.0.CO;2-Q.
10. Bulik, C. M., &, Tozzi, F., (2004). Genetics in eating disorders: State of the science. CNS Spectrums, 9, 511-515.
11. Connan, F., Murphy, F., Connor, S. E., Rich, P., Murphy, T., Bara-Carill, N., et al. (2006). Hippocampal volume and cognitive function in anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Research, 146, 117-125. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2005.10. 006.
12. D'Alcante, C. C., Diniz, J. B., Fossaluza, V., Batistuzzo, M. C., Lopes, A. C., Shavitt, R. G., et al. (2012). Neuropsychological predictors of response to randomized treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 39, 310-317. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.07.002.
13. Dally, P., (1969). Anorexia nervosa. London: William Heinemann Medical Books Limited.
14. Danielsen, M., &, Ro, O., (2012). Changes in body image during inpatient treatment for eating disorders predict outcome. Eating Disorders, 20, 261-275. doi: 10.1080/10640266.2012.689205.
15. Davies, H., Swan, N., Schmidt, U., &, Tchanturia, K., (2012). An experimental investigation of verbal expression of emotion in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review, 20, 476-483. doi: 10.1002/erv.1157.
16. Dickson, H., Brooks, S., Uher, R., Tchanturia, K., Treasure, J., &, Campbell, I. C., (2008). The inability to ignore: Distractibility in women with restricting anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine, 38, 1741-1748. doi: 10.1017/S0033291708002961.
17. Duchesne, M., Mattos, P., Fontenelle, L. F., Veiga, H., Rizo, L., &, Appolinario, J. C., (2004). Neuropsicologia dos transtornos alimentares: revisao sistematica da literatura. [Neuropsychology of eating disorders a systematic review of the literature]. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 26, 107-117. doi: 10.1590/S1516-44462004000200008.
18. Dura, J. R., &, Bornstein, R. A., (1989). Differences between IQ and school achievement in anorexia nervosa. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 433-435.
19. Egeland, J., Bosnes, O., &, Johansen, H., (2009). Utprøving av WAIS-III i et klinisk utvalg [Analysis of the Norwegian WAIS-III in a clinical sample]. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening [Journal of the Norwegian Psychological Association]. 46, 658-666.
20. Favaro, A., Santonastaso, P., Manara, R., Bosello, R., Bommarito, G., Tenconi, E., et al. (2012). Disruption of visuospatial and somatosensory functional connectivity in anorexia nervosa. Biological Psychiatry, 72, 864-870.
21. Galderisi, S., Mucci, A., Monteleone, P., Sorrentino, D., Piegari, G., &, Maj, M., (2003). Neurocognitive functioning in subjects with eating disorders: The influence of neuroactive steroids. Biological Psychiatry, 53, 921-927. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01668-2.
22. Gillberg, I. C., Gillberg, C., Rastam, M., &, Johansson, M., (1996). The cognitive profile of anorexia nervosa: A comparative study including a community-based sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 37, 23-30. doi: 10.1016/S0010-440X(96)90046-2.
23. Green, M. W., Elliman, N. A., Wakeling, A., &, Rogers, P. J., (1996). Cognitive functioning, weight change and therapy in anorexia nervosa. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 30, 401-410. doi: 10.1016/0022-3956(96)00026-X.
24. Grunwald, M., Ettrich, C., Assmann, B., Dahne, A., Krause, W., Busse, F., et al. (2001). Deficits in haptic perception and right parietal theta power changes in patients with anorexia nervosa before and after weight gain. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29, 417-428. doi: 10.1002/eat.1038.
25. Halmi, K. A., Bellace, D., Berthod, S., Ghosh, S., Berrettini, W., Brandt, H. A., et al. (2012). An examination of early childhood perfectionism across anorexia nervosa subtypes. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 45, 800-807. doi: 10.1002/eat.22019.
26. Hambrook, D., Brown, G., &, Tchanturia, K., (2012). Emotional intelligence in anorexia nervosa: Is anxiety a missing piece of the puzzle? Psychiatry Research, 200, 12-19. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.05.017.
27. Hamsher K. S., Halmi, K. A., &, Benton, A. L., (1981). Prediction of outcome in anorexia nervosa from neuropsychological status. Psychiatry Research, 4, 79-88.
28. Harrison, A., Sullivan, S., Tchanturia, K., &, Treasure, J., (2010). Emotional functioning in eating disorders: Attentional bias, emotion recognition and emotion regulation. Psychological Medicine, 40, 1887-1897. doi: 10.1017/S0033291710000036.
29. Hoek, H. W., &, van Hoeken, D., (2003). Review of the prevalence and incidence of eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 34, 383-396.
30. Holliday, J., Tchanturia, K., Landau, S., Collier, D., &, Treasure, J., (2005). Is impaired set-shifting an endophenotype of anorexia nervosa? American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 2269-2275. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12. 2269.
31. Jauregui-Lobera, I., (2013). Neuropsychology of eating disorders: 1995-2012. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 9, 415-430.
32. Johansen, R., Hestad, K., Iversen, V. C., Agartz, I., Sundet, K., Andreassen, O. A., et al. (2011). Cognitive and clinical factors are associated with service engagement in early-phase schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199, 176-182. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31820bc2f9.
33. Jones, B. P., Duncan, C. C., Brouwers, P., &, Mirsky, A. F., (1991). Cognition in eating disorders. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 711-728. doi: 10.1080/01688639108401085
34. Kaufman, A. S., McLean, J. E., &, Reynolds, C. R., (1988). Sex, race, residence, region, and education differences on the 11 WAIS-R subtests. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 231-248.
35. Kemps, E., Tiggemann, M., Wade, T., Ben-Tovim, D., &, Breyer, R., (2006). Selective working memory deficits in anorexia nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review, 14, 97-103. doi: 10.1002/erv.685.
36. Kenyon, M., Samarawickrema, N., Dejong, H., Eynde, F. V., Startup, H., Lavender, A., et al. (2012). Theory of mind in bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 45, 377-384. doi: 10.1002/eat.20967.
37. Keys, A., Brožek, J., Henschel, A., Mickelsen, O., &, Taylor, H. L., (1950). The biology of human starvation. (2 vols). Oxford, England: Univ. of Minnesota Press.
38. Kim, Y. R., Kim, J. E., &, Kim, M. H., (2010). Impaired Set-Shifting ability in patients with eating disorders, which is not moderated by their catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met genotype. Psychiatry Investigation, 7, 298-301. doi: 10.4306/pi.2010.7.4.298
39. Kim, Y. R., Lim, S. J., &, Treasure, J., (2011). Different patterns of emotional eating and visuospatial deficits whereas shared risk factors related with social support between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Psychiatry Investigation, 8, 9-14. doi: 10.4306/pi.2011.8.1.9.
40. Kingston, K., Szmukler, G., Andrewes, D., Tress, B., &, Desmond, P., (1996). Neuropsychological and structural brain changes in anorexia nervosa before and after refeeding. Psychological Medicine, 26, 15-28.
41. Kothari, R., Solmi, F., Treasure, J., &, Micali, N., (2013). The neuropsychological profile of children at high risk of developing an eating disorder. Psychological Medicine, 43, 1543-1554. doi: 10.1017/S0033291712002188.
42. Koyama, K. I., Asakawa, A., Nakahara, T., Amitani, H., Amitani, M., Saito, M., et al. (2012). Intelligence quotient and cognitive functions in severe restricting-type anorexia nervosa before and after weight gain. Nutrition, 28, 1132-1136. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.03.003
43. Krieg, J. C., Lauer, C., &, Pirke, K. M., (1989). Structural brain abnormalities in patients with bulimia nervosa. Psychiatry Research, 27, 39-48. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(89)90007-3.
44. Lauer, C. J., Gorzewski, B., Gerlinghoff, M., Backmund, H., &, Zihl, J., (1999). Neuropsychological assessments before and after treatment in patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 33, 129-138. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3956(98)00020-X.
45. Lena, S. M., Fiocco, A. J., &, Leyenaar, J. K., (2004). The role of cognitive deficits in the development of eating disorders. Neuropsychology Review, 14, 99-113. doi: 10.1023/B:NERV.0000028081.40907.de.
46. Liao, P. C., Uher, R., Lawrence, N., Treasure, J., Schmidt, U., Campbell, I. C., et al. (2009). An examination of decision making in bulimia nervosa. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 31, 455-461. doi: 10.1080/13803390802251378
47. Lopez, C., Stahl, D., &, Tchanturia, K., (2010). Estimated intelligence quotient in anorexia nervosa a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Annals of General Psychiatry, 9, 40. doi: 10.1186/1744-859x-9-40.
48. Lopez, C., Tchanturia, K., Stahl, D., Booth, R., Holliday, J., &, Treasure, J., (2008). An examination of the concept of central coherence in women with anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 41, 143-152. doi: 10.1002/eat.20478.
49. Lopez, C., Tchanturia, K., Stahl, D., &, Treasure, J., (2009). Weak central coherence in eating disorders: A step towards looking for an endophenotype of eating disorders. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 31, 117-125. doi: 10.1080/13803390802036092.
50. Marsh, R., Steinglass, J. E., Gerber, A. J., O'Leary, K. G., Wang, Z., Murphy, D., et al. (2009). Deficient activity in the neural systems that mediate self-regulatory control in bulimia nervosa. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 51-63. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.504.
51. Maxwell, J. K., Tucker, D. M., &, Townes, B. D., (1984). Asymmetric cognitive function in anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 37-44.
52. McCormick, L. M., Keel, P. K., Brumm, M. C., Bowers, W., Swayze, V., Andersen, A., et al. (2008). Implications of starvation-induced change in right dorsal anterior cingulate volume in anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 41, 602-610. doi: 10.1002/eat.20549.
53. McDowell, B. D., Moser, D. J., Ferneyhough, K., Bowers, W. A., Andersen, A. E., &, Paulsen, J. S., (2003). Cognitive impairment in anorexia nervosa is not due to depressed mood. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 33, 351-355. doi: 10.1002/eat.10149.
54. Mikos, A. E., McDowell, B. D., Moser, D. J., Bayless, J. D., Bowers, W. A., Andersen, A. E., et al. (2008). Stability of neuropsychological performance in anorexia nervosa. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 20, 9-13. doi: 10.1080/10401230701844836.
55. Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard, T. J., Boykin, A. W., Brody, N., Ceci, S. J., et al. (1996). Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns. American Psychologist, 51, 77-101.
56. Preti, A., de Girolamo, G., Vilagut, G., Alonso, J., de Graaf, R., Bruffaerts, R., et al. (2009). The epidemiology of eating disorders in six European countries: Results of the ESEMeD-WMH project. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 1125-1132. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.04.003.
57. Ranseen, J. D., &, Humphries, L. L., (1992). The intellectual functioning of eating disorder patients. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 844-846. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199209000- 00010.
58. Roberts, M. E., Tchanturia, K., Stahl, D., Southgate, L., &, Treasure, J., (2007). A systematic review and meta-analysis of set-shifting ability in eating disorders. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1075-1084. doi: 10.1017/S0033291707009877.
59. Seed, J. A., Dixon, R. A., McCluskey, S. E., &, Young, A. H., (2000). Basal activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and cognitive function in anorexia nervosa. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 250, 11-15.
60. Shafran, R., Cooper, Z., &, Fairburn, C. G., (2002). Clinical perfectionism: A cognitive-behavioural analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 773-791.
61. Sheehan, D. V., &, Lecrubier, Y., (1994). Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): University of South Florida Institute for Research in Psychiatry/INSERM-Hôpital de la Salpetriere.
62. Smink, F. R. E., van Hoeken, D., &, Hoek, H. W., (2012). Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14, 406-414. doi: 10.1007/s11920-012-0282-y.
63. Southgate, L., Tchanturia, K., &, Treasure, J., (2008). Information processing bias in anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Research, 160, 221-227. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.07.017.
64. Statens Helsetilsyn. (2000). Alvorlige spiseforstyrrelser. Retningslinjer for behandling i spesialisthelsetjenesten [Severe eating disorders. Guidelines for specialist treatment]. Statens helsetilsyn.
65. Statistics Norway. (2013). Befolkningens utdanningsnivå, 1. oktober 2012 [The population's education level, at October 1, 2012] Retrieved 02.08, 2013, from http://www.ssb.no/utdanning/statistikker/utniv/aar/2013-06-18?fane= tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=116235
66. Steinglass, J. E., and, Glasofer, D. R., (2011). Neuropsychology. In, B. Lask, &, I. Frampton,. (Eds.), Eating Disorders and the Brain. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: Chichester, UK. doi: 10.1002/9781119998402.ch4.
67. Szmukler, G. I., Andrewes, D., Kingston, K., Chen, L., Stargatt, R., &, Stanley, R., (1992). Neuropsychological impairment in anorexia nervosa: Before and after refeeding. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 14, 347-352. doi: 10.1080/01688639208402834.
68. Tchanturia, K., Anderluh, M. B., Morris, R. G., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Collier, D. A., Sanchez, P., et al. (2004a). Cognitive flexibility in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10, 513-520. doi: 10.1017/S1355617704104086.
69. Tchanturia, K., Campbell, I. C., Morris, R., &, Treasure, J., (2005). Neuropsychological studies in anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37 Suppl, S72-76; discussion S87-79. doi: 10.1002/eat.20119.
70. Tchanturia, K., Davies, H., Roberts, M., Harrison, A., Nakazato, M., Schmidt, U., et al. (2012). Poor cognitive flexibility in eating disorders: Examining the evidence using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. Plos One, 7, e28331. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028331.
71. Tchanturia, K., Harrison, A., Davies, H., Roberts, M., Oldershaw, A., Nakazato, M., et al. (2011). Cognitive flexibility and clinical severity in eating disorders. Plos One, 6. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020462.
72. Tchanturia, K., Liao, P. C., Uher, R., Lawrence, N., Treasure, J., &, Campbell, I. C., (2007). An investigation of decision making in anorexia nervosa using the Iowa Gambling Task and skin conductance measurements. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 635-641. doi: 10.1017/S1355617707070798.
73. Tchanturia, K., Morris, R. G., Anderluh, M. B., Collier, D. A., Nikolaou, V., &, Treasure, J., (2004b). Set shifting in anorexia nervosa: An examination before and after weight gain, in full recovery and relationship to childhood and adult OCPD traits. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 38, 545-552. doi: 10.1016/j.jphyschires.2004.03.001
74. Tenconi, E., Santonastaso, P., Degortes, D., Bosello, R., Titton, F., Mapelli, D., et al. (2010). Set-shifting abilities, central coherence, and handedness in anorexia nervosa patients, their unaffected siblings and healthy controls: Exploring putative endophenotypes. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 11, 813-823. doi: 10.3109/15622975.2010.483250
75. Titova, O. E., Hjorth, O. C., Schioth, H. B., &, Brooks, S. J., (2013). Anorexia nervosa is linked to reduced brain structure in reward and somatosensory regions: A meta-analysis of VBM studies. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 110. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-13-110.
76. Tulsky, D. S., Saklofske, D. H., Wilkins, C., &, Weiss, L. G., (2001). Development of a general ability index for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition. Psychological Assessment, 13, 566-571. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.13.4.566.
77. Van den Eynde, F., Guillaume, S., Broadbent, H., Stahl, D., Campbell, I. C., Schmidt, U., et al. (2011). Neurocognition in bulimic eating disorders: A systematic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 124, 120-140. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01701.x
78. Wechsler, D., (1997). The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. (3rd ed.) San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
79. Wechsler, D., Nyman, H., &, Nordvik, H., (2003). WAIS-III: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: Manual. Norsk Versjon [Norwegian version]. Stockholm: Psykologiförlaget.