Leptospirosis: A silent epidemic disease

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Volumn 10, Issue 12, 2013, Pages 7229-7234

  Schneider, Maria Cristina ^a   Jancloes, Michel ^b   Buss, Daniel F ^c   Aldighieri, Sylvain ^a   Bertherat, Eric ^d   Najera, Patricia ^a   Galan, Deise I ^a   Durski, Kara ^d   Espinal, Marcos A ^a  

^a PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (United States)

^b Health and Climate Foundation   (United States)

^c INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ   (Brazil)

^d WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; EDITORIAL; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EPIDEMIC; HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT; HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LEPTOSPIROSIS; PREVALENCE; SOIL POLLUTION; WATER CONTAMINATION; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; LEPTOSPIRA; LEPTOSPIROSIS; NEGLECTED DISEASES; PUBLIC HEALTH;

EID: 84890472203     PISSN: 16617827     EISSN: 16604601     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10127229     Document Type: Editorial

References (38)

1. World Health Organization. Report of the Second Meeting of the Leptospirosis Burden Epidemiology Reference Group; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2011; pp. 1-37.
2. Crump, J.A.; Morrissey, A.B.; Nicholson, W.L.; Massung, R.F.; Stoddard, R.A.; Galloway, R.L.; Ooi, E.E.; Maro, V.P.; Saganda, W.; Kinabo, G.D.; Muiruri, C.; Bartlett, J.A. Etiology of severe non-malaria febrile illness in northern Tanzania: A prospective cohort study. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2013, 7, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002324.
3. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Organization for Animal Health, World Health Organization. The FAO-OIE-WHO Collaboration: Sharing Responsibilities and Coordinating Global Activities to Address Health Risks at the Animal-Human-Ecosystems Interfaces; FAO, OIE, WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2010; pp. 1-8.
4. World Health Organization. Human Leptospirosis: Guidance for Diagnosis, Surveillance and Control; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2003.
5. World Health Organization. Report of the First Meeting of the Leptospirosis Burden Epidemiology Reference Group; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2010; pp. 1-40.
6. Trevejo, R.T.; Rigau-Perez, J.G.; Ashford, D.A.; McClure, E.M.; Jarquin-Gonzales, C.; Amador, J.J.; De los Reyes, J.O.; Gonzalez, A.; Zaki, S.R.; Shieh, W.J.; et al. Epidemic leptospirosis associated with pulmonary hemorrhage-Nicarágua, 1995. J. Inf. Dis. 1998, 178, 1457-1463.
7. Johnson, M.A.; Smith, H.; Joseph, P.; Gilman, R.H.; Bautista, C.T.; Campos, K.J.; Cespedes, M.; Klatsky, P.; Vidal, C.; Terry, H.; et al. Environmental exposure and leptospirosis, Peru. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2004, 10, 1016-1022.
8. Pappas, G.; Papadimitriou, P.; Siozopoulou, V.; Christou, L.; Akritidis, N. The globalization of leptospirosis: Worldwide incidence trends. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2008, 12, 351-357.
9. Sehgal, S.C.; Sugunan, A.P.; Vijayachari, P. Outbreak of leptospirosis after the cyclone in Orissa. Natl. Med. J. India 2002, 15, 22-23.
10. Karande, S.; Bhatt, M.; Kelkar, A.; Kulkarni, M.; De, A.; Varaiya, A. An observational study to detect leptospirosis in Mumbai, India, 2000. Arch. Dis. Child. 2003, 88, 1070-1075.
11. Victoriano, A.; Smythe, L.; Gloriani-Barzaga, N.; Cavinta, L.; Kasai, T.; Limpakarnjanarat, K.; Ong, B.L.; Gongal, G.; Hall, J.; Coulombe, C.A.; et al. Leptospirosis in the Asia Pacific region. BMC Infect. Dis. 2009, 9, 147, doi:10.1186/1471-2334-9-147.
12. Amilasan, A.T.; Ujiie, M.; Suzuki, M.; Salva, E.; Belo, M.C.P.; Koizumi, N.; Yoshimatsu, K.; Schmidt, W.; Marte, S.; Dimaano, E.M.; et al. Outbreak of leptospirosis after flood, the Philippines, 2009. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2012, 18, 91-94.
13. HealthMap. Available online: http://healthmap.org/en/ (accessed on 7 August 2013).
14. Schneider, M.C.; Tirado, M.C.; Rereddy, S.; Dugas, R.; Borda, M.I.; Alvarez Peralta, E.; Aldighieri, S.; Cosivi, O. Natural disasters and communicable diseases in the Americas: Contribution of Veterinary Public Health. Vet. Ital. 2012, 48, 193-218.
15. Pan American Health Organization. Health in the Americas-Regional Outlook and Country Profiles, 2012 Edition. Pan American Health Organization: Washington, DC, USA, 2012.
16. Costa, F.; Martinez-Silveira, M.S.; Hagan, J.E.; Hartskeerl, R.A.; Reis, M.G.D.; Ko, A.I. Surveillance for leptospirosis in the Americas, 1996-2005: A review of data from ministries of health. Rev. Panam. Salud Pública 2012, 32, 169-177.
17. Ko, A.I.; Galvaõ Reis, M.; Ribeiro Dourado, C.M.; Johnson, W.D.; Riley, L.W. Urban epidemic of severe leptospirosis in Brazil. Lancet 1999, 354, 820-825.
18. Schneider, M.C.; Nájera, P.; Aldighieri, S.; Bacallao, J.; Soto, A.; Marquino, W.; Altamirano, L.; Saenz, C.; Marin, J.; Jimenez, E.; et al. Leptospirosis outbreaks in Nicaragua: Identifying critical areas and exploring drivers for evidence-based planning. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2012, 9, 3883-3910.
19. Maciel, E.A.P.; de Carvalho, A.L.F.; Nascimento, S.F.; de Matos, R.B.; Gouveia, E.L.; Reis, M.G.; Ko, A.I. Household transmission of leptospira infection in urban slum communities. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2008, 2, e154, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000154.
20. Lau, C.; Clements, A.; Skelly, C.; Dobson, A.; Smythe, L.; Weinstein, P. Leptospirosis in American Samoa-Estimating and mapping risk using environmental data. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2012, 6, e1669, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001669.
21. Benschop, J.; Heuer, C.; Jaros, P.; Collins-Emerson, J.; Midwinter, A.; Wilson, P. Sero-prevalence of leptospirosis in workers at a New Zealand slaughterhouse. N. Z. Med. J. 2009, 122, 39-47.
22. Muñoz, P.; Lopez, M.J.; Muñoz, C.A. Determinación serológica de Leptospirosis y brucelosis en individuos expuestos al riesgo. Agro-Ciencia Chile 1996, 12, 169-174.
23. Bertherat, E.; Renaut, A.; Nabias, R.; Dubreuil, G.; Georges-Courbot, M.-C. Leptospirosis and Ebola virus infection in five gold-panning villages in northeastern Gabon. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1999, 60, 610-615.
24. Sejvar, J.; Bancroft, E.; Winthrop, K.; Bettinger, J.; Bajani, M.; Bragg, S.; Shutt, K.; Kaiser, R.; Marano, N.; Popovic, T.; et al. Leptospirosis in "Eco-Challenge" athletes, Malaysian Borneo. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2003, 9, 702-707.
25. Souza, V.M.M.D.; Arsky, M.D.L.N.S.; Castro, A.P.B.D.; Araujo, W.N.D. Years of potential life lost and hospitalization costs associated with leptospirosis in Brazil. Revista de Saúde Pública 2011, 45, 1001-1008.
26. Izurieta, R.; Galwankar, S.; Clem, A. Leptospirosis: The "mysterious" mimic. J. Emerg. Trauma Shock 2008, 1, 21-33.
27. Souza, A.I.; Nogueira, J.M.R.; Pereira, M.M. Anticorpos anti-Leptospira em pacientes do Mato Grosso do Sul com suspeita clínica de dengue e hepatite viral. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 2007, 40, 431-435.
28. Hartskeerl, R.A. Leptospirosis: Current status and future trends. Indian J. Med. Microbiol. 2006, 24, 309.
29. World Health Organization. International Health Regulations, 2005. WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2008.
30. Acha, P.N.; Szyfres, B. Bacterioses and Mycoses. In Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals, 3rd ed.; Technical Publication No. 580; Pan American Health Organization: Washington, DC, USA, 2003; pp. 157-168.
31. Pan American Health Organization. Report of the National Forum of Leptospirosis of Nicaragua and the International Meeting of Countries that are Facing Leptospirosis Outbreaks in the Americas. PAHO: Managua, Nicaragua, 2012. Available online: http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7868&Itemid=39698&lang=en (accessed on 21 October 2013).
32. Campanella, N. Infectious diseases and natural disasters: The effects of Hurricane Mitch over Villanueva municipal area, Nicaragua. Public Health Rev. 1999, 27, 311-319.
33. Barcellos, C.; Chagastelles Sabroza, P. The place behind the case: Leptospirosis risks and associated environmental conditions in a flood-related outbreak in Rio de Janeiro. Cad. Saúde Pública 2001, Suppl. 17, 59-67.
34. Gaynor, K.; Katz, A.R.; Park, S.Y.; Nakata, M.; Clark, T.A.; Effler, P.V. Leptospirosis on Oahu: An outbreak associated with flooding of a university campus. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2007, 76, 882-885.
35. Liverpool, J.; Francis, S.; Liverpool, C.E.; Dean, G.T.; Mendez, D.D. Leptospirosis: Case reports of an outbreak in Guyana. Am. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 2008, 102, 239-245.
36. Barcellos, C.; Lammerhirt, C.B.; Almeida, M.A.B.D.; Santos, E.D. Spatial distribution of leptospirosis in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: Recovering the ecology of ecological studies. Cadernos de Saúde Pública 2003, 19, 1283-1292.
37. Reis, R.B.; Ribeiro, G.S.; Felzemburgh, R.D.M.; Santana, F.S.; Mohr, S.; Melendez, A.X.; Queiroz, A.; Santos, A.C.; Ravines, R.R.; Tassinari, W.S.; et al. Impact of environmental and social gradient on Leptospira infection in urban slums. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2008, 2, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000228.
38. Global Leptospirosis Environmental Action Network. Available online: http://www.glean-lepto.org/ (accessed on 21 October 2013).