Melamine integrated metal phosphates as non-halogenated flame retardants: Synergism with aluminium phosphinate for flame retardancy in glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66

Polymer Degradation and Stability

Volumn 98, Issue 12, 2013, Pages 2653-2662

  Naik, A D ^a   Fontaine, G ^a   Samyn, F ^a   Delva, X ^b   Bourgeois, Y ^b   Bourbigot, S ^a  

^a Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille   (France)

^b Floridienne Chimie   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Aluminium phosphinate; Flame retardancy; Melamine polyphosphate; Polyamide 66

Indexed keywords

ALUMINIUM PHOSPHINATE; FLAME RETARDANCY; GLASS FIBER REINFORCED POLYAMIDES; HEAT RELEASE RATE (HRR); MELA MINE POLYPHOSPHATE; POLYAMIDE 66; SYNERGISTIC COMBINATIONS; VERTICAL BURNING TESTS;

DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; GLASS FIBERS; IGNITION; WIRE; ZINC;

ALUMINUM;

EID: 84890441356     PISSN: 01413910     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.09.029     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. S. Bourbigot, M. Le Bras, and J. Troitzsch Fundamentals: introduction J. Troitzsch, Flammability handbook 2003 Hanser Verlag Munich 3 7
2. S. Bourbigot, and S. Duquesne Fire retardant polymers: recent developments and opportunities J Mat Chem 17 22 2007 2283 2300
3. S. Bourbigot, F. Samyn, T. Turf, and S. Duquesne Nanomorphology and reaction to fire of polyurethane and polyamide nanocomposites containing flame retardants Polym Degrad Stab 95 2010 320 326
4. J. Zhang, M.A. Delichatsios, A. Fina, G. Camino, F. Samyn, and S. Bourbigot Thermally stable and flame retardant polymer nanocomposites 2011 Cambridge University Press 9780521190756 186 209
5. S. Jahromi, W. Gabriëlse, and Ad Braam Effect of melamine polyphosphate on thermal degradation of polyamides: a combined X-ray diffraction and solid-state NMR study Polymer 44 2003 25 37
6. T.R. Hull, and B. Kandola Fire retardancy of polymers: new strategies and mechanisms 2008 RSC Publishing 978-0-85404-149-7
7. C.A. Wilkie, and A.B. Morgan Fire retardancy of polymeric materials 2nd ed. 2009 CRC Press 978-1-4200-8399-6
8. S.V. Levchik, and E.D. Weil Flame retardants in commercial use or in advanced development in polycarbonates and polycarbonate blends J Fire Sci 24 2006 137 151
9. C. Gérard, G. Fontaine, and S. Bourbigot New trends in reaction and resistance to fire of fire-retardant epoxies Materials 3 2010 4476 4499
10. M. Jimenez, H. Gallou, S. Duquesne, C. Jama, S. Bourbigot, and X. Couillens New routes to flame retard polyamide 6,6 for electrical applications J Fire Sci 2012 10.1177/0734904112449992
11. B. Schartel Phosphorus-based flame retardancy mechanisms-old hat or a starting point for future development? Materials 3 2010 4710 4745
12. Veen Ike van der, and Jacob de Boer Phosphorus flame retardants: properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis Chemosphere 88 2012 1119 1153
13. A. Bergman, and O. Ulrika Polybrominated flame retardants- A threat? 21st, International symposium on halogenated environmental organic pollutants and POPs, organohalogen compounds vol. 50 2001 13 20
14. I. Watanabe, and Shin-ichi Sakai Environmental release and behavior of brominated flame retardants Environ Inter 29 2003 665 682
15. Cynthia A. de Wit An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment Chemosphere 46 2002 583 624
16. S.V. Levchik, A.I. Balabanovich, G.F. Levchik, and L. Costa Effect of melamine and its salts on combustion and thermal decomposition of polyamide 6 Fire Mater 21 1997 75 83
17. S.V. Levchik, and E.D. Weil Combustion and fire retardancy of aliphatic nylons Polym Int 49 2000 1033 1073
18. U. Braun, B. Schartel, M.A. Fichera, and C. Jäger Flame retardancy mechanisms of aluminium, phosphinate in combination with melamine polyphosphate and zinc borate in glass-fiber reinforced polyamide 6,6 Polym Degrad Stab 92 2007 1528 1545
19. L. Li, B. Li, and Feitang Thermal stability and properties of flame retarded glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66 composite J Reinforced Plastics Composites 27 3 2008 277 285
20. H. Khalil, H.-J. Glasel, and M.R. Buchmeiser High-mechanical-strength flame-retardant nanocomposites based on Novel Al(III)- and Zr(IV)-melamine phosphates and Sulfates Macromol Mater Eng 298 2013 690 698
21. Wehner W, Dave T. German patent, DE 10 2007 036 465 A1, 2009.
22. Köstler H-G, Dave T, Wehner W. German patent, DE 10 2010 035 103 A1, 2012.
23. Schlosser E, Nass B, Wanzke W. US patent 6255371 B1, 2001.
24. Qiu W, Li X, Guo H. US patent, US2009/0088502 A1, 2009.
25. E.D. Weil Synergists, adjuvants, and antagonists in flame-retardant systems A.F. Grand, C.A. Wilkie, Fire retardancy of polymeric materials 2000 Marcel Dekker New York, NY, USA 115 145 Chapter 4
26. K.K. Shen, S. Kochesfahani, and F. Jouffret Zinc borate as multifunctional polymer additives Pol Adv Tech 19 2008 469 474
27. M. Doǧan, and E. Bayraml The flame retardant effect of aluminum phosphinate in combination with zinc borate, borophosphate, and nanoclay in polyamide-6 Fire Mater 2012 10.1002/fam.2165
28. G. Fontaine, S. Bourbigot, and S. Duquesne Neutralized flame retardant phosphorus agent: facile synthesis, reaction to fire in PP and synergy with zinc borate Polym Degrad Stab 93 2008 68 76
29. A.R. Horrocks, G. Smart, B. Kandola, A. Holdsworth, and D. Price Zinc stannate interactions with flame retardants in polyamides; part 1: synergies with organobromine-containing flame retardants in polyamides 6 (PA6) and 6.6 (PA6.6) Polym Degrad Stab 97 2012 2503 2510
30. S. Bourbigot, M.L. Bras, R. Leeuwendal, K.K. Shen, and D. Schubert Recent advances in the use of zinc borates in flame retardancy of EVA Polym Degrad Stab 64 1999 419 425
31. F. Samyn, S. Bourbigot, S. Duquesne, and R. Delobel Effect of zinc borate on the thermal degradation of ammonium polyphosphate Thermochimica Acta 456 2007 134 144
32. P. Cerrutia, J. Rychly, L. Matisova-Rychla, and C. Carfagna Chemiluminescence from oxidation of polyamide 6,6: II. The effect of metal salts Polym Degrad Stab 84 2004 199 206
33. B. YIldIz, M.O. Seydibeyoglu, and F.S. Guner Polyurethane-zinc borate composites with high oxidative stability and flame retardancy Polym Degrad Stab 94 2009 1072 1075
34. S. Bourbigot, M. Le Bras, and S. Duquesne Zinc borates as synergists for flame retarded, polymers M. Le Bras, C.A. Wilkie, S. Bourbigot, S. Duquesne, C. Jama, Fire retardancy of polymers: new applications of mineral fillers 2005 Royal Society of Chemistry Cambridge, UK 327 335 Chapter 24
35. S. Rudzinski, L. Häussler, Ch Harnisch, E. Mäder, and G. Heinrich Glass fibre reinforced polyamide composites: thermal behaviour of sizings Composites: Part A 42 2011 157 164
36. X. Fu, Y. Liu, Q. Wang, Z. Zhang, Z. Wang, and J. Zhang Novel synthesis method for melamine polyphosphate and its flame retardancy on glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66 Polymer-Plastics Technol Eng 50 2011 1527 1532
37. Y. Zhang, Y. Liu, and Q. Wang Synergistic effect of melamine polyphosphate with macromolecular charring agent novolac in wollastonite filled PA66 J Appl Pol Sci 116 2010 45 49
38. ANSI/ASTM D6635/77 Test for flammability of plastic materials for part devices and applications 1997 Underwriters Laboratories North brook
39. International standard IEC 60695-2-12 Fire hazard testing part 2-12: glowing/hot-wire based test methods-glow wire flammability test method for materials 2010
40. N. Kaprinidis, and S. Fuchs Halogen-free flame retardant systems for PCBs OnBoard Technol July 2008 24
41. E. Guillaume, C. Yardin, S. Aumaitre, and V. Rumbau Uncertainty determination of glow-wire test for ignition of materials J Fire Sci 29 6 2011 509 518
42. http://www.astm.org/Standards/E906.html.
43. Y.P. Khanna Overview of transition phenomenon in nylon 6 Macromolecules 25 1992 3298 3300
44. Y.P. Khanna, and W.P. Kuhn Measurement of crystalline index in nylon by DSC: complexities and recommendations J Polymer Sci: Part B 35 1997 2219 2231
45. N.S. Murthy Hydrogen bonding, mobility, and Structural transitions in aliphatic polyamides J Polymer Sci Part B: Polymer Physics 44 2006 1763 1782
46. X. Liu, Q. Wu, and L.A. Berglund Polymorphism in polyamide 66/clay nanocomposites Polymer 43 2002 4967 4972
47. J.P. Bell, P.E. Slade, and J.H. Dumbleton Multiple melting in nylon 66 J Polymer Sci Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 1968 1773 1781
48. L. Li, C.Y. Li, C. Ni, L. Rong, and B. Hsiao Structure and crystallization behavior of nylon 66/multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposites at low carbon nanotube contents Polymer 48 2007 3452 3460
49. Y.X. Feng, L.Q. Ling, C.Z. Ping, Y.Y. Feng, and Z. Lei Study on crystallization bahaviour of co-polyamide 66 containing triaryl phosphine oxide Bull Mater Sci 35 2012 233 242
50. X. Lu, X. Qiao, T.K. Sun, and X. Chen Preparation and properties of environmental friendly nanohalogen flame retardant melamine cyanurate/nylon66 composites J Appl Poymer Sci 122 2011 1688 1697
51. X. Zhang, Y.-B. Li, Y. Zuo, G.-Y. Lv, Y.-H. Mu, and H. Li Morphology, hydrogen-bonding and crystallinity of nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide biocomposites Composites: Part A 38 2007 843 848
52. V. Giancotti, and A. Ripamonti Isomorphism and polymorphism in Zinc(II) and Cobalt(II) phosphinate polymers J Chem Soc (A) 1969 706 713
53. K.W. Oliver The synthesis and characterization of copper(II) phosphinate coordination polymers PhD thesis 1984 The University of British Columbia
54. D. Enescu, A. Frache, M. Lavaselli, O. Monticelli, and F. Marinoa Novel phosphorous-nitrogen intumescent flame retardant system. Its effects on flame retardancy and thermal properties of polypropylene Polym Degrad Stab 98 2013 297 305