메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 89-112

The expanding tropics: A critical assessment of the observational and modeling studies

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; OZONE LAYER;

EID: 84890350523     PISSN: 17577780     EISSN: 17577799     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/wcc.251     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (204)

References (159)
  • 3
    • 84863393158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the increased frequency of Mediterranean drought
    • doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00296.1.
    • Hoerling M, Eisheid J, Perlwitz J, Quan X, Zhang T, Pegion P. On the increased frequency of Mediterranean drought. J Clim 2012, 25:2146-2161. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00296.1.
    • (2012) J Clim , vol.25 , pp. 2146-2161
    • Hoerling, M.1    Eisheid, J.2    Perlwitz, J.3    Quan, X.4    Zhang, T.5    Pegion, P.6
  • 5
    • 78650719620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Future dryness in the southwest US and the hydrology of the early 21st century drought
    • doi: 10.1073/pnas.0912391107.
    • Cayan DR, Das T, Pierce DW, Barnett TP, Tyree M, Gershunov A. Future dryness in the southwest US and the hydrology of the early 21st century drought. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010, 107:21271-21276. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0912391107.
    • (2010) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.107 , pp. 21271-21276
    • Cayan, D.R.1    Das, T.2    Pierce, D.W.3    Barnett, T.P.4    Tyree, M.5    Gershunov, A.6
  • 7
    • 84896692630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trend and variability of China's summer precipitation during 1955-2008
    • doi: 10.1002/joc.3705.
    • Ye J-S. Trend and variability of China's summer precipitation during 1955-2008. Int J Climatol 2013. doi: 10.1002/joc.3705.
    • (2013) Int J Climatol
    • Ye, J.-S.1
  • 8
    • 79951477455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drought under global warming: a review
    • doi: 10.1002/wcc.81.
    • Dai A. Drought under global warming: a review. WIREs Clim Change 2011, 2:45-65. doi: 10.1002/wcc.81.
    • (2011) WIREs Clim Change , vol.2 , pp. 45-65
    • Dai, A.1
  • 9
    • 84871840877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models
    • doi: 10.1038/nclimate1633.
    • Dai A. Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models. Nat Clim Change 2012, 3: 52-58. doi: 10.1038/nclimate1633.
    • (2012) Nat Clim Change , vol.3 , pp. 52-58
    • Dai, A.1
  • 10
    • 84864509672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hot days induced by precipitation deficits at the global scale
    • doi: 10.1073/pnas.1204330109.
    • Mueller B, Seneviratne S. Hot days induced by precipitation deficits at the global scale. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012, 109:12398-12403. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1204330109.
    • (2012) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.109 , pp. 12398-12403
    • Mueller, B.1    Seneviratne, S.2
  • 11
    • 77956191461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of drought concepts
    • doi: 10.1016/j.hydrol.2010.07.012.
    • Mishra AK, Singh VP. A review of drought concepts. J Hydrol 2010, 391:202-216. doi: 10.1016/j.hydrol.2010.07.012.
    • (2010) J Hydrol , vol.391 , pp. 202-216
    • Mishra, A.K.1    Singh, V.P.2
  • 12
    • 78650530194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of modes of climate variability on global precipitation extremes
    • doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3617.1.
    • Kenyon J, Hegerl GC. Influence of modes of climate variability on global precipitation extremes. J Clim 2010, 23:6248-6262. doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3617.1.
    • (2010) J Clim , vol.23 , pp. 6248-6262
    • Kenyon, J.1    Hegerl, G.C.2
  • 13
    • 48249129647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate
    • doi: 10.1038/ngeo.2007.38.
    • Seidel DJ, Fu Q, Randel WJ, Reichler TJ. Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nat Geosci 2008, 1:21-24. doi: 10.1038/ngeo.2007.38.
    • (2008) Nat Geosci , vol.1 , pp. 21-24
    • Seidel, D.J.1    Fu, Q.2    Randel, W.J.3    Reichler, T.J.4
  • 14
    • 84882466894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the atmospheric circulation as an indicator of climate change
    • In: Letcher TM, ed. Amsterdam: Elseveier;
    • Reichler T. Changes in the atmospheric circulation as an indicator of climate change. In: Letcher TM, ed. Climate Change: Observed Impacts on Planet Earth. Amsterdam: Elseveier; 2009, 145-164.
    • (2009) Climate Change: Observed Impacts on Planet Earth , pp. 145-164
    • Reichler, T.1
  • 15
    • 0022164327 scopus 로고
    • A diagnostic study of isentropic zonally averaged mass circulation during the First GARP Global Experiment
    • doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<1565:ADSOTI>2.0.CO;2.
    • Townsend RD, Johnson DR. A diagnostic study of isentropic zonally averaged mass circulation during the First GARP Global Experiment. J Atmos Sci 1985, 42:1565-1579. doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<1565:ADSOTI>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1985) J Atmos Sci , vol.42 , pp. 1565-1579
    • Townsend, R.D.1    Johnson, D.R.2
  • 16
    • 33744953853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The general circulation of the atmosphere
    • doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125144.
    • Schneider T. The general circulation of the atmosphere. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 2006, 34:655-688. doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125144.
    • (2006) Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci , vol.34 , pp. 655-688
    • Schneider, T.1
  • 17
    • 50149090334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The global atmospheric circulation on moist isentropes
    • doi: 10.1126/science.1159649.
    • Pauluis OA, Czaja A, Korty R. The global atmospheric circulation on moist isentropes. Science 2008, 321:1075-1078. doi: 10.1126/science.1159649.
    • (2008) Science , vol.321 , pp. 1075-1078
    • Pauluis, O.A.1    Czaja, A.2    Korty, R.3
  • 18
    • 77954352220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The global atmospheric circulation in moist isentropic coordinates
    • doi: 10.1175/2009JCLI12789.1.
    • Pauluis OA, Czaja A, Korty R. The global atmospheric circulation in moist isentropic coordinates. J Clim 2010, 23:3077-3093. doi: 10.1175/2009JCLI12789.1.
    • (2010) J Clim , vol.23 , pp. 3077-3093
    • Pauluis, O.A.1    Czaja, A.2    Korty, R.3
  • 19
    • 73549094257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On how hot towers fuel the Hadley cell: an observational and modelling study of line-organized convection in the equatorial trough from TOGA-COARE
    • doi: 10.1175/2009JAS3017.1.
    • Fierro AO, Simpson J, LeMone MA, Straka JM, Smull BF. On how hot towers fuel the Hadley cell: an observational and modelling study of line-organized convection in the equatorial trough from TOGA-COARE. J Atmos Sci 2009, 66:2730-2746. doi: 10.1175/2009JAS3017.1.
    • (2009) J Atmos Sci , vol.66 , pp. 2730-2746
    • Fierro, A.O.1    Simpson, J.2    LeMone, M.A.3    Straka, J.M.4    Smull, B.F.5
  • 20
    • 33646350736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The elementary Hadley circulation
    • In: Diaz HF, Bradley RS, eds. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers;
    • Webster PJ. The elementary Hadley circulation. In: Diaz HF, Bradley RS, eds. The Hadley Circulation: Past, Present and Future. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2005, 9-60.
    • (2005) The Hadley Circulation: Past, Present and Future , pp. 9-60
    • Webster, P.J.1
  • 21
    • 84875841675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Hadley circulation in reanalyses: climatology, variability and expansion
    • doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00224.
    • Nguyen H, Evans A, Lucas C, Smith I, Timbal B. The Hadley circulation in reanalyses: climatology, variability and expansion. J Clim 2013, 26:3357-3376. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00224.
    • (2013) J Clim , vol.26 , pp. 3357-3376
    • Nguyen, H.1    Evans, A.2    Lucas, C.3    Smith, I.4    Timbal, B.5
  • 22
    • 0000510875 scopus 로고
    • Axially symmetric steady-state models of the basic state for instability and climate studies. Part I: linearized calculations
    • doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<0263:ASSSMO>2.0.CO;2.
    • Schneider EK, Lindzen RS. Axially symmetric steady-state models of the basic state for instability and climate studies. Part I: linearized calculations. J Atmos Sci 1977, 34:263-279. doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<0263:ASSSMO>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1977) J Atmos Sci , vol.34 , pp. 263-279
    • Schneider, E.K.1    Lindzen, R.S.2
  • 23
    • 0019170063 scopus 로고
    • Nonlinear axially symmetric circulations in a nearly inviscid atmosphere
    • doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<0515:NASCIA>2.0.CO;2.
    • Held IM, Hou AY. Nonlinear axially symmetric circulations in a nearly inviscid atmosphere. J Atmos Sci 1980, 37:515-533. doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<0515:NASCIA>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1980) J Atmos Sci , vol.37 , pp. 515-533
    • Held, I.M.1    Hou, A.Y.2
  • 24
    • 36549068755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Width of Hadley cell in simple and comprehensive general circulation models
    • doi: 10.1029/2007GL031115.
    • Frierson DMW, Lu J, Chen G. Width of Hadley cell in simple and comprehensive general circulation models. Geophys Res Lett 2007, 34:L18804. doi: 10.1029/2007GL031115.
    • (2007) Geophys Res Lett , vol.34
    • Frierson, D.M.W.1    Lu, J.2    Chen, G.3
  • 25
    • 0021639884 scopus 로고
    • The effects of physical processes on the Hadley circulation
    • doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<0479:TEOPPO>2.0.CO;2.
    • Rind D, Rossow WB. The effects of physical processes on the Hadley circulation. J Atmos Sci 1984, 41:479-507. doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<0479:TEOPPO>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1984) J Atmos Sci , vol.41 , pp. 479-507
    • Rind, D.1    Rossow, W.B.2
  • 26
    • 33744962464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eddy influences on Hadley circulations: Simulations with an idealized GCM
    • doi: 10.1175/JAS3821.1.
    • Walker C, Schneider T. Eddy influences on Hadley circulations: Simulations with an idealized GCM. J Atmos Sci 2006, 63:3333-3350. doi: 10.1175/JAS3821.1.
    • (2006) J Atmos Sci , vol.63 , pp. 3333-3350
    • Walker, C.1    Schneider, T.2
  • 28
    • 84890342343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The General Circulation of the Atmosphere. Presented at the 2000 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Program. Woods Hole, MA: Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Available at:. (Accessed September 9 2013)
    • Held IM. The General Circulation of the Atmosphere. Presented at the 2000 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Program. Woods Hole, MA: Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst.; 2000. Available at: http://www.whoi.edu/fileserver.do?id=21464&pt=10&p=17332. (Accessed September 9 2013)
    • (2000)
    • Held, I.M.1
  • 29
    • 48749083954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of the zonal mean atmospheric circulation to El Niño versus global warming
    • doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2200.1.
    • Lu J, Chen G, Frierson DMW. Response of the zonal mean atmospheric circulation to El Niño versus global warming. J Clim 2008, 21:5835-5851. doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2200.1.
    • (2008) J Clim , vol.21 , pp. 5835-5851
    • Lu, J.1    Chen, G.2    Frierson, D.M.W.3
  • 30
    • 34249907055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expansion of the Hadley cell under global warming
    • doi: 10.1029/2006GL028443.
    • Lu J, Vecchi GA, Reichler T. Expansion of the Hadley cell under global warming. Geophys Res Lett 2007, 34:L06805. doi: 10.1029/2006GL028443.
    • (2007) Geophys Res Lett , vol.34
    • Lu, J.1    Vecchi, G.A.2    Reichler, T.3
  • 31
    • 84871865573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expansion of the Hadley Cell under global warming: winter versus summer
    • doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00323.1.
    • Kang SM, Lu J. Expansion of the Hadley Cell under global warming: winter versus summer. J Clim 2012, 25:8387-8393. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00323.1.
    • (2012) J Clim , vol.25 , pp. 8387-8393
    • Kang, S.M.1    Lu, J.2
  • 32
    • 0034670349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wave-maintained annular modes of climate variability
    • doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<4414:WMAMOC>2.0.CO;2.
    • Limpasuvan V, Hartmann DL. Wave-maintained annular modes of climate variability. J Clim 2000, 13:4414-4429. doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<4414:WMAMOC>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2000) J Clim , vol.13 , pp. 4414-4429
    • Limpasuvan, V.1    Hartmann, D.L.2
  • 33
    • 0030839552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Similarities of the Deacon cell in the Southern Ocean and the Ferrel cells in the atmosphere
    • doi: 10.1002/qj.49712353813.
    • Karoly DJ, McIntosh PC, Berrisford P, McDougall TJ, Hirst AC. Similarities of the Deacon cell in the Southern Ocean and the Ferrel cells in the atmosphere. Q J R Meteorol Soc 1997, 123:519-526. doi: 10.1002/qj.49712353813.
    • (1997) Q J R Meteorol Soc , vol.123 , pp. 519-526
    • Karoly, D.J.1    McIntosh, P.C.2    Berrisford, P.3    McDougall, T.J.4    Hirst, A.C.5
  • 34
    • 27744524414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of subtropical humidity dynamics using tracers of last saturation
    • doi: 10.1175/JAS3533.1.
    • Galewsky J, Sobel A, Held I. Diagnosis of subtropical humidity dynamics using tracers of last saturation. J Atmos Sci 2005, 62:3353-3367. doi: 10.1175/JAS3533.1.
    • (2005) J Atmos Sci , vol.62 , pp. 3353-3367
    • Galewsky, J.1    Sobel, A.2    Held, I.3
  • 35
    • 60149103145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monsoons as eddy-mediated regime circulations of the tropical overturning circulation
    • doi: 10.1038/ngeo248.
    • Bordoni S, Schneider T. Monsoons as eddy-mediated regime circulations of the tropical overturning circulation. Nat Geosci 2008, 1:515-519. doi: 10.1038/ngeo248.
    • (2008) Nat Geosci , vol.1 , pp. 515-519
    • Bordoni, S.1    Schneider, T.2
  • 36
    • 79851495476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interannual relationship between the latitude on the eddy-driven jet and the edge of the Hadley Cell
    • doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI4077.1.
    • Kang SM, Polvani LM. The interannual relationship between the latitude on the eddy-driven jet and the edge of the Hadley Cell. J Clim 2011, 24:563-568. doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI4077.1.
    • (2011) J Clim , vol.24 , pp. 563-568
    • Kang, S.M.1    Polvani, L.M.2
  • 37
    • 84867664679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of the tropics on the Southern Annular Mode
    • doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00523.1.
    • Ding Q, Steig EJ, Battisti DS, Wallace JM. Influence of the tropics on the Southern Annular Mode. J Clim 2012, 25:6330-6348. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00523.1.
    • (2012) J Clim , vol.25 , pp. 6330-6348
    • Ding, Q.1    Steig, E.J.2    Battisti, D.S.3    Wallace, J.M.4
  • 38
    • 77958449813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The modulation of the subtropical and extratropical atmosphere in the Pacific basin in response to the Madden-Julian Oscillation
    • doi: 10.1175/2010MWR3194.1.
    • Moore RW, Martius O, Spengler T. The modulation of the subtropical and extratropical atmosphere in the Pacific basin in response to the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Mon Weather Rev 2010, 138:2761-2779. doi: 10.1175/2010MWR3194.1.
    • (2010) Mon Weather Rev , vol.138 , pp. 2761-2779
    • Moore, R.W.1    Martius, O.2    Spengler, T.3
  • 39
    • 0033452279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric ozone depletion: a review of concepts and history
    • doi: 10.1029/1999RG900008.
    • Solomon S. Stratospheric ozone depletion: a review of concepts and history. Rev Geophys 1999, 37:275-316. doi: 10.1029/1999RG900008.
    • (1999) Rev Geophys , vol.37 , pp. 275-316
    • Solomon, S.1
  • 40
    • 33847385672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of lower stratospheric shear on baroclinic instability
    • doi: 10.1175/JAS3828.1.
    • Wittman MAH, Charlton AJ, Polvani LM. The effect of lower stratospheric shear on baroclinic instability. J Atmos Sci 2007, 64:479-496. doi: 10.1175/JAS3828.1.
    • (2007) J Atmos Sci , vol.64 , pp. 479-496
    • Wittman, M.A.H.1    Charlton, A.J.2    Polvani, L.M.3
  • 41
    • 77749264571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contributions of stratospheric water vapour to decadal changes in the rate of global warming
    • doi: 10.1126/science.1182488.
    • Solomon S, Rosenlof KH, Portman RW, Daniel JS, Davis SM, Sanford TJ, Plattner G-K. Contributions of stratospheric water vapour to decadal changes in the rate of global warming. Science 2010, 327:1219-1222. doi: 10.1126/science.1182488.
    • (2010) Science , vol.327 , pp. 1219-1222
    • Solomon, S.1    Rosenlof, K.H.2    Portman, R.W.3    Daniel, J.S.4    Davis, S.M.5    Sanford, T.J.6    Plattner, G.-K.7
  • 42
    • 84872975471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The circulation response to idealized changes in stratospheric water vapour
    • doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00155.1.
    • Maycock AC, Joshi MM, Shine KP, Scaife AA. The circulation response to idealized changes in stratospheric water vapour. J Clim 2012, 26:545-561. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00155.1.
    • (2012) J Clim , vol.26 , pp. 545-561
    • Maycock, A.C.1    Joshi, M.M.2    Shine, K.P.3    Scaife, A.A.4
  • 43
    • 0035913971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric harbingers of anomalous weather regimes
    • doi: 10.1126/science.1063315.
    • Baldwin MP, Dunkerton TJ. Stratospheric harbingers of anomalous weather regimes. Science 2001, 294:581-584. doi: 10.1126/science.1063315.
    • (2001) Science , vol.294 , pp. 581-584
    • Baldwin, M.P.1    Dunkerton, T.J.2
  • 44
    • 0347259746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of continents in driving the Hadley cells
    • doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0957:ROCIDT>2.0.CO;2.
    • Cook KH. Role of continents in driving the Hadley cells. J Atmos Sci 2003, 60:957-976. doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0957:ROCIDT>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2003) J Atmos Sci , vol.60 , pp. 957-976
    • Cook, K.H.1
  • 45
    • 0035280028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction between extratropical stationary waves and the zonal mean circulation
    • doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<0462:IBESWA>2.0.CO;2.
    • Becker E, Schmitz G. Interaction between extratropical stationary waves and the zonal mean circulation. J Atmos Sci 2001, 58:462-480. doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<0462:IBESWA>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2001) J Atmos Sci , vol.58 , pp. 462-480
    • Becker, E.1    Schmitz, G.2
  • 46
    • 33847305079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The response of the Hadley circulation to climate changes, past and future
    • In: Diaz HF, Bradley RS, eds. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers;
    • Rind D, Perlwitz J. The response of the Hadley circulation to climate changes, past and future. In: Diaz HF, Bradley RS, eds. The Hadley Circulation: Past, Present and Future. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2004, 399-436.
    • (2004) The Hadley Circulation: Past, Present and Future , pp. 399-436
    • Rind, D.1    Perlwitz, J.2
  • 55
    • 34249898513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability and trends in the global tropopause estimated from radiosonde data
    • doi: 10.1029/2006JD007363.
    • Seidel DJ, Randel WJ. Variability and trends in the global tropopause estimated from radiosonde data. J Geophys Res 2007, 111:D21101. doi: 10.1029/2006JD007363.
    • (2007) J Geophys Res , vol.111
    • Seidel, D.J.1    Randel, W.J.2
  • 56
    • 65249166074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cause of the widening of the tropical belt since 1958
    • doi: 10.1029/2008GL036076.
    • Lu J, Deser C, Reichler T. Cause of the widening of the tropical belt since 1958. Geophys Res Lett 2009, 36:L03803. doi: 10.1029/2008GL036076.
    • (2009) Geophys Res Lett , vol.36
    • Lu, J.1    Deser, C.2    Reichler, T.3
  • 57
    • 78649918719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent widening of the tropical belt from global tropopause statistics: sensitivities
    • doi: 10.1029/2010JD014664.
    • Birner T. Recent widening of the tropical belt from global tropopause statistics: sensitivities. J Geophys Res 2010, 115:D23109. doi: 10.1029/2010JD014664.
    • (2010) J Geophys Res , vol.115
    • Birner, T.1
  • 58
    • 84857027430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multi-diagnostic intercomparison of tropical width time series using reanalyses and satellite observations
    • doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00127.1.
    • Davis SM, Rosenlof KH. A multi-diagnostic intercomparison of tropical width time series using reanalyses and satellite observations. J Clim 2012, 25:1061-1078. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00127.1.
    • (2012) J Clim , vol.25 , pp. 1061-1078
    • Davis, S.M.1    Rosenlof, K.H.2
  • 59
    • 34249898513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability and trends in the global tropopause estimated from radiosonde data
    • doi: 10.1029/2006JD007363.
    • Seidel DJ, Randel WJ. Variability and trends in the global tropopause estimated from radiosonde data. J Geophys Res 2006, 111:D21101. doi: 10.1029/2006JD007363.
    • (2006) J Geophys Res , vol.111
    • Seidel, D.J.1    Randel, W.J.2
  • 60
    • 49849105280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global tropopause heights estimated from GPS radio occultation
    • doi: 10.1029/2008GL035820.
    • Schmidt T, Wickert J, Beyerle G, Heise S. Global tropopause heights estimated from GPS radio occultation. Geophys Res Lett 2008, 35:L23802. doi: 10.1029/2008GL035820.
    • (2008) Geophys Res Lett , vol.35
    • Schmidt, T.1    Wickert, J.2    Beyerle, G.3    Heise, S.4
  • 61
    • 84859751489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A global blended tropopause based on ERA data. Part II: trends and tropical broadening
    • doi: 10.1002/qj.910.
    • Wilcox LJ, Hoskins BJ, Shine KP. A global blended tropopause based on ERA data. Part II: trends and tropical broadening. Q J R Meteorol Soc 2012, 138: 576-584. doi: 10.1002/qj.910.
    • (2012) Q J R Meteorol Soc , vol.138 , pp. 576-584
    • Wilcox, L.J.1    Hoskins, B.J.2    Shine, K.P.3
  • 62
    • 84866334605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An observational analysis of Southern Hemisphere tropical expansion
    • doi: 10.1029/2011JD017033.
    • Lucas C, Nguyen H, Timbal B. An observational analysis of Southern Hemisphere tropical expansion. J Geophys Res 2012, 117:D17112. doi: 10.1029/2011JD017033.
    • (2012) J Geophys Res , vol.117
    • Lucas, C.1    Nguyen, H.2    Timbal, B.3
  • 63
    • 1242322480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determining the tropopause height from gridded data
    • doi: 10.1029/2003GL018240.
    • Reichler T, Dameris M, Sausen R. Determining the tropopause height from gridded data. Geophys Res Lett 2003, 30:2042-2046. doi: 10.1029/2003GL018240.
    • (2003) Geophys Res Lett , vol.30 , pp. 2042-2046
    • Reichler, T.1    Dameris, M.2    Sausen, R.3
  • 64
    • 84882754217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal to multi-decadal variability of the width of the tropical belt
    • doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50610.
    • Davis NA, Birner T. Seasonal to multi-decadal variability of the width of the tropical belt. J Geophys Res 2013, 118:7773-7787. doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50610.
    • (2013) J Geophys Res , vol.118 , pp. 7773-7787
    • Davis, N.A.1    Birner, T.2
  • 65
    • 35148885585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observed poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation since 1979
    • doi: 10.5194/acp-7-5229-2007.
    • Hu Y, Fu Q. Observed poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation since 1979. Atmos Chem Phys 2007, 7:5229-5236. doi: 10.5194/acp-7-5229-2007.
    • (2007) Atmos Chem Phys , vol.7 , pp. 5229-5236
    • Hu, Y.1    Fu, Q.2
  • 66
    • 78650675347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observational evidence for the poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation
    • doi: 10.1007/s00376-010-0032-1.
    • Hu Y, Zhou C, Liu J. Observational evidence for the poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation. Adv Atmos Sci 2011, 28:33-44. doi: 10.1007/s00376-010-0032-1.
    • (2011) Adv Atmos Sci , vol.28 , pp. 33-44
    • Hu, Y.1    Zhou, C.2    Liu, J.3
  • 67
    • 0036468676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for strengthening of the tropical general circulation in the 1990s
    • doi: 10.1126/science.1065835.
    • Chen J, Carlson BE, Del Genio AD. Evidence for strengthening of the tropical general circulation in the 1990s. Science 2002, 295:838-841. doi: 10.1126/science.1065835.
    • (2002) Science , vol.295 , pp. 838-841
    • Chen, J.1    Carlson, B.E.2    Del Genio, A.D.3
  • 69
    • 4744369223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the decadal increase in the tropical mean outgoing longwave radiation for the period 1984-2000
    • doi: 10.5194/acp-4-1419-2004.
    • Hatzidimitriou D, Vardavas I, Pavlakis KG, Hatzianastassiou N, Matsoukas C, Drakakis E. On the decadal increase in the tropical mean outgoing longwave radiation for the period 1984-2000. Atmos Chem Phys 2004, 2004:1419-1425. doi: 10.5194/acp-4-1419-2004.
    • (2004) Atmos Chem Phys , vol.2004 , pp. 1419-1425
    • Hatzidimitriou, D.1    Vardavas, I.2    Pavlakis, K.G.3    Hatzianastassiou, N.4    Matsoukas, C.5    Drakakis, E.6
  • 70
    • 80053529787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent trends of the tropical hydrological cycle inferred from Global Precipitation Climatology Project and International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project data
    • doi: 10.1029/2010JD015197.
    • Zhou YP, Xu K-M, Sud YC, Betts AK. Recent trends of the tropical hydrological cycle inferred from Global Precipitation Climatology Project and International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project data. J Geophys Res 2011, 116:D09101. doi: 10.1029/2010JD015197.
    • (2011) J Geophys Res , vol.116
    • Zhou, Y.P.1    Xu, K.-M.2    Sud, Y.C.3    Betts, A.K.4
  • 71
    • 84861044856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent Northern Hemisphere tropical expansion primarily driven by black carbon and tropospheric ozone
    • doi: 10.1038/nature11097.
    • Allen RJ, Sherwood SC, Norris JR, Zender CS. Recent Northern Hemisphere tropical expansion primarily driven by black carbon and tropospheric ozone. Nature 2012, 485:350-354. doi: 10.1038/nature11097.
    • (2012) Nature , vol.485 , pp. 350-354
    • Allen, R.J.1    Sherwood, S.C.2    Norris, J.R.3    Zender, C.S.4
  • 72
    • 0026291153 scopus 로고
    • ISCCP cloud data products
    • doi: 10.1175/1520-0477(1991)072<0002:ICDP>2.0.CO;2.
    • Rossow WB, Schiffer RA. ISCCP cloud data products. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 1991, 72:2-20. doi: 10.1175/1520-0477(1991)072<0002:ICDP>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1991) Bull Am Meteorol Soc , vol.72 , pp. 2-20
    • Rossow, W.B.1    Schiffer, R.A.2
  • 73
    • 0038389382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Pathfinder Atmosphere (PATMOS) climate data set: a resource for climate research
    • doi: 10.1175/BAMS-84-6-785.
    • Jacobowitz H, Stowe LL, Ohring G, Heidinger A, Knapp K, Nalli NR. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Pathfinder Atmosphere (PATMOS) climate data set: a resource for climate research. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 2003, 84:785-793. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-84-6-785.
    • (2003) Bull Am Meteorol Soc , vol.84 , pp. 785-793
    • Jacobowitz, H.1    Stowe, L.L.2    Ohring, G.3    Heidinger, A.4    Knapp, K.5    Nalli, N.R.6
  • 74
    • 33751112477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The total ozone field separated into meteorological regimes-Part II: Northern hemisphere mid-latitude total ozone trends
    • doi: 10.5194/acp-6-5183-2006.
    • Hudson RD, Andrade MF, Follette MB, Frolov AD. The total ozone field separated into meteorological regimes-Part II: Northern hemisphere mid-latitude total ozone trends. Atmos Chem Phys 2006, 6:5183-5191. doi: 10.5194/acp-6-5183-2006.
    • (2006) Atmos Chem Phys , vol.6 , pp. 5183-5191
    • Hudson, R.D.1    Andrade, M.F.2    Follette, M.B.3    Frolov, A.D.4
  • 75
    • 0042626244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2003: The total ozone field separated into meteorological regimes. Part I: defining the regions
    • doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<1669:TTOFSI>2.0.CO;2.
    • Hudson RD, Frolov AD, Andrade MF, Follette MB. 2003: The total ozone field separated into meteorological regimes. Part I: defining the regions. J Atmos Sci 2003, 60:1669-1677. doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<1669:TTOFSI>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2003) J Atmos Sci , vol.60 , pp. 1669-1677
    • Hudson, R.D.1    Frolov, A.D.2    Andrade, M.F.3    Follette, M.B.4
  • 76
    • 84865731565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurements of the movement of the jet streams at mid-latitudes, in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, 1979 to 2010
    • doi: 10.5194/acp-12-7797-2012.
    • Hudson RD. Measurements of the movement of the jet streams at mid-latitudes, in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, 1979 to 2010. Atmos Chem Phys 2012, 12:7797-7808. doi: 10.5194/acp-12-7797-2012.
    • (2012) Atmos Chem Phys , vol.12 , pp. 7797-7808
    • Hudson, R.D.1
  • 77
    • 33744461291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced mid-latitude tropospheric warming in satellite measurements
    • doi: 10.1126/science.1125566.
    • Fu Q, Johanson CM, Wallace JM, Reichler T. Enhanced mid-latitude tropospheric warming in satellite measurements. Science 2006, 312:1179. doi: 10.1126/science.1125566.
    • (2006) Science , vol.312 , pp. 1179
    • Fu, Q.1    Johanson, C.M.2    Wallace, J.M.3    Reichler, T.4
  • 78
    • 79959273576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Poleward shift of subtropical jets inferred from satellite-observed lower-stratospheric temperatures
    • doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00027.1.
    • Fu Q, Lin P. Poleward shift of subtropical jets inferred from satellite-observed lower-stratospheric temperatures. J Clim 2011, 24:5597-5603. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00027.1.
    • (2011) J Clim , vol.24 , pp. 5597-5603
    • Fu, Q.1    Lin, P.2
  • 79
    • 84878135047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hadley cell widening: model simulations versus observations
    • doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2620.1.
    • Johanson CM, Fu Q. Hadley cell widening: model simulations versus observations. J Clim 2009, 22:2713-2725. doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2620.1.
    • (2009) J Clim , vol.22 , pp. 2713-2725
    • Johanson, C.M.1    Fu, Q.2
  • 80
    • 81755168278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the Hadley circulation in modern reanalyses
    • doi: 10.1029/2011JD016677.
    • Stachnik JP, Schumacher C. A comparison of the Hadley circulation in modern reanalyses. J Geophys Res 2011, 116:D22102. doi: 10.1029/2011JD016677.
    • (2011) J Geophys Res , vol.116
    • Stachnik, J.P.1    Schumacher, C.2
  • 81
    • 48249084235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical trends in the jet streams
    • doi: 10.1029/2008GL033614.
    • Archer CL, Caldeira K. Historical trends in the jet streams. Geophys Res Lett 2008, 35:L08803. doi: 10.1029/2008GL033614.
    • (2008) Geophys Res Lett , vol.35
    • Archer, C.L.1    Caldeira, K.2
  • 82
    • 0842334547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The version 2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979-Present)
    • doi: 10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1147:TVGPCP>2.0.CO;2.
    • Adler RF, Huffman GJ, Chang A, Ferraro R, Xie P-P, Janowiak J, Rudolf B, Schneider U, Curtis S, Bolvin D, et al. The version 2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979-Present). J Hydrometeor 2003, 4:1147-1167. doi: 10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1147:TVGPCP>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2003) J Hydrometeor , vol.4 , pp. 1147-1167
    • Adler, R.F.1    Huffman, G.J.2    Chang, A.3    Ferraro, R.4    Xie, P.-P.5    Janowiak, J.6    Rudolf, B.7    Schneider, U.8    Curtis, S.9    Bolvin, D.10
  • 83
    • 71949086316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving the global precipitation record: GPCP version 2.1
    • doi: 10.1029/2009GL040000.
    • Huffman GJ, Adler RF, Bolvin DF, Gu G. Improving the global precipitation record: GPCP version 2.1. Geophys Res Lett 2009, 36:L17808. doi: 10.1029/2009GL040000.
    • (2009) Geophys Res Lett , vol.36
    • Huffman, G.J.1    Adler, R.F.2    Bolvin, D.F.3    Gu, G.4
  • 84
    • 33745959459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new globally complete monthly historical mean sea level pressure data set (HadSLP2):1850-2004
    • doi: 10.1175/JCLI3937.1.
    • Allan RJ, Ansell TJ. A new globally complete monthly historical mean sea level pressure data set (HadSLP2):1850-2004. J Clim 2006, 19:5816-5842. doi: 10.1175/JCLI3937.1.
    • (2006) J Clim , vol.19 , pp. 5816-5842
    • Allan, R.J.1    Ansell, T.J.2
  • 85
    • 2042526025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trend and interannual variability of Walker, monsoon and Hadley circulations defined by velocity potential in the upper troposphere
    • 56A: doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2004.00049.x.
    • Tanaka HL, Ishizaki N, Kitoh A. Trend and interannual variability of Walker, monsoon and Hadley circulations defined by velocity potential in the upper troposphere. Tellus 2004, 56A:250-269. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2004.00049.x.
    • (2004) Tellus , pp. 250-269
    • Tanaka, H.L.1    Ishizaki, N.2    Kitoh, A.3
  • 86
    • 17744400492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Has the Hadley cell been strengthening in recent decades?
    • doi: 10.1029/2004GL021765.
    • Mitas CM, Clement A. Has the Hadley cell been strengthening in recent decades? Geophys Res Lett 2005, 32:L03809. doi: 10.1029/2004GL021765.
    • (2005) Geophys Res Lett , vol.32
    • Mitas, C.M.1    Clement, A.2
  • 87
    • 0030442012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observed interannual variability in the Hadley circulation and its connection to ENSO
    • doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2751:OIVITH>2.0.CO;2.
    • Oort AH, Yienger JJ. Observed interannual variability in the Hadley circulation and its connection to ENSO. J Clim 1996, 9:2751-2767. doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2751:OIVITH>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1996) J Clim , vol.9 , pp. 2751-2767
    • Oort, A.H.1    Yienger, J.J.2
  • 88
    • 77955536780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strengthened tropical circulations in past three decades inferred from water vapour transport
    • doi: 10.1029/2009JD013713.
    • Sohn BJ, Park S-C. Strengthened tropical circulations in past three decades inferred from water vapour transport. J Geophys Res 2010, 115:D15112. doi: 10.1029/2009JD013713.
    • (2010) J Geophys Res , vol.115
    • Sohn, B.J.1    Park, S.-C.2
  • 89
    • 17744364346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Change in the tropical Hadley cell since 1950
    • In: Diaz HF, Bradley RS, eds. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers;
    • Quan X-W, Diaz HF, Hoerling MP. Change in the tropical Hadley cell since 1950. In: Diaz HF, Bradley RS, eds. The Hadley Circulation: Past, Present and Future. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2004, 85-120.
    • (2004) The Hadley Circulation: Past, Present and Future , pp. 85-120
    • Quan, X.-W.1    Diaz, H.F.2    Hoerling, M.P.3
  • 90
    • 0010311398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in tropical clouds and radiation
    • doi: 10.1126/science.296.5576.2095a.
    • Trenberth KE. Changes in tropical clouds and radiation. Science 2095, 2002:296. doi: 10.1126/science.296.5576.2095a.
    • Science , vol.2002 , pp. 296
    • Trenberth, K.E.1
  • 91
    • 33748792537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reexamination of the observed decadal variability of the Earth radiation budget suing altitude-corrected ERBE/ERBS nonscanner WFOV data
    • doi: 10.1175/JCLI3838.1.
    • Wong T, Wielicki BA, Lee RB, Smith GL, Bush KA, Willis JK. Reexamination of the observed decadal variability of the Earth radiation budget suing altitude-corrected ERBE/ERBS nonscanner WFOV data. J Clim 2006, 19:4028-4040. doi: 10.1175/JCLI3838.1.
    • (2006) J Clim , vol.19 , pp. 4028-4040
    • Wong, T.1    Wielicki, B.A.2    Lee, R.B.3    Smith, G.L.4    Bush, K.A.5    Willis, J.K.6
  • 92
    • 33646927242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weakening of tropical Pacific atmospheric circulation due to anthropogenic forcing
    • doi: 10.1038/nature04744.
    • Vecchi GA, Soden BJ, Wittenberg AT, Held IM, Leetmaa A, Harrison MJ. Weakening of tropical Pacific atmospheric circulation due to anthropogenic forcing. Nature 2006, 441:73-76. doi: 10.1038/nature04744.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.441 , pp. 73-76
    • Vecchi, G.A.1    Soden, B.J.2    Wittenberg, A.T.3    Held, I.M.4    Leetmaa, A.5    Harrison, M.J.6
  • 93
    • 77951594224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reanalyses suitable for characterizing long-term trends
    • doi: 10.1175/2009BAMS2858.1.
    • Thorne PW, Vose RS. Reanalyses suitable for characterizing long-term trends. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 2010, 91:353-361. doi: 10.1175/2009BAMS2858.1.
    • (2010) Bull Am Meteorol Soc , vol.91 , pp. 353-361
    • Thorne, P.W.1    Vose, R.S.2
  • 94
    • 43449084941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncertainties in the climate mean state of global observations, reanalyses and the GFDL climate model
    • doi: 10.1029/2007JD009278.
    • Reichler T, Kim J. Uncertainties in the climate mean state of global observations, reanalyses and the GFDL climate model. J Geophys Res 2008, 113:D05106. doi: 10.1029/2007JD009278.
    • (2008) J Geophys Res , vol.113
    • Reichler, T.1    Kim, J.2
  • 95
    • 8644286671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the (in)homogeneity of reanalysis products
    • doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3866:OTIORP>2.0.CO;2.
    • Sterl A. On the (in)homogeneity of reanalysis products. J Clim 2004, 17:3866-3873. doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3866:OTIORP>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2004) J Clim , vol.17 , pp. 3866-3873
    • Sterl, A.1
  • 96
    • 0035298029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality of reanalysis in the tropics
    • doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1499:QORITT>2.0.CO;2.
    • Trenberth KE, Stepaniak DP, Hurrell JW, Fiorno M. Quality of reanalysis in the tropics. J Clim 2001, 14:1499-1510. doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1499:QORITT>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2001) J Clim , vol.14 , pp. 1499-1510
    • Trenberth, K.E.1    Stepaniak, D.P.2    Hurrell, J.W.3    Fiorno, M.4
  • 97
    • 4143094904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can climate trends be calculated from reanalysis data?
    • doi: 10.1029/2004JD004536.
    • Bengtsson L, Hagemann S, Hodges KI. Can climate trends be calculated from reanalysis data? J Geophys Res 2004, 109:D11111. doi: 10.1029/2004JD004536.
    • (2004) J Geophys Res , vol.109
    • Bengtsson, L.1    Hagemann, S.2    Hodges, K.I.3
  • 98
    • 33644631602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent behaviour of Hadley Cell and tropical thermodynamics in climate models and re-analyses
    • doi: 10.1029/2005GL024406.
    • Mitas CM, Clement A. Recent behaviour of Hadley Cell and tropical thermodynamics in climate models and re-analyses. Geophys Res Lett 2006, 33:L01810. doi: 10.1029/2005GL024406.
    • (2006) Geophys Res Lett , vol.33
    • Mitas, C.M.1    Clement, A.2
  • 99
    • 35648999957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes of the boreal winter Hadley Circulation in the NCEP-NCAR and ECMWF Reanalyses: a comparative study
    • doi: 10.1175/JCLI4260.1.
    • Song H, Zhang M. Changes of the boreal winter Hadley Circulation in the NCEP-NCAR and ECMWF Reanalyses: a comparative study. J Clim 2007, 20:5191-5200. doi: 10.1175/JCLI4260.1.
    • (2007) J Clim , vol.20 , pp. 5191-5200
    • Song, H.1    Zhang, M.2
  • 100
    • 8744265038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of the ERA40 reanalysis to the observing systems: determination of the global atmospheric circulation from reduced observations
    • 56A: doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2004.00079.x.
    • Bengtsson L, Hodges KI, Hagemann S. Sensitivity of the ERA40 reanalysis to the observing systems: determination of the global atmospheric circulation from reduced observations. Tellus 2004, 56A:456-471. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2004.00079.x.
    • (2004) Tellus , pp. 456-471
    • Bengtsson, L.1    Hodges, K.I.2    Hagemann, S.3
  • 101
    • 84860351521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in extratropical storm track cloudiness 1983-2008: observational support for a poleward shift
    • doi: 10.1007/s00382-011-1065-6.
    • Bender FA-M, Ramanathan V, Tselioudis G. Changes in extratropical storm track cloudiness 1983-2008: observational support for a poleward shift. Clim Dyn 2012, 38:2037-2053. doi: 10.1007/s00382-011-1065-6.
    • (2012) Clim Dyn , vol.38 , pp. 2037-2053
    • Bender, F.-M.1    Ramanathan, V.2    Tselioudis, G.3
  • 102
    • 34250313857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An investigation of the sensitivity of the clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation to atmospheric temperature and water vapour
    • doi: 10.1029/2005JD006906.
    • Huang Y, Ramaswamy V, Soden B. An investigation of the sensitivity of the clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation to atmospheric temperature and water vapour. J Geophys Res 2007, 112:D05104. doi: 10.1029/2005JD006906.
    • (2007) J Geophys Res , vol.112
    • Huang, Y.1    Ramaswamy, V.2    Soden, B.3
  • 103
    • 70350002161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution and trend of the outgoing longwave radiation spectrum
    • doi: 10.1175/2009JCLI2874.1.
    • Huang Y, Ramaswamy V. Evolution and trend of the outgoing longwave radiation spectrum. J Clim 2009, 22:4637-4651. doi: 10.1175/2009JCLI2874.1.
    • (2009) J Clim , vol.22 , pp. 4637-4651
    • Huang, Y.1    Ramaswamy, V.2
  • 104
    • 10844282874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equator crossing times for NOAA, ERS and EOS sun-synchronous satellites
    • doi: 10.1080/01431160410001712981.
    • Ignatov A, Laszlo I, Harrod ED, Kidwell KB, Goodrum GP. Equator crossing times for NOAA, ERS and EOS sun-synchronous satellites. Int J Remote Sensing 2004, 25:5255-5266. doi: 10.1080/01431160410001712981.
    • (2004) Int J Remote Sensing , vol.25 , pp. 5255-5266
    • Ignatov, A.1    Laszlo, I.2    Harrod, E.D.3    Kidwell, K.B.4    Goodrum, G.P.5
  • 105
    • 5844386438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Removing satellite equatorial crossing time biases from the OLR and HRC datasets
    • doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<2125:RSECTB>2.0.CO;2.
    • Waliser DE, Zhou W. Removing satellite equatorial crossing time biases from the OLR and HRC datasets. J Clim 1997, 10:2125-2146. doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<2125:RSECTB>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1997) J Clim , vol.10 , pp. 2125-2146
    • Waliser, D.E.1    Zhou, W.2
  • 106
    • 38549181922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of the HIRS outgoing longwave radiation climate dataset
    • doi: 10.1175/2007JTECHA989.1.
    • Lee H-T, Gruber A, Ellingson RG, Laszlo I. Development of the HIRS outgoing longwave radiation climate dataset. J Atmos Oceanic Tech 2007, 24:2029-2047. doi: 10.1175/2007JTECHA989.1.
    • (2007) J Atmos Oceanic Tech , vol.24 , pp. 2029-2047
    • Lee, H.-T.1    Gruber, A.2    Ellingson, R.G.3    Laszlo, I.4
  • 108
    • 0001600664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Description of a complete (Interpolated) outgoing longwave radiation dataset
    • Liebmann B, Smith CA. Description of a complete (Interpolated) outgoing longwave radiation dataset. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 1996, 77:1275-1277.
    • (1996) Bull Am Meteorol Soc , vol.77 , pp. 1275-1277
    • Liebmann, B.1    Smith, C.A.2
  • 109
    • 33644820268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An event-based jet-stream climatology and typology
    • doi: 10.1002/joc.1255.
    • Koch P, Wernli H, Davies HUW. An event-based jet-stream climatology and typology. Int J Climatol 2006, 26:283-301. doi: 10.1002/joc.1255.
    • (2006) Int J Climatol , vol.26 , pp. 283-301
    • Koch, P.1    Wernli, H.2    Davies, H.U.W.3
  • 111
    • 33846877118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global warming and the weakening of the tropical circulation
    • doi: 10.1175/JCLI4258.1.
    • Vecchi GA, Soden BJ. Global warming and the weakening of the tropical circulation. J Clim 2007, 20:4316-4340. doi: 10.1175/JCLI4258.1.
    • (2007) J Clim , vol.20 , pp. 4316-4340
    • Vecchi, G.A.1    Soden, B.J.2
  • 112
    • 52949083254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hadley circulation changes under global warming conditions indicated by coupled climate models
    • 60A: doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00344.x.
    • Gastineau G, Le Truet H, Li L. Hadley circulation changes under global warming conditions indicated by coupled climate models. Tellus 2008, 60A:863-884. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00344.x.
    • (2008) Tellus , pp. 863-884
    • Gastineau, G.1    Le Truet, H.2    Li, L.3
  • 113
    • 33750617761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Robust responses of the hydrological cycle to global warming
    • doi: 10.1175/JCLI3990.1.
    • Held I, Soden BJ. Robust responses of the hydrological cycle to global warming. J Clim 2006, 19:5686-5699. doi: 10.1175/JCLI3990.1.
    • (2006) J Clim , vol.19 , pp. 5686-5699
    • Held, I.1    Soden, B.J.2
  • 114
    • 77958109927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic and dynamic mechanisms for large-scale changes in the hydrological cycle in response to global warming
    • doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI13655.1.
    • Seager R, Niak N, Vecchi GA. Thermodynamic and dynamic mechanisms for large-scale changes in the hydrological cycle in response to global warming. J Clim 2010, 23:4651-4668. doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI13655.1.
    • (2010) J Clim , vol.23 , pp. 4651-4668
    • Seager, R.1    Niak, N.2    Vecchi, G.A.3
  • 115
    • 84865197208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twenty-first century multimodel subtropical precipitation declines are mostly midlatitude shifts
    • doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00393.1.
    • Scheff J, Frierson D. Twenty-first century multimodel subtropical precipitation declines are mostly midlatitude shifts. J Clim 2012, 25:4330-4347. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00393.1.
    • (2012) J Clim , vol.25 , pp. 4330-4347
    • Scheff, J.1    Frierson, D.2
  • 116
    • 57849143205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sensitivity of the Hadley circulation to past and future forcings in two climate models
    • In: Diaz HF, Bradley RS, eds. Dordreacht: Kluwer Academic Publishers;
    • Otto-Bliesner BL, Clement A. The sensitivity of the Hadley circulation to past and future forcings in two climate models. In: Diaz HF, Bradley RS, eds. The Hadley Circulation: Past, Present and Future. Dordreacht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2005, 437-464.
    • (2005) The Hadley Circulation: Past, Present and Future , pp. 437-464
    • Otto-Bliesner, B.L.1    Clement, A.2
  • 117
    • 78751531271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Future climate change in the Southern Hemisphere: competing effects of ozone and greenhouse gases
    • doi: /10.1029/2010GL045384.
    • Arblaster JM, Meehl GA, Karoly DJ. Future climate change in the Southern Hemisphere: competing effects of ozone and greenhouse gases. Geophys Res Lett 2011, 38:L02701. doi: /10.1029/2010GL045384.
    • (2011) Geophys Res Lett , vol.38
    • Arblaster, J.M.1    Meehl, G.A.2    Karoly, D.J.3
  • 118
    • 38949150379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Annular modes and Hadley cell expansion under global warming
    • doi: 10.1029/2007GL031243.
    • Previdi M, Liepert BG. Annular modes and Hadley cell expansion under global warming. Geophys Res Lett 2007, 34:L22701. doi: 10.1029/2007GL031243.
    • (2007) Geophys Res Lett , vol.34
    • Previdi, M.1    Liepert, B.G.2
  • 119
    • 79851501097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Projected future seasonal changes in tropical summer climate
    • doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3748.1.
    • Sobel AH, Camargo SJ. Projected future seasonal changes in tropical summer climate. J Clim 2011, 24:473-487. doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3748.1.
    • (2011) J Clim , vol.24 , pp. 473-487
    • Sobel, A.H.1    Camargo, S.J.2
  • 120
    • 84880301193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding Hadley cell expansion vs. contraction: insights from simplified models and implications for recent observations
    • doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00598.1.
    • Tandon NF, Gerber EP, Sobel AH, Polvani LM. Understanding Hadley cell expansion vs. contraction: insights from simplified models and implications for recent observations. J Clim 2013, 26:4304-4321. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00598.1.
    • (2013) J Clim , vol.26 , pp. 4304-4321
    • Tandon, N.F.1    Gerber, E.P.2    Sobel, A.H.3    Polvani, L.M.4
  • 121
    • 38549119553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase speed spectra and the recent poleward shift of Southern Hemisphere surface westerlies
    • doi: 10.1029/2007GL031200.
    • Chen G, Held IM. Phase speed spectra and the recent poleward shift of Southern Hemisphere surface westerlies. Geophys Res Lett 2007, 34:L21805. doi: 10.1029/2007GL031200.
    • (2007) Geophys Res Lett , vol.34
    • Chen, G.1    Held, I.M.2
  • 122
    • 60749085099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase speed spectra and the latitude of surface westerlies: Interannual variability and the global warming trend
    • doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2306.1.
    • Chen G, Lu J, Frierson DMW. Phase speed spectra and the latitude of surface westerlies: Interannual variability and the global warming trend. J Clim 2008, 21:5942-5959. doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2306.1.
    • (2008) J Clim , vol.21 , pp. 5942-5959
    • Chen, G.1    Lu, J.2    Frierson, D.M.W.3
  • 123
    • 34547570562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropopause height and zonal wind response to global warming in the IPCC scenario integrations
    • doi: 10.1029/2006JD008087.
    • Lorenz DJ, DeWeaver ET. Tropopause height and zonal wind response to global warming in the IPCC scenario integrations. J Geophys Res 2007, 112:D10119. doi: 10.1029/2006JD008087.
    • (2007) J Geophys Res , vol.112
    • Lorenz, D.J.1    DeWeaver, E.T.2
  • 124
    • 79952145734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Separating the dynamical effects of climate change and ozone depletion: Part 2. Southern hemisphere troposphere
    • doi: 10.1175/2010JCL3958.1.
    • McLandress C, Shepherd T, Scinocca J, Plummer D, Sigmond M, Jonsson A, Reader C. Separating the dynamical effects of climate change and ozone depletion: Part 2. Southern hemisphere troposphere. J Clim 2011, 24:1850-1868. doi: 10.1175/2010JCL3958.1.
    • (2011) J Clim , vol.24 , pp. 1850-1868
    • McLandress, C.1    Shepherd, T.2    Scinocca, J.3    Plummer, D.4    Sigmond, M.5    Jonsson, A.6    Reader, C.7
  • 125
    • 76349112041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A robust increase in the eddy length scale in the simulation of future climates
    • doi: 10.1029/2009GL041615.
    • Kidston J, Dean SM, Renwick JA, Vallis GK. A robust increase in the eddy length scale in the simulation of future climates. Geophys Res Lett 2010, 37:L03806. doi: 10.1029/2009GL041615.
    • (2010) Geophys Res Lett , vol.37
    • Kidston, J.1    Dean, S.M.2    Renwick, J.A.3    Vallis, G.K.4
  • 126
    • 79959647596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A dynamical interpretation of the poleward shift of the jet stream in global warming scenarios
    • doi: 10.1175/2011JAS3641.1.
    • Rivière G. A dynamical interpretation of the poleward shift of the jet stream in global warming scenarios. J Atmos Sci 2011, 2011:1253-1272. doi: 10.1175/2011JAS3641.1.
    • (2011) J Atmos Sci , vol.2011 , pp. 1253-1272
    • Rivière, G.1
  • 127
    • 77955504063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The steady-state atmospheric circulation response, to climate change-like thermal forcings in a simple general circulation model
    • doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3228.1.
    • Butler AH, Thompson DWJ, Heikes R. The steady-state atmospheric circulation response, to climate change-like thermal forcings in a simple general circulation model. J Clim 2010, 23:3474-3496. doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3228.1.
    • (2010) J Clim , vol.23 , pp. 3474-3496
    • Butler, A.H.1    Thompson, D.W.J.2    Heikes, R.3
  • 128
    • 84880310805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The equilibrium response to idealized thermal forcings in a comprehensive GCM: implications for recent tropical expansion
    • doi: 10.5194/acp-12-4795-2012.
    • Allen RJ, Sherwood SC, Norris JR, Zender CS. The equilibrium response to idealized thermal forcings in a comprehensive GCM: implications for recent tropical expansion. Atmos Chem Phys 2012, 12:4795-4816. doi: 10.5194/acp-12-4795-2012.
    • (2012) Atmos Chem Phys , vol.12 , pp. 4795-4816
    • Allen, R.J.1    Sherwood, S.C.2    Norris, J.R.3    Zender, C.S.4
  • 129
    • 84862094389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the PDO Phase on the tropical belt width
    • doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00244.1.
    • Grassi B, Redaelli G, Canziani PO, Visconti G. Effects of the PDO Phase on the tropical belt width. J Clim 2012, 25:3282-3290. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00244.1.
    • (2012) J Clim , vol.25 , pp. 3282-3290
    • Grassi, B.1    Redaelli, G.2    Canziani, P.O.3    Visconti, G.4
  • 131
    • 34548142574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical rainfall variability on interannual-to-interdecadal and longer time scales derived from the GPCP monthly product
    • doi: 10.1175/JCLI14227.1.
    • Gu G, Adler RF, Huffman GJ, Curtis S. Tropical rainfall variability on interannual-to-interdecadal and longer time scales derived from the GPCP monthly product. J Clim 2007, 20:4033-4046. doi: 10.1175/JCLI14227.1.
    • (2007) J Clim , vol.20 , pp. 4033-4046
    • Gu, G.1    Adler, R.F.2    Huffman, G.J.3    Curtis, S.4
  • 132
    • 48749086232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Volcanoes and ENSO over the past millennium
    • doi: 10.1175/2007JCLI1884.1.
    • Emile-Geay J, Seager R, Cane MA, Cook ER, Haug GH. Volcanoes and ENSO over the past millennium. J Clim 2008, 21:3134-3148. doi: 10.1175/2007JCLI1884.1.
    • (2008) J Clim , vol.21 , pp. 3134-3148
    • Emile-Geay, J.1    Seager, R.2    Cane, M.A.3    Cook, E.R.4    Haug, G.H.5
  • 133
    • 64049095858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric circulation trends, 1950-2000: the relative role of sea surface temperature forcing and direct atmospheric radiative forcing
    • doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2453.1.
    • Deser C, Phillips AS. Atmospheric circulation trends, 1950-2000: the relative role of sea surface temperature forcing and direct atmospheric radiative forcing. J Clim 2009, 22:396-413. doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2453.1.
    • (2009) J Clim , vol.22 , pp. 396-413
    • Deser, C.1    Phillips, A.S.2
  • 134
    • 84868103903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breaking down the tropospheric circulation response by forcing
    • doi: 10.1007/s00382-011-1267-y.
    • Staten PW, Rutz JJ, Reichler T, Lu J. Breaking down the tropospheric circulation response by forcing. Clim Dyn 2012, 39:2361-2375. doi: 10.1007/s00382-011-1267-y.
    • (2012) Clim Dyn , vol.39 , pp. 2361-2375
    • Staten, P.W.1    Rutz, J.J.2    Reichler, T.3    Lu, J.4
  • 135
    • 70350017984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ozone hole and southern hemisphere climate change
    • doi: 101.1029/2009GL038671.
    • Son S-W, Tandon NF, Polvani LM, Waugh DW. Ozone hole and southern hemisphere climate change. Geophys Res Lett 2009, 36:L15705. doi: 101.1029/2009GL038671.
    • (2009) Geophys Res Lett , vol.36
    • Son, S.-W.1    Tandon, N.F.2    Polvani, L.M.3    Waugh, D.W.4
  • 136
    • 84882300753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multimodel attribution of the Southern Hemisphere Hadley cell widening: Major role of ozone depletion
    • doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50232.
    • Min S-K, Son S-W. Multimodel attribution of the Southern Hemisphere Hadley cell widening: Major role of ozone depletion. J Geophys Res 2013, 118:3007-3015. doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50232.
    • (2013) J Geophys Res , vol.118 , pp. 3007-3015
    • Min, S.-K.1    Son, S.-W.2
  • 138
    • 79851507098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric ozone depletion: the main driver of twentieth-century atmospheric circulation changes in the Southern Hemisphere
    • doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3772.1.
    • Polvani LM, Waugh DW, Correa GJP, Son S-W. Stratospheric ozone depletion: the main driver of twentieth-century atmospheric circulation changes in the Southern Hemisphere. J Clim 2011, 24:795-812. doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3772.1.
    • (2011) J Clim , vol.24 , pp. 795-812
    • Polvani, L.M.1    Waugh, D.W.2    Correa, G.J.P.3    Son, S.-W.4
  • 139
    • 79952178782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large cancellation, due to ozone recovery, of future Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation trends
    • doi: 10.1029/2011GL046712.
    • Polvani LM, Previdi M, Deser C. Large cancellation, due to ozone recovery, of future Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation trends. Geophys Res Lett 2011, 38:L04707. doi: 10.1029/2011GL046712.
    • (2011) Geophys Res Lett , vol.38
    • Polvani, L.M.1    Previdi, M.2    Deser, C.3
  • 140
    • 79956328360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of polar ozone depletion on subtropical precipitation
    • doi: 10.1126/science.1202131.
    • Kang SM, Polvani LM, Fyfe JC, Sigmond M. Impact of polar ozone depletion on subtropical precipitation. Science 2011, 332:951-954. doi: 10.1126/science.1202131.
    • (2011) Science , vol.332 , pp. 951-954
    • Kang, S.M.1    Polvani, L.M.2    Fyfe, J.C.3    Sigmond, M.4
  • 141
    • 0035824399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosols, climate and the hydrological cycle
    • doi: 10.1126/science.1064034.
    • Ramanathan V, Crutzen PJ, Kiehl JT, Rosenfeld D. Aerosols, climate and the hydrological cycle. Science 2001, 294:2119-2124. doi: 10.1126/science.1064034.
    • (2001) Science , vol.294 , pp. 2119-2124
    • Ramanathan, V.1    Crutzen, P.J.2    Kiehl, J.T.3    Rosenfeld, D.4
  • 142
    • 16444364373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global indirect aerosol effects: a review
    • doi: 10.5194/acp-5-715-2005.
    • Lohmann U, Feichter J. Global indirect aerosol effects: a review. Atmos Chem Phys 2005, 5:715-737. doi: 10.5194/acp-5-715-2005.
    • (2005) Atmos Chem Phys , vol.5 , pp. 715-737
    • Lohmann, U.1    Feichter, J.2
  • 143
    • 64049119404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonlinear climate and hydrological responses to aerosol effects
    • doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2362.1.
    • Ming Y, Ramaswamy V. Nonlinear climate and hydrological responses to aerosol effects. J Clim 2009, 22:1329-1339. doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2362.1.
    • (2009) J Clim , vol.22 , pp. 1329-1339
    • Ming, Y.1    Ramaswamy, V.2
  • 144
    • 31644444036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global anthropogenic aerosol direct forcing derived from satellite and ground-based observations
    • doi: 10.1029/2005JD006536.
    • Chung CE, Ramanathan V, Kim D, Podgorny IA. Global anthropogenic aerosol direct forcing derived from satellite and ground-based observations. J Geophys Res 2005, 110:D24207. doi: 10.1029/2005JD006536.
    • (2005) J Geophys Res , vol.110
    • Chung, C.E.1    Ramanathan, V.2    Kim, D.3    Podgorny, I.A.4
  • 145
    • 58249092830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absorbing aerosols over Asia: a geophysical fluid dynamics laboratory general circulation models sensitivity study of model response to aerosol optical depth and aerosol absorption
    • doi: 10.1029/2008jd010140.
    • Randles CA, Ramaswamy V. Absorbing aerosols over Asia: a geophysical fluid dynamics laboratory general circulation models sensitivity study of model response to aerosol optical depth and aerosol absorption. J Geophys Res 2008, 113:D21203. doi: 10.1029/2008jd010140.
    • (2008) J Geophys Res , vol.113
    • Randles, C.A.1    Ramaswamy, V.2
  • 146
    • 0036693782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical rainfall trends and the indirect aerosol effect
    • doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2103:TRTATI>2.0.CO;2.
    • Rotstayn LD, Lohmann U. Tropical rainfall trends and the indirect aerosol effect. J Clim 2002, 15:2103-2116. doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2103:TRTATI>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2002) J Clim , vol.15 , pp. 2103-2116
    • Rotstayn, L.D.1    Lohmann, U.2
  • 148
    • 34249889595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of direct radiative forcing of black carbon aerosols on tropical convective precipitation
    • doi: 10.1029/2006GL028416.
    • Wang C. Impact of direct radiative forcing of black carbon aerosols on tropical convective precipitation. Geophys Res Lett 2007, 34:L05709. doi: 10.1029/2006GL028416.
    • (2007) Geophys Res Lett , vol.34
    • Wang, C.1
  • 149
    • 79954630074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of natural versus anthropogenic aerosols on atmospheric circulation in the Community Atmospheric Model
    • doi: 10.1007/s00382-010-0898-8.
    • Allen RJ, Sherwood RC. The impact of natural versus anthropogenic aerosols on atmospheric circulation in the Community Atmospheric Model. Clim Dyn 2011, 36:1959-1978. doi: 10.1007/s00382-010-0898-8.
    • (2011) Clim Dyn , vol.36 , pp. 1959-1978
    • Allen, R.J.1    Sherwood, R.C.2
  • 150
    • 84884731384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global impact of smoke aerosols from landscape fires on climate and the Hadley circulation
    • doi: 10.5194/acp-13-5227-2013.
    • Tosca MG, Randerson JT, Zender CS. Global impact of smoke aerosols from landscape fires on climate and the Hadley circulation. Atmos Chem Phys 2013, 13:5227-5241. doi: 10.5194/acp-13-5227-2013.
    • (2013) Atmos Chem Phys , vol.13 , pp. 5227-5241
    • Tosca, M.G.1    Randerson, J.T.2    Zender, C.S.3
  • 151
    • 80055033176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model investigation of aerosol-induced changes in tropical circulation
    • doi: 10.1175/2011JCLI4108.1.
    • Ming Y, Ramaswamy V. A model investigation of aerosol-induced changes in tropical circulation. J Clim 2011, 24:5125-5133. doi: 10.1175/2011JCLI4108.1.
    • (2011) J Clim , vol.24 , pp. 5125-5133
    • Ming, Y.1    Ramaswamy, V.2
  • 152
    • 35148816697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attribution of observed surface humidity changes to human influence
    • doi: 10.1038/nature06207.
    • Willett KM, Gillett NP, Jones PD, Thorne PW. Attribution of observed surface humidity changes to human influence. Nature 2007, 449:710-713. doi: 10.1038/nature06207.
    • (2007) Nature , vol.449 , pp. 710-713
    • Willett, K.M.1    Gillett, N.P.2    Jones, P.D.3    Thorne, P.W.4
  • 153
    • 33748314787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent climatology, variability and trends in global surface humidity
    • doi: 10.1175/JCLI3816.1.
    • Dai A. Recent climatology, variability and trends in global surface humidity. J Clim 2006, 19:3589-3606. doi: 10.1175/JCLI3816.1.
    • (2006) J Clim , vol.19 , pp. 3589-3606
    • Dai, A.1
  • 154
    • 84890419674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A high-quality humidity database for Australia. CAWCR Technical Report No. 024;, pp. Available at:. (Accessed September 02, 2013)
    • Lucas, C. A high-quality humidity database for Australia. CAWCR Technical Report No. 024; 2010, 162 pp. Available at: http://www.cawcr.gov.au/publications/technicalreports.php. (Accessed September 02, 2013)
    • (2010) , pp. 162
    • Lucas, C.1
  • 155
    • 84155193350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What caused the observed twentieth-century weakening of the Walker Circulation?
    • doi: 10.1175/2011JCLI4101.1.
    • Power SB, Kociuba G. What caused the observed twentieth-century weakening of the Walker Circulation? J Clim 2011, 24:6501-6514. doi: 10.1175/2011JCLI4101.1.
    • (2011) J Clim , vol.24 , pp. 6501-6514
    • Power, S.B.1    Kociuba, G.2
  • 157
    • 79251581280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting the ITCZ in instantaneous satellite data using spatiotemporal statistical modelling: ITCZ climatology in the east Pacific
    • doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI13716.1.
    • Bain CL, De Paz J, Kramer J, Magnusdottir G, Smyth P, Stern H, Wang C-C. Detecting the ITCZ in instantaneous satellite data using spatiotemporal statistical modelling: ITCZ climatology in the east Pacific. J Clim 2011, 24:216-230. doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI13716.1.
    • (2011) J Clim , vol.24 , pp. 216-230
    • Bain, C.L.1    De Paz, J.2    Kramer, J.3    Magnusdottir, G.4    Smyth, P.5    Stern, H.6    Wang, C.-C.7
  • 158
    • 27744475160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • st century climate change
    • doi: 10.1029/2005GL023684.
    • st century climate change. Geophys Res Lett 2005, 32:L18701. doi: 10.1029/2005GL023684.
    • (2005) Geophys Res Lett , vol.32
    • Yin, J.H.1
  • 159
    • 84868285272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rainfall reductions over Southern Hemisphere semi-arid regions: the role of subtropical dry zone expansion
    • doi: 10.1038/srep00702.
    • Cai W, Cowan T, Thatcher M. Rainfall reductions over Southern Hemisphere semi-arid regions: the role of subtropical dry zone expansion. Sci Rep 2012, 2:702. doi: 10.1038/srep00702.
    • (2012) Sci Rep , vol.2 , pp. 702
    • Cai, W.1    Cowan, T.2    Thatcher, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.