The arctometatarsalian pes, an unusual structure of the metatarsus of Cretaceous Theropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia)

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 1995, Pages 480-519

  Holtz, Thomas R ^a  

^a U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84890308061     PISSN: 02724634     EISSN: 19372809     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02724634.1995.10011574     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Alexander, R. M. 1983. On the massive legs of a moa (Pachyornis elephantopus, Dinomithes). Journal of Zoology 173:363-376.
2. Alexander, R. M. 1985. Mechanics of posture and gait of some large dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 83:1-25.
3. Alexander, R. M. 1989. Dynamics of Dinosaurs and Other Extinct Giants. Columbia University Press, New York, 167 pp.
4. Alexander, R. M., A. S. Jayes, G. M. O. Maloiy, and E. M. Wathuta. 1979. Allometry of the limb bones from shrews (Sorex) to elephants (Loxodonta). Journal of Zoology, London 189:305-314.
5. Archey, G. 1941. The moa: a study of the Dinomithiformes. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum 1:1-145.
6. Bakker, R. T. 1972. Anatomical and ecological evidence of endothermy in dinosaurs. Nature 238: 81-85.
7. Bakker, R. T. 1975. Dinosaur renaissance. Scientific American 232:58-78.
8. Bakker, R. T. 1986. The Dinosaur Heresies. William Morrow, New York, 481 pp.
9. Bakker, R. T., M. Williams, and P. J. Currie. 1988. Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana. Hunteria 1(5): 1-30.
10. Barsbold, R. 1974. Sauromithoididae, a new family of small theropod dinosaurs from central Asia and North America. Palaeontologia Polonica 30:5-22.
11. Barsbold, R. 1981. [Toothless carnivorous dinosaurs of Mongolia]. Sovmestnaia Sovetsko-Mongol’skaia Paleontologicheskaia Ekspeditsiia Trudy 17:28-39. [Russian with English summary]
12. Barsbold, R. 1983. [Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia]. Sovmestnaia Sovetsko-Mongol’skaia Paleontologicheskaia Ekspeditsiia Trudy 19:1-117. [Russian with English summary]
13. Barsbold, R. and H. Osmôlska. 1990. Ornithomimosauria; pp. 225-244. in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmôlska (eds.), The Dinosauria. University of California Press, Berkeley.
14. Barsbold, R. and A. Perle. 1984. [On the first new find of a primitive omithomimosaur from the Cretaceous of the M.P.R.]. Paleontologicheskii Zhumal 1984(2): 121-123. [Russian]
15. Bartel, D. L., H. F. Schryver, J. E. Lowe, and R. A. Parker. 1978. Locomotion in the horse: a procedure for computing the internal forces in the digit. American Journal of Veterinary Research 39:1721-1728.
16. Biewener, A. A. 1982. Bone strength in small mammals and bipedal birds: do safety factors change with body size? Journal of Experimental Biology 98:289-301.
17. Biewener, A. A., J. J. Thomason, A. E. Goodship, and L. E. Lanyon. 1983. Bone stress in the horse forelimb during locomotion at different gaits: a comparison of two experimental methods. Journal of Biomechanics 16:565-576.
18. Bonaparte, J. F. 1991. Los vertebrados fosiles de la Formacion Rio Colorado, de la Ciudad de Neuquen y Cercanias, Cretacio Superior, Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" 4(3): 17-123.
19. Bonaparte, J. F. and J. E. Powell. 1980. A continental assemblage of tetrapods from the Upper Cretaceous beds of El Brete, northwestern Argentina (Sauropoda-Coelurosauria-Carnosauria-Aves). Mémoires de la Société géologique de France 139:19-28.
20. Bonaparte, J. F., F. E. Novas, and R. A. Coria. 1990. Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the homed, lightly built camosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia. Contributions in Science (Los Angeles County Museum) 416:1-41.
21. Britt, B. 1991. Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with Emphasis on the Osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. Brigham Young University Geological Studies 37:1-72.
22. Campbell, K. E., Jr., and L. Marcus. 1990. How big was it?: determining the size of ancient birds. Terra 28(4): 22-33.
23. Campbell, K. E., Jr., and L. Marcus. 1992. The relationship of hindlimb dimensions to body weight in birds; pp. 395-412 in K. E. Campbell, Jr. (ed.), Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series no. 36, Los Angeles.
24. Carpenter, K. 1992. Tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria) of Asia and North America; pp. 250-268 in N. Mateer and Chen P. J. (eds.), Aspects of Nonmarine Cretaceous Geology. China Ocean Press, Beijing.
25. Carroll, R. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W. H. Freeman and Co., New York, 698 pp.
26. Case, J., and A. H. Chilver. 1971. Strength of Materials and Structures, 2nd ed. Edward Arnold, London, 404 pp.
27. Chatteijee, S. 1991. Cranial anatomy and relationships of a new Triassic bird from Texas. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society of London B 332:277-342.
28. Colbert, E. H. 1989. The Triassic dinosaur Coelophysis. Bulletin of the Museum of Northern Arizona 57:1-174.
29. Colbert, E. H. and D. Baird. 1958. Coelurosaur bone casts from the Connecticut Valley Triassic. American Museum Novitates 1909:1-11.
30. Colinvaux, P. 1978. Why Big Fierce Animals Are Rare: An Ecologist’s Perspective. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, 256 pp.
31. Coombs, W. P., Jr. 1978. Theoretical aspects of cursorial adaptations in dinosaurs. Quarterly Review of Biology 53:393-418.
32. Cox, C. B. 1974. Vertebrate paleodistributional patterns and continental drift. Journal of Biogeography 1(2):75-94.
33. Cracraft, J. 1971. The functional morphology of the hind limb of the domestic pigeon, Columba livia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 144:171-268.
34. Currie, P. J. 1985. Cranial anatomy of Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia, Theropoda) and its bearing on the origin of birds. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22: 1643-1658.
35. Currie, P. J. 1987. Bird-like characteristics of the jaws and teeth of troodontid theropods (Dinosauria: Saurischia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7:72-81.
36. Currie, P. J. 1989. The first records of Elmisaurus (Saurischia, Theropoda) from North America. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26:1319-1324.
37. Currie, P. J. 1990. Elmisauridae; pp. 245-248 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (eds.), The Dinosauria. University of California Press, Berkeley.
38. Currie, P. J., and D. A. Eberth. 1993. Palaeontology, sedimentology, and palaeoecology of the Iren Dabasu Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Immer Mongolia, People’s Republic of China. Cretaceous Research 14:127-144.
39. Currie, P. J. and D. A. Russell. 1988. Osteology and relationships of Chirostenotes pergracilis (Saurischia, Theropoda) from the Judith River (Oldman) Formation of Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 25: 972-986.
40. Currey, J. D. 1984. The Mechanical Adaptations of Bone. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 294 pp.
41. Farlow, J. O. 1990. Dynamic dinosaurs. Paleobiology 16(2): 234-241.
42. Farlow, J. O., D. L. Brinkman, W. L. Abler, and P. J. Currie. 1991. Size, shape, and serration density of theropod dinosaur lateral teeth. Modem Geology 16:161-198.
43. Galton, P. M. 1974a. The omithischian dinosaur Hypsilophodon from the Wealdan of the Isle of Wight. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 25:1-152.
44. Galton, P. M. 1974b. Notes on Thescelosaurus, a conservative omithopod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of North America, with comments on omithopod classification. Journal of Paleontology 48:1048-1067.
45. Galton, P. M. 1976. Prosauropod dinosaurs (Reptilia: Saurischia) of North America. Postilla 169:1-98.
46. Galton, P. M. 1978. Fabrosauridae, the basal family of omithischian dinosaurs (Reptilia: Omithopoda). Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 52:138-159.
47. Garland, T., Jr., and C. M. Janis. 1993. Does metatarsalfemur ratio predict maximal running speed in cursorial mammals? Journal of Zoology 229:133-151.
48. Gatesy, S. M. 1990. Caudofemoral musculature and the evolution of theropod locomotion. Paleobiology 16(2): 170-186.
49. Gatesy, S. M. 1991. Hind limb scaling in birds and other theropods: implications for terrestrial locomotion. Journal of Morphology 209:83-96.
50. Gatesy, S. M. and A. A. Biewener. 1991. Bipedal locomotion: effects of speed, size and limb posture in birds and humans. Journal of Zoology 224:127-147.
51. Gauthier, J. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds; pp. 1-55 in K. Padian (ed.), The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight. Memoirs of the California Academy of Science 8.
52. Gilmore, C. W. 1920. Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum 110:1-154.
53. Gregory, W. T. 1912. Notes on the principles of quadrupedal locomotion and the mechanisms of the limbs in hoofed animals. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 22:267-294.
54. He, X. 1984. The Vertebrate Fossils of Sichuan. Sichuan Scientific and Technical Publishing House, Chengdu, Sichuan, 168 pp. [Chinese with English summary]
55. Hildebrand, M. 1974. Analysis of Vertebrate Structure. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 710 pp.
56. Holtz, T. R., Jr. 1991. Limb proportions and mass estimations in the Theropoda (Archosauria, Saurischia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11 (Supplement to Number 3):35A-36A.
57. Holtz, T. R., Jr. 1994. The phylogenetic position of the Tyrannosauridae: implications for theropod systematics. Journal of Paleontology.
58. Hu, S. 1964. [Camosaurian remains from Alashan, Inner Mongolia]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 8:42-63. [In Chinese with English summary]
59. Huene, F. von. 1926. The carnivorous Saurischia in the Jura and Cretaceous formations, principally in Europe. Revista Museo de La Plata 29:35-167.
60. Imbrie, J. 1956. Biometrical methods in the study of invertebrate fossils. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 108:214-252.
61. Janensch, W. 1925. Die Coelurosaurier und Theropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Palaeontolographica (Suppl. 7)1:1-99.
62. Kuban, G. 1989. Elongate dinosaur tracks; pp. 57-72 in D. D. Gillette and M. G. Lockley (eds.), Dinosaur Tracks and Traces. Cambridge University Press, New York.
63. Kurzanov, S. M. 1981. [On the unusual theropods from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia]. Sovmestnaia Sovetsko-Mongol’skaia Paleontologicheskaia Ekspeditsiia Trudy 15:39-50. [In Russian with English summary]
64. Kurzanov, S. M. 1987. [Avimimids and the problem of the origin of birds]. Sovmestnaia Sovetsko-Mongol’skaia Paleontologicheskaia Ekspeditsiia Trudy 31:5-95. [In Russian]
65. Lambe, L. M. 1917. The Cretaceous theropodous dinosaur Gorgosaurus. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Canada 100:1-84.
66. Leidy, J. 1856. Notice of remains of extinct reptiles and fishes, discovered by Dr. F. V. Hayden in the badlands of the Judith River, Nebraska Territory. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 8:72-73.
67. Mader, B. J., and R. L. Bradley. 1989. A redescription and revised diagnosis of the syntypes of the Mongolian tyrannosaur Aiectrosaurus olseni. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 9 (1): 41-55.
68. Madsen, J. H., Jr. 1976. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Bulletin 109:1-163.
69. Maleev, E. 1974. [Gigantic camosaurs of the family Tyrannosauridae]. Sovmestnaia Sovetsko-Mongol’skaia Paleontologicheskaia Ekspeditsiia Trudy 1:132-190 [In Russian with English summary].
70. Marsh, O. C. 1890. Description ofnewdinosaurian reptiles. American Journal of Science (series 3)39:81-86.
71. Marsh, O. C. 1892. Notice of new reptiles from the Laramie Formation. American Journal of Science (series 3)43: 449-453.
72. McGowan, C. 1991. Dinosaurs, Spitfires, and Sea Dragons. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 365 pp.
73. McMahon, T. A. 1975. Allometry and biomechanics: limb bones in adult ungulates. American Naturalist 109:547-563.
74. Molnar, R. E., S. M. Kurzanov, and Dong Z. 1990. Carnosauria; pp. 169-209 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (eds.), The Dinosauria. University of California Press, Berkeley.
75. Monnier, L. 1913. Paleontologie de Madagascar VII: Les Aepyomis. Annales de Paleontologie 8:125-172.
76. Novas, F. E. 1989. The tibia and tarsus in Herrerasauridae (Dinosauria, Incertae Sedis) and the origin and evolution of the dinosaurian tarsus. Journal of Paleontology 63(5): 677-690.
77. Novas, F. E. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships of the basal dinosaurs, the Herrerasauridae. Palaeontology 35:51-62.
78. Osborn, H. F. 1906. Tyrannosaurus, Upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur (second communication). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 22:281-296.
79. Osborn, H. F. 1916. Skeletal adaptations of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus. Tyrannosaurus. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 35:733-771.
80. Osborn, H. F. 1924. Three new Theropoda, Protoceratops zone, central Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 144:112.
81. Osmolska, H. 1981. Coossified tarsometatarsi in theropod dinosaurs and their bearing on the problem of bird origins. Palaeontologia Polonica 42:79-95.
82. Osmolska, H. 1987. Borogrovia gracilicrus gen. et sp. n., a new troodontid dinosaur from the late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 31:133-150.
83. Osmolska, H. and R. Barsbold. 1990. Troodontidae; pp. 148-150 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (eds.), The Dinosauria. University of California Press, Berkeley.
84. Ostrom, J. H. 1969a. A new theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Postilla 128:1-17.
85. Ostrom, J. H. 1969b. Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Peabody Museum of Natural History Bulletin 30: 1-165.
86. Ostrom, J. H. 1975. The origin of birds. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 3:55-77.
87. Ostrom, J. H. 1976. Archaeopteryx and the origin of birds. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 8:91-182.
88. Ostrom, J. H. 1978. The osteology of Compsognathus longipes Wagner. Zitteliana 4:73-118.
89. Ostrom, J. H. 1981. Procompsognathus-theropod or thecodont? Palaeontographica A 175:179-195.
90. Parks, W. A. 1933. New species of dinosaurs and turtles from the Belly River Formation of Alberta. University of Toronto Studies (Geology Series) 34:1-33.
91. Paul, G. S. 1987. The science and art of restoring the life appearance of dinosaurs and their relatives: a rigorous how-to-guide; pp. 4-49 in S. J. Czerkas and E. C. Olson (eds.), Dinosaurs Past and Present, Volume II. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
92. Paul, G. S. 1988. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World: A Complete Illustrated Guide. Simon and Schuster, New York, 464 pp.
93. Perle A., M. A., Norell, L. M. Chiappe, and J. M. Clark. 1993a. Flightless bird from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. Nature 362:623-626.
94. Perle A., M. A., Norell, L. M. Chiappe, and J. M. Clark. 1993b. Flightless bird from the Cretaceous of Mongolia (Correction). Nature 363:188.
95. Rowe, T., and J. Gauthier. 1990. Ceratosauria; pp. 151-168 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (eds.), The Dinosauria. University of California Press, Berkeley.
96. Rozdestvensky, A. K. 1965. [Growth changes and some problems of systematics of Asian dinosaurs]. Paleontologicheskii Zhumal 1965(3):95-109. [Russian]
97. Russell, D. A. 1969. A new specimen of Stenonychosaurus from the Oldman Formation (Cretaceous) of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 6:595-612.
98. Rozdestvensky, A. K. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum Natural Sciences Publications in Palaeontology 1:1-34.
99. Rozdestvensky, A. K. 1972. Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 9:375-402.
100. Rozdestvensky, A. K. 1980. Reflections of the dinosaurian world; pp. 257-268 in L. L. Jacobs (ed.), Aspects of Vertebrate History. Museum of Northern Arizona Press, Flagstaff.
101. Schaeffer, B. 1941. The morphological and functional evolution of the tarsus in amphibians and reptiles. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 78:395-472.
102. Schryver, H. F., D. L. Bartel, N. Langrana, and J. E. Lowe. 1978. Locomotion in the horse: kinematics and external and internal forces in the normal equine digit in the walk and trot. American Journal of Veterinary Research 39: 1728-1733.
103. Schwimmer, D. R., G. D. Williams, J. L. Dobie, and W. G. Siesser. 1993. Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Blufftown Formation in western Georgia and eastern Alabama. Journal of Paleontology 67(2):288-296.
104. Sereno, P. S. 1991. Basal archosaurs: phylogenetic relationships and functional implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11 (Supplement to № 4): 1-53.
105. Sereno, P. S. and F. E. Novas. 1992. The complete skull and skeleton of an early dinosaur. Science 258:1137-1140.
106. Sokal, R. R., and F. J. Rohlf. 1981. Biometry: The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research, 2nd ed. W. H. Freeman, New York, 859 pp.
107. Steel, R. 1970. Saurischia. Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie 14:1-87.
108. Sternberg, C. M. 1932. Two new theropod dinosaurs from the Belly River Formation of Alberta. Canadian Field-Naturalist 46:99-105.
109. Stirtling, E. C., and A. H. C. Zietz. 1913. Fossil remains of Lake Callabonna Part II: I. Genyornis newtoni, a new genus and species of fossil struthious bird. Memoirs of the Royal Society of South Australia I(II):41-80.
110. Stovall, J. W., and W. Langston, Jr. 1950. Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, a new genus and species of Lower Cretaceous Theropoda from Oklahoma. American Midland Naturalist 43:696-728.
111. Sues, H.-D. 1990. Staurikosaurus and Herrerasauridae; pp. 143-150 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (eds.), The Dinosauria. University of California Press, Berkeley.
112. Thomason, J. J. 1985a. Estimation of locomotory forces and stresses in the limb bones of Recent and extinct equids. Paleobiology 11(2):209-220.
113. Thomason, J. J. 1985b. The relationship of structure to mechanical function in the third metacarpal bone of the horse, Equus caballus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63:1420-1428.
114. Thomason, J. J. 1985c. The relationship of trabecular architecture to inferred loading patterns in the third metacarpals of the extinct equids Merychippus and Mesohippus. Paleobiology 11 (3):323-335.
115. Thomason, J. J. 1986. The functional morphology of the manus in the tridactyl equids Merychippus and Mesohippus: paleontological inferences from neontological models. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 6(2): 143-161.
116. Thomason, J. J. 1992. Functional interpretation of locomotory adaptations during equid evolution; pp. 213-227 in J. M. V. Rayner and R. J. Wooton (eds.), Biomechanics in Evolution. Society for Experimental Biology, Seminar Series 36. Cambridge University Press, New York.
117. Thulbom, R. A. 1982. Speeds and gaits of dinosaurs. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 38: 227-256.
118. Thulbom, R. A. 1984. The avian relationships of Archaeopteryx, and the origin of birds. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 82:119-158.
119. Thulbom, R. A. 1987. The origin of feathers; pp. 218-223 in P. J. Currie and E. H. Koster (eds.), Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers. Occasional Paper of the Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology 3, Drumheller, Alberta.
120. Thulbom, R. A. 1990. Dinosaur Tracks. Chapman and Hall, New York, 410 pp.
121. Varricchio, D. J. 1993. Bone microstructure of the Upper Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Troodon formosus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13 (1): 99-104.
122. Wade, M. 1989. The stance of dinosaurs and the Cossack Dancer syndrome; pp. 73-82 in D. D. Gillette and M. G. Lockley (eds.), Dinosaur Tracks and Traces. Cambridge University Press, New York.
123. Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (eds.). 1990. The Dinosauria. University of California Press, Berkeley, 733 pp.
124. Welles, S. P. 1984. Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Osteology and comparisons. Palaeontographica A 185:85-180.
125. Welles, S. P. and R. A. Long. 1974. The tarsus of theropod dinosaurs. Annals of the South African Museum 64:191-218.
126. Wilson, M. C., and P. J. Currie. 1985. Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia: Theropoda) from the Judith River Formation of Alberta: new findings on metatarsal structure. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22:1813-1817.