Molecular Imprinting for Sensor Applications

Molecular Recognition and Polymers: Control of Polymer Structure and Self-Assembly

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 395-429

  Wu, Xiangyang ^a   Shimizu, Ken D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

Sensing applications polymer format and morphology; Sensor application molecular imprinting; Sensor field and molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs)

Indexed keywords

EID: 84890254121     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470384053.ch15     Document Type: Chapter

References (150)

1. Albert KJ, Lewis NS, Schauer CL, Sotzing GA, Stitzel SE, Vaid TP, Walt DR. Cross-reactive chemical sensor arrays. Chem Rev 2000;100:2595-2626.
2. Alexander C, Andersson HS, Andersson LI, Ansell RJ, Kirsch N, Nicholls IA, O'Mahony J, Whitcombe MJ. Molecular imprinting science and technology: a survey of the literature for the years up to and including 2003.J Mol Recognit 2006;19:106-180.
3. Andersson LI. Molecular imprinting for drug bioanalysis. a review on the application of imprinted polymers to solid-phase extraction and binding assay. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 2000;739:163-173.
4. Andersson LI, Mandenius CF, Mosbach K. Studies on guest selective molecular recognition on an octadecyl silylated silicon surface using ellipsometry. Tetrahedron Lett 1988;29: 5437-5440.
5. Andersson LI, Muller R, Vlatakis G, Mosbach K. Mimics of the binding-sites of opioid receptors obtained by molecular imprinting of enkephalin and morphine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:4788-4792.
6. Andersson LI, Paprica A, Arvidsson T. A highly selective solid phase extraction sorbent for pre-concentration of sameridine made by molecular imprinting. Chromatographia 1997;46:57-62.
7. Ansell RJ, Kriz D, Mosbach K. Molecularly imprinted polymers for bioanalysis: chromatography, binding assays and biomimetic sensors. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1996;7:89-94.
8. Arshady R, Mosbach K. Synthesis of substrate-selective polymers by host-guest polymerization. Makromol Chem 1981;182:687-692.
9. Asanuma H, Hishiya T, Komiyama M. Tailor-made receptors by molecular imprinting. Adv Mater 2000;12:1019-1030.
10. Asanuma H, Kakazu M, Shibata M, Hishiya T, Komiyama M. Molecularly imprinted polymer of beta-cyclodextrin for the efficient recognition of cholesterol. Chem Commun 1997;1971-1972.
11. Beach JV, Shea KJ. Designed catalysts. A synthetic network polymer that catalyzes the dehydrofluorination of 4-fluoro-( p-nitrophenyl)butan-2-one. J Am Chem Soc 1994;116: 379-380.
12. Beinhoff M, Appapillai AT, Underwood LD, Frommer JE, Carter KR. Patterned polyfluorene surfaces by functionalization of nanoimprinted polymeric features. Langmuir 2006;22:2411-2414.
13. Benes E, Groschl M, Burger W, Schmid M. Sensors based on piezoelectric resonators. Sens Actuat A 1995;48:1-21.
14. Bereczki A, Tolokan A, Horvaia G, Horvath V, Lanza F, Hall AJ, Sellergren B. Determination of phenytoin in plasma by molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 2001;930:31-38.
15. Biffis A, Graham NB, Siedlaczek G, Stalberg S, Wulff G. The synthesis, characterization and molecular recognition properties of imprinted microgels. Macromol Chem Phys 2001;202: 163-171.
16. Blanco-Lopez MC, Lobo-Castanon MJ, Miranda-Ordieres AJ, Tunon-Blanco P. Electrochemical sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers. Trends Anal Chem 2004;23:36-48.
17. Bossi A, Piletsky SA, Piletska EV, Righetti PG, Turner AP. Surface-grafted molecularly imprinted polymers for protein recognition. Anal Chem 2001;73:5281-5286.
18. Boyle A, Genies EM, Lapkowski M. Application of electronic conducting polymers as sensors-polyaniline in the solid-state for detection of solvent vapors and polypyrrole for detection of biological ions in solutions. Synth Met 1989;28:C769-C774.
19. Bures P, Huang Y, Oral E, Peppas NA. Surface modifications and molecular imprinting of polymers in medical and pharmaceutical applications. J Controlled Release 2001;72: 25-33.
20. Chang DK, Chul O, Oh S-G, Chang JY. The use of a thermally reversible bond for molecular imprinting of silica spheres. J Am Chem Soc 2002;124:14838-14839.
21. Chen Y, Shimizu KD. Measurement of enantiomeric excess using molecularly imprinted polymers. Org Lett 2002;4:2937-2940.
22. Chen YB, Kele M, Quinones I, Sellergren B, Guiochon G. Influence of the pH on the behavior of an imprinted polymeric stationary phase-supporting evidence for a binding site model. J Chromatogr A 2001;927:1-17.
23. Chen YB, Kele M, Sajonz P, Sellergren B, Guiochon G. Influence of thermal annealing on the thermodynamic and mass transfer kinetic properties of D- and L-phenylalanine anilide on imprinted polymeric stationary phases. Anal Chem 1999;71:928-938.
24. Cheong SH, McNiven S, Rachkov K, Levi R, Yano K, Karube I. Testosterone receptor binding mimic constructed using molecular imprinting. Macromolecules 1997;30: 1317-1322.
25. Davies MP, De Biasi V, Perrett D. Approaches to the rational design of molecularly imprinted polymers. Anal Chim Acta 2004;504:7-14.
26. deSilva AP, Gunaratne HQN, Gunnlaugsson T, Huxley AJM, McCoy CP, Rademacher JT, Rice TE. Signaling recognition events with fluorescent sensors and switches. Chem Rev 1997;97:1515-1566.
27. Dickert FL, Forth P, Lieberzeit P, Tortschanoff M. Molecular imprinting in chemical sensing- detection of aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons as well as polar solvent vapors. Fresenius J Anal Chem 1998;360:759-762.
28. Dickert FL, Hayden G. Bioimprinting of polymers and sol-gel phases. Selective detection of yeasts with imprinted polymers. Anal Chem 2002;74:1302-1306.
29. Dickert FL, Hayden O, Halikias KP. Synthetic receptors as sensor coatings for molecules and living cells. Analyst 2001;126:766-771.
30. Dirion B, Cobb Z, Schillinger E, Andersson LI, Sellergren B. Water-compatible molecularly imprinted polymers obtained via high-throughput synthesis and experimental design. J Am Chem Soc 2003;125:15101-15109.
31. Eggins BR. Chemical sensors and biosensors. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-VCH; 2002.
32. Ellwanger A, Berggren C, Bayoudh S, Crecnzi C, Karlsson L, Owens PK, Ensing K, Cormack P, Sherrington D, Sellergren B. Evaluation of methods aimed at complete removal of template from molecularly imprinted polymers. Analyst 2001;126:784-792.
33. Fabbrizzi L, Poggi A. Sensors and switches from supramolecular chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 1995;24:197-202.
34. Fairhurst RE, Chassaing C, Venn RF, Mayes AG. A direct comparison of the performance of ground, beaded and silica-grafted MIPs in HPLC and turbulent flow chromatography applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2004;20:1098-1105.
35. Fujii Y, Matsutani K, Kikuchi K. Formation of a specific coordination cavity for a chiral aminoacid by template synthesis of a polymer Schiff-base cobalt(III) complex. Chem Commun 1985;415-417.
36. Garcia-Calzon JA, Diaz-Garcia ME. Characterization of binding sites in molecularly imprinted polymers. Sens Actuat B 2007;123:1180-1194.
37. Glad M, Reinholdsson P, Mosbach K. Molecularly imprinted composite polymers based on trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM) particles for efficient enantiomeric separations. React Polym 1995;25:47-54.
38. Gong JL, Gong FC, Kuang Y, Zeng GM, Shen GL, Yu RQ. Capacitive chemical sensor for fenvalerate assay based on electropolymerized molecularly imprinted polymer as the sensitive layer. Anal Bioanal Chem 2004;379:302-307.
39. Greene NT, Morgan SL, Shimizu KD. Molecularly imprinted polymer sensor arrays. Chem Commun 2004;1172-1173.
40. Hage DS. Immunoassays. Anal Chem 1999;71:294R-304R.
41. Hall AJ, Achilli L, Manesiotis P, Quaglia M, De Lorenzi E, Sellergren B. A substructure approach toward polymeric receptors targeting dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. 2. Molecularly imprinted polymers against Z-L-glutamic acid showing affinity for larger molecules. J Org Chem 2003;68:9132-9135.
42. Hart BR, Shea KJ. Synthetic peptide receptors: molecularly imprinted polymers for the recognition of peptides using peptide-metal interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2001;123: 2072-2073.
43. Hart BR, Shea KJ. Molecular imprinting for the recognition of N-terminal histidine peptides in aqueous solution. Macromolecules 2002;35:6192-6201.
44. Hattori K, Hiwatari M, Iiyama C, Yoshimi Y, Kohori F, Sakai K, Piletsky SA. Gate effect of theophylline-imprinted polymers grafted to the cellulose by living radical polymerization. J Membr Sci 2004;233:169-173.
45. Haupt K. Molecularly imprinted polymers in analytical chemistry. Analyst 2001;126: 747-756.
46. Haupt K, Mayes AG, Mosbach K. Herbicide assay using an imprinted polymer-based system analogous to competitive fluoroimmunoassays. Anal Chem 1998;70:3936-3939.
47. Haupt K, Mosbach K. Molecularly imprinted polymers and their use in biomimetic sensors. Chem Rev 2000;100:2495-2504.
48. Hirsch T, Kettenberger H, Wolfbeis OS, Mirsky VM. A simple strategy for preparation of sensor arrays: molecularly structured monolayers as recognition elements. Chem Commun 2003;432-433.
49. Houk KN, Leach AG, Kim SP, Zhang X. Binding affinities of host-guest, protein-ligand, and protein-transition-state complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed 2003;42:4872-4897.
50. Hutchins RS, Bachas LG. Nitrate-selective electrode developed by electrochemically mediated imprinting doping of polypyrrole. Anal Chem 1995;67:1654-1660.
51. Huval CC, Bailey MJ, Braunlin WH, Holmes-Farley SR, Mandeville WH, Petersen JS, Polomoscanik SC, Sacchiro RJ, Chen X, Dhal PK. Novel cholesterol lowering polymeric drugs obtained by molecular imprinting. Macromolecules 2001;34: 1548-1550.
52. Jenkins AL, Uy OM, Murray GM. Polymer-based lanthanide luminescent sensor for detection of the hydrolysis product of the nerve agent Soman in water. Anal Chem 1999;71:373-378.
53. Jenkins AL, Yin R, Jensen JL. Molecularly imprinted polymer sensors for pesticide and insecticide detection in water. Analyst 2001;126:798-802.
54. Karlsson JG, Andersson LI, Nicholls IA. Probing the molecular basis for ligand-selective recognition in molecularly imprinted polymers selective for the local anaesthetic bupivacaine. Anal Chim Acta 2001;435:57-64.
55. Katz A, Davis ME. Molecular imprinting of bulk, microporous silica. Nature 2000;403: 286-289.
56. Kempe M. Antibody-mimicking polymers as chiral stationary phases in HPLC. Anal Chem 1996;68:1948-1953.
57. Kempe M, Fischer L, Mosbach K. Chiral separation using molecularly imprinted heteroaromatic polymers. J Mol Recognit 1993;6:25-29.
58. Kempe M, Mosbach K. Chiral recognition of N alpha-protected amino acids and derivatives in non-covalently molecularly imprinted polymers. Int J Peptide Protein Res 1994;44: 603-606.
59. Khasawneh MA, Vallano PT, Remcho VT. Affinity screening by packed capillary high performance liquid chromatography using molecular imprinted sorbents. II. Covalent imprinted polymers. J Chromatogr A 2001;922:87-97.
60. Kim H, Guiochon G. Thermodynamic studies of the solvent effects in chromatography on molecularly imprinted polymers. 3. Nature of the organic mobile phase. Anal Chem 2005a;77:2496-2504.
61. Kim H, Guiochon G. Adsorption on molecularly imprinted polymers of structural analogues of a template. Single-component adsorption isotherm data. Anal Chem 2005b;77:6415-6425.
62. Klein JU, Whitcombe MJ, Mulholland F, Vulfson EN. Template-mediated synthesis of a polymeric receptor specific to amino acid sequences. Angew Chem Int Ed 1999;38:2057-2060.
63. Kriz D, Kempe M, Mosbach K. Introduction of molecularly imprinted polymers as recognition elements in conductometric chemical sensors. Sens Actuat B 1996;33:178-181.
64. Kriz D, Mosbach K. Competitive amperometric morphine sensor-based on an agarose immobilized molecularly imprinted polymer. Anal Chim Acta 1995;300:71-75.
65. Kriz D, Ramström O, Svensson A, Mosbach K. Introducing biomimetic sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers as recognition elements. Anal Chem 1995;67:2142-2144.
66. Kroger S, Turner APF, Mosbach K, Haupt K. Imprinted polymer based sensor system for herbicides using differential-pulse voltammetry on screen printed electrodes. Anal Chem 1999;71:3698-3702.
67. Kubo H, Nariai H, Takeuchi T. Multiple hydrogen bonding-based fluorescent imprinted polymers for cyclobarbital prepared with 2,6-bis(acrylamido)pyridine. Chem Commun 2003;2792-2793.
68. Lanza F, Sellergren B. The application of molecular imprinting technology to solid phase extraction. Chromatographia 2001;53:599-611.
69. Lepisto M, Sellergren B. Discrimination between amino-acid amide conformers by imprinted polymers. J Org Chem 1989;54:6010-6012.
70. Li CY, Wang CF, Wang CH, Hu SS. Development of a parathion sensor based on molecularly imprinted nano-TiO2 self-assembled film electrode. Sens Actuat B 2006;117:166-171.
71. Lin JM, Yamada M. Chemiluminescent flow-through sensor for 1,10-phenanthroline based on the combination of molecular imprinting and chemiluminescence. Analyst 2001;126:810-815.
72. Lubke C, Lubke M, Whitcombe MJ, Vulfson EN. Imprinted polymers prepared with stoichiometric template-monomer complexes: efficient binding of ampicillin from aqueous solutions. Macromolecules 2000;1433:5098-5105.
73. Malitesta C, Losito I, Zambonin PG. Molecularly imprinted electrosynthesized polymers: new materials for biomimetic sensors. Anal Chem 1999;71:1366-1370.
74. Manesiotis P, Hall AJ, Emgenbroich M, Quaglia M, De Lorenzi E, Sellergren B. An enantioselective imprinted receptor for Z-glutamate exhibiting a binding induced color change. Chem Commun 2004;2278-2279.
75. MathewKrotz J, Shea KJ. Imprinted polymer membranes for the selective transport of targeted neutral molecules. J Am Chem Soc 1996;118:8154-8155.
76. Navarro-Villoslada F, Urraca JL, Moreno-Bondi MC, Orellana G. Zearalenone sensing with molecularly imprinted polymers and tailored fluorescent probes. Sens Actuat B 2007;121:67-73.
77. Nickel AML, Seker F, Ziemer BP, Ellis AB. Imprinted poly (acrylic acid) films on cadmium selenide. A composite sensor structure that couples selective amine binding with semiconductor substrate photoluminescence. Chem Mater 2001;13:1391-1397.
78. Nishino H, Huang CS, Shea KJ. Selective protein capture by epitope imprinting. Angew Chem Int Ed 2006;45:2392-2396.
79. Norell MC, Andersson HS, Nicholls IA. Theophylline molecularly imprinted polymer dissociation kinetics: a novel sustained release drug dosage mechanism. J Mol Recognit 1998;11:98-102.
80. Oral E, Peppas NA. Hydrophilic molecularly imprinted poly(hydroxyethyl-methacrylate) polymers. J Biomed Mater Res A 2006;78:205-210.
81. Panasyuk TL, Mirsky VM, Piletsky SA, Wolfbeis OS. Electropolymerized molecularly imprinted polymers as receptor layers in a capacitive chemical sensor. Anal Chem 1999;71:4609-4613.
82. Patel A, Fouace S, Steinke JH. Enantioselective molecularly imprinted polymers via ringopening metathesis polymerisation. Chem Commun 2003;88-89.
83. Percival CJ, Stanley S, Galle TM, Braithwaite A, Newton MI, McHale G, Hayes W. Molecularimprinted, polymer-coated quartz crystal microbalances for the detection of terpenes. Anal Chem 2001;73:4225-4228.
84. Peters EC, Svec F, Frechet JMJ. Rigid macroporous polymer monoliths. Adv Mater 1999;11:1169-1181.
85. Piacham T, Josell A, Arwin H, Prachayasittikul V, Ye L. Molecularly imprinted polymer thin films on quartz crystal microbalance using a surface bound photo-radical initiator. Anal Chim Acta 2005;536:191-196.
86. Piletsky SA, Matuschewski H, Schedler U, Wilpert A, Piletska EV, Thiele TA, Ulbricht M. Surface functionalization of porous polypropylene membranes with molecularly imprinted polymers by photograft copolymerization in water. Macromolecules 2000;33:3092-3098.
87. Piletsky SA, Piletska EV, Chen B, Karim K, Weston D, Barrett G, Lowe P, Turner AP. Chemical grafting of molecularly imprinted homopolymers to the surface of microplates. Application of artificial adrenergic receptor in enzyme-linked assay for beta-agonists determination. Anal Chem 2000;72:4381-4385.
88. Piletsky SA, Piletska EV, Karim K, Freebairn KW, Legge CH, Turner APF. Polymer cookery: influence of polymerization conditions on the performance of molecularly imprinted polymers. Macromolecules 2002;35:7499-7504.
89. Piletsky SA, Terpetschnig E, Andersson HS, Nicholls IA, Wolfbeis OS. Application of nonspecific fluorescent dyes for monitoring enantio-selective ligand binding to molecularly imprinted polymers. Fresenius J Anal Chem 1999;364:512-516.
90. Polyzkov MV. Adsorption properties and structure of silica gel. Zhur Fiz Khim 1931;2: 799-805.
91. Quaglia M, De Lorenzi E, Sulitzky C, Massolini G, Sellergren B. Surface initiated molecularly imprinted polymer films: a new approach in chiral capillary electrochromatography. Analyst 2001;126:1495-1498.
92. Ramanaviciene A, Ramanavicius A. Molecularly imprinted polypyrrole-based synthetic receptor for direct detection of bovine leukemia virus glycoproteins. Biosens Bioelectron 2004;20:1076-1082.
93. Rampey AM, Umpleby RJ, Rushton GT, Iseman JC, Shah RN, Shimizu KD. Characterization of the imprint effect and the influence of imprinting conditions on affinity, capacity, and heterogeneity in molecularly imprinted polymers using the Freundlich isotherm-affinity distribution analysis. Anal Chem 2004;76:1123-1133.
94. Ramstrom O, Ansell RJ. Molecular imprinting technology: challenges and prospects for the future. Chirality 1998;10:195-209.
95. Rosengren AM, Karlsson JG, Andersson PO, Nicholls IA. Chemometric models of template- molecularly imprinted polymer binding. Anal Chem 2005;77:5700-5705.
96. Ruckert B, Hall AJ, Sellergren B. Molecularly imprinted composite materials via inifertermodified supports. J Mater Chem 2002;12:2275-2280.
97. Santora BP, Gagne MR, Moloy KG, Radu NS. Porogen and cross-linking effects on the surface area, pore volume distribution, and morphology of macroporous polymers obtained by bulk polymerization. Macromolecules 2001;34:658-661.
98. Schmidt RH, Mosbach K, Haupt K. A simple method for spin-coating molecularly imprinted polymer films of controlled thickness and porosity. Adv Mater 2004;16:719.
99. Schneider F, Piletsky S, Piletska E, Guerreiro A, Ulbricht M. Comparison of thin-layer and bulk MlPs synthesized by photoinitiated in situ crosslinking polymerization from the same reaction mixtures. J Appl Polym Sci 2005;98:362-372.
100. Schrader T, Hamilton AD. Functional synthetic receptors. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2005.
101. Schweitz L. Molecularly imprinted polymer coatings for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography prepared by surface initiation. Anal Chem 2002;74:1192-1196.
102. Sellergren B. Molecular imprinting by noncovalent interactions: tailor-made chiral stationary phases of high selectivity and sample load capacity. Chirality 1989;1:63-68.
103. Sellergren B. Imprinted chiral stationary phases in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2001a;906:227-252.
104. Sellergren B. Molecularly imprinted polymers: man-made mimics of antibodies and their applications in analytical chemistry. New York: Elsevier; 2001b.
105. Sellergren B, Andersson L. Molecular recognition in macroporous polymers prepared by a substrate-analog imprinting strategy. J Org Chem 1990;55:3381-3383.
106. Sellergren B, Lespisto M, Mosbach K. Highly enantioselective and substrate-selective polymers obtained by molecular imprinting utilizing noncovalent interactions. NMR and chromatographic studies on the nature of recognition. J Am Chem Soc 1988;110: 5853-5860.
107. Sellergren B, Ruckert B, Hall AJ. Layer-by-layer grafting of molecularly imprinted polymers via iniferter modified supports. Adv Mater 2002;14:1204.
108. Sellergren B, Shea KJ. Chiral ion-exchange chromatography-correlation between solute retention and a theoretical ion-exchange model using imprinted polymers. J Chromatogr A 1993;654:17-28.
109. Senaratne W, Andruzzi L, Ober CK. Self-assembled monolayers and polymer brushes in biotechnology: current applications and future perspectives. Biomacromolecules 2005;6: 2427-2448.
110. Sergeyeva TA, Piletsky SA, Brovko AA, Slinchenko EA, Sergeeva LM, El'skaya AV. Selective recognition of atrazine by molecularly imprinted polymer membranes. Development of conductometric sensor for herbicides detection. Anal Chim Acta 1999;392:105-111.
111. Shea KJ, Sasaki DY. An analysis of small-molecule binding to functionalized synthetic polymers by 13C CP/MAS NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 1991;113: 4109-4120.
112. Shea KJ, Spivak DA, Sellergren B. Polymer complements to nucleotide bases. Selective binding of adenine derivatives to imprinted polymers. J Am Chem Soc 1993;115: 3368-3369.
113. Shea KJ, Stoddard GJ, Shavelle DM, Wakui F, Choate RM. Synthesis and characterization of highly cross-linked polyacrylamides and polymethacrylamides-a new class of macroporous polyamides. Macromolecules 1990;23:4497-4507.
114. Sibrian-Vazquez M, Spivak DA. Molecular imprinting made easy. J Am Chem Soc 2004;126:7827-7833.
115. Siemann M, Andersson LI, Mosbach K. Separation and detection of macrolide antibiotics by HPLC using macrolide-imprinted synthetic polymers as stationary phases. J Antibiot 1997;50:89-91.
116. Spivak D, Gilmore MA, Shea KJ. Evaluation of binding and origins of specificity of 9-ethyladenine imprinted polymers. J Am Chem Soc 1997;119:4388-4393.
117. Striegler S. Carbohydrate recognition in cross-linked sugar-templated poly(acrylates). Macromolecules 2003;36:1310-1317.
118. Suedee R, Seechamnanturakit V, Canyuk B, Ovatlarnporn C, Martin GP. Temperature sensitive dopamine-imprinted (N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide cross-linked) polymer and its potential application to the selective extraction of adrenergic drugs from urine. J Chromatogr A 2006;1114:239-249.
119. Svec F, Frechet JMJ. Pore-size specific modification as an approach to separation media for single-column, two-dimensional HPLC. Am Lab 1996;28:25.
120. Svenson J, Nicholls IA. On the thermal and chemical stability of molecularly imprinted polymers. Anal Chim Acta 2001;435:19-24.
121. Tabushi I, Kurihara K, Naka K, Yamamura K, Hatakeyama H. Supramolecular sensor based on SNO2 electrode modified with octadecylsilyl monolayer having molecular-binding sites. Tetrahedron Lett 1987;28:4299-4302.
122. Takeuchi T, Goto D, Shinmori H. Protein profiling by protein imprinted polymer array. Analyst 2007;132:101-103.
123. Takeuchi T, Haginaka J. Separation and sensing based on molecular recognition using molecularly imprinted polymers. J Chromatogr B 1999;728:1-20.
124. Tan YG, Nie LH, Yao SZ. A piezoelectric biomimetic sensor for aminopyrine with a molecularly imprinted polymer coating. Analyst 2001;126:664-668.
125. Tan YG, Peng H, Liang CD, Yao SZ. A new assay system for phenacetin using biomimic bulk acoustic wave sensor with a molecularly imprinted polymer coating. Sens Actuat B 2001;73:179-184.
126. Tanabe K, Takeuchi T, Matsui J, Ikebukuro K, Yano K, Karube I. Recognition of barbiturates in molecularly imprinted copolymers using multiple hydrogen bonding. Chem Commun 1995;2303-2304.
127. Titirici MM, Sellergren B. Thin molecularly imprinted polymer films via reversible addition- fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. Chem Mater 2006;18:1773-1779.
128. Uezu K, Nakamura H, Kanno J, Sugo T, Goto M, Nakashio F. Metal ion-imprinted polymer prepared by the combination of surface template polymerization with postirradiation by gamma-rays. Macromolecules 1997;30:3888-3891.
129. Ulyanova YV, Blackwell AE, Minteer SD. Poly(methylene green) employed as molecularly imprinted polymer matrix for electrochemical sensing. Analyst 2006;131: 257-261.
130. Umpleby II RJ, Baxter SC, Chen Y, Shah RN, Shimizu KD. Characterization of molecularly imprinted polymers with the Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm. Anal Chem 2001;73: 4584-4591.
131. Umpleby II RJ, Bode M, Shimizu KD. Measurement of the continuous distribution of binding sites in molecularly imprinted polymers. Analyst 2000;125:1261-1265.
132. Urraca JL, Hall AJ, Moreno-Bondi MC, Sellergren B. A stoichiometric molecularly imprinted polymer for the class-selective recognition of antibiotics in aqueous media. Angew Chem Int Ed 2006;45:5158-5161.
133. Vinokurov IA. A new kind of redox sensor based on conducting polymer-films. Sens Actuat B 1992;10:31-35.
134. Vlatakis G, Andersson LI, Müller R, Mosbach K. Drug assay using antibody mimics made by molecular imprinting. Nature 1993;361:645-647.
135. Wang HJ, Zhou WH, Yin XF, Zhuang ZX, Yang HH, Wang XR. Template synthesized molecularly imprinted polymer nanotube membranes for chemical separations. J Am Chem Soc 2006;128:15954-15955.
136. Wang HY, Kobayashi T, Fujii N. Surface molecular imprinting on photosensitive dithiocarbamoyl polyacrylonitrile membranes using photograft polymerization. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 1997;70:355-362.
137. Weller MG. Immunochromatographic techniques-a critical review. Fresenius J Anal Chem 2000;366:635-645.
138. Whitcombe MJ, Rodriguez ME, Villar P, Vulfson EN. A new method for the introduction of recognition site functionality into polymers prepared by molecular imprinting: synthesis and characterization of polymeric receptors for cholesterol. J Am Chem Soc 1995;117:7105-7111.
139. Wulff G. Molecular imprinting in cross-linked materials with the aid of molecular templates- a way towards artificial antibodies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995;34:1812-1832.
140. Wulff G. Enzyme-like catalysis by molecularly imprinted polymers. Chem Rev 2002;102: 1-27.
141. Wulff G, Akelah A. Enzyme-analog built polymers. 6. Synthesis of 5-vinylsalicylaldehyde and a simplified synthesis of some divinyl derivatives. Makromol Chem 1978;179: 2647-2651.
142. Wulff G, Grobe-Einsler R, Vesper W, Sarhan A. Enzyme-analog built polymers. 5. The specificity distribution of chiral cavities prepared in synthetic polymers. Makromol Chem 1977;178:2817-2825.
143. Wulff G, Knorr K. Stoichiometric noncovalent interaction in molecular imprinting. Bioseparation 2001;10:257-276.
144. Wulff G, Sarhan A. Use of polymers with enzyme-analogous structures for the resolution of racemates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1972;11:341.
145. Wulff G, Sarhan A, Zabrocki. K. Enzyme-analogue built polymers and their use for the resolution of racemates. Tetrahedron Lett 1973;44:4329-4332.
146. Wulff G, Schauhoff S. Enzyme-analog-built polymers. 27. Racemic-resolution of free sugars with macroporous polymers prepared by molecular imprinting-selectivity dependence on the arrangement of functional-groups versus spatial requirements. J Org Chem 1991;56: 395-400.
147. Wulff G, Vesper W, Grobe-Einsler R, Sarhan A. Enzyme-analog built polymers. 4. The synthesis of polymers containing chiral cavities and their use for the resolution of racemates. Makromol Chem 1977;178:2799-2816.
148. Yamazaki T, Yilmaz E, Mosbach K, Sode K. Towards the use of molecularly imprinted polymers containing imidazoles and bivalent metal complexes for the detection and degradation of organophosphotriester pesticides. Anal Chim Acta 2001;435:209-214.
149. Yan M, Ramstrom O. Molecularly imprinted materials: science and technology. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2005.
150. Yang H, Lazos D, Ulbricht M. Thin, highly crosslinked polymer layer synthesized via photoinitiated graft copolymerization on a self-assembled-monolayer-coated gold surface. J Appl Polym Sci 2005;97:158-164.