Transgenderism and reproduction

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity

Volumn 20, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 575-579

  T'Sjoen, Guy ^a   Van Caenegem, Eva ^a   Wierckx, Katrien ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Fertility; Reproduction; Transgender

Indexed keywords

CRYOPRESERVATION; FEMALE FERTILITY; GAMETE; HORMONAL THERAPY; HUMAN; MALE FERTILITY; OOCYTE; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; SEX REASSIGNMENT; SOCIAL STIGMA; SPERM DONOR; TRANSGENDERISM; TRANSSEXUALITY;

CRYOPRESERVATION; FEMALE; FERTILITY; FERTILIZATION IN VITRO; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HEALTH SERVICES FOR TRANSGENDERED PERSONS; HUMANS; MALE; OOCYTES; OVARY; PATIENT EDUCATION AS TOPIC; PREOPERATIVE CARE; REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS; REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES; SEX REASSIGNMENT PROCEDURES; SPERMATOZOA; TISSUE BANKS; TRANSGENDERED PERSONS;

EID: 84890040940     PISSN: 1752296X     EISSN: 17522978     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.med.0000436184.42554.b7     Document Type: Review

References (44)

1. T'Sjoen G, Rubens R, De Sutter P, Gooren L. The endocrine care of transsexual people. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:1014-1015.
2. Hembree W, Cohen-Kettenis P, Delemarre-van de Waal H, et al. Endocrine treatment of transsexual persons: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:3132-3154.
3. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care. 2011. Available from http://www.wpath.org/documents/Standards% 20of%20Care%20V7%20-%202011%20WPATH.pdf. [Accessed 9 March 2012].
4. Lawrence A, Shaffer J, Snow W, et al. Healthcare needs of transgendered patients. J Am Med Assoc 1996; 276:874.
5. Meyer W, Bockting W, Cohen-Kettenis P, et al. The standards of care for gender identity disorders-sixth version. Int J Transgender 2001; 5: http://www.symposion.com/ijt/soc-2001/index.htm [Accessed 1 September 2013].
6. Kreukels B, Haraldsen I, De Cuypere G, et al. A European network for the investigation of gender incongruence: The ENIGI initiative. Eur Psychiatry 2010; 27:445-450.
7. De Cuypere G, T'Sjoen G, Beerten R, et al. Sexual and physical health after sex reassignment surgery. Arch Sex Behav 2005; 34:679-690.
8. Wierckx K, Van Caenegem E, Elaut E, et al. Quality of life and sexual health after sex reassignment surgery in transsexual men. J Sex Med 2011; 8:3379-3388.
9. Brothers D, Ford W. Gender reassignment and assisted reproduction: an ethical analysis. Hum Reprod 2000; 15:737-738.
10. Jones H. Gender reassignment and assisted reproduction. Evaluation of multiple aspects. Hum Reprod 2000; 15:987.
11. Baetens P, Camus M, Devroey P. Should requests for donor insemination on social grounds be expanded to transsexuals?. Reprod Biomed Online 2003; 6:279-284.
12. De Sutter P. Donor inseminations in partners of female-to-male transsexuals: should the question be asked?. Reprod Biomed Online 2003; 6:382-383.
13. Hanscombe G. The right to Lesbian parenthood. J Med Ethics 1983; 9:133-135.
14. De Sutter P. Gender reassignment and assisted reproduction: present and future reproductive options for transsexual people. Hum Reprod 2001; 16:612-614.
15. Cohen-Kettenis P, Gooren L. Transsexualism: a review of etiology, diagnosis and treatment. J Psychosom Res 1999; 46:315-333.
16. Kins E, Hoebeke P, Heylens G, et al. The female-to-male transsexual and his female partner versus the traditional couple: a comparison. J Sex Marital Ther 2008; 34:429-438.
17. Wierckx K, Stuyver I, Weyers S, et al. Sperm freezing in transsexual women. Arch Sex Behav 2012; 41:1069-1071. A small multicenter small study showing that even in centers where sperm freezing is discussed in trans women, a minority choose to do so.
18. Wierckx K, Van Caenegem E, Pennings G, et al. Reproductive wish in transsexual men. Hum Reprod 2012; 27:483-487. Fifty trans men reflecting on their reproductive wish in a Belgian study.
19. Green R. Sexual identity of thirty-seven children raised by homosexual or transsexual parents. Am J Psychiatry 1978; 135:692-697.
20. Green R. Transsexuals' children. Int J Transgenderism 1998; 2: http://www. wpath.org/journal/www.iiav.nl/ezines/web/IJT/97-03/numbers/ symposion/ijtc 0601.htm [Accessed 1 September 2013].
21. White T, Ettner R. Disclosure, risks and protective factors for children whose parents are undergoing a gender transition. J Gay Lesbian Psychother 2004; 8:129-145.
22. White T, Ettner R. Adaptation and adjustment in children of transsexual parents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007; 16:215-221.
23. Pennings G. Evaluating the welfare of the child in same-sex families. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:1609-1615.
24. Brewaeys A, Ponjaert I, Van Hall E, et al. Donor insemination: child development and family functioning in lesbian mother families. Hum Reprod 1997; 12:1349-1359.
25. Chan R, Raboy B, Patterson C. Psychosocial adjustment among children conceived via donor insemination by lesbian and heterosexual mothers. Child Dev 1998; 69:443-457.
26. Leavitt F, Berger J. Clinical patterns among male transsexual candidates with erotic interest in males. Arch Sex Behav 1990; 19:491-505.
27. Cerwenka S, Nieder TO, Richter-Appelt H. Sexual orientation and partnerchoice of transsexual women and men before gender-confirming interventions. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2012; 62:214-222.
28. Schulze C. Response of the human testis to long-term estrogen treatment: morphology of Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and spermatogonial stem cells. Cell Tissue Res 1988; 251:31-43.
29. Lubbert H, Leo-Rossberg I, Hammerstein J. Effects of ethinyl estradiol on semen quality and various hormonal parameters in a eugonadal male. Fertil Steril 1992; 58:603-608.
30. Fageeh W, Raffa H, Jabbad H, Marzouki A. Transplantation of the human uterus. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2002; 76:245-251.
31. Motoc A, Jiga L, Ionac M, et al. Preliminary results of orthotopic en bloc uterus and ovary transplantation in the laboratory rat. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2003; 30:239-242.
32. Altchek A. Uterus transplantation. Mt Sinai J Med 2003; 70:154-162.
33. Catsanos R, Rogers W, Lotz M. The ethics of uterus transplantation. Bioethics 2013; 27:65-73. This study explores the ethical issues raised by uterus transplantation.
34. Trebay G. He's pregnant. You're speechless. New York Times 28 June 2008; 18.
35. Van Den Broecke R, Van Der Elst J, Liu J, et al. The female-to-male transsexual patient: a source of human ovarian cortical tissue for experimental use. Hum Reprod 2001; 16:145-147.
36. Spinder T, Spijkstrat J, van den Tweel J. The effects of long-term testosterone administration on pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion and on ovarian histology in eugonadal female-to-male transsexual subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 69:151-157.
37. Pache T, Chadha S, Gooren L, et al. Ovarian morphology in long-term androgen-treated female to male transsexuals. A human model for the study of polycystic ovarian syndrome?. Histopathology 1991; 19:445-452.
38. Ikeda K, Baba T, Noguchi H, et al. Excessive androgen exposure in female-tomale transsexual persons of reproductive age induces hyperplasia of the ovarian cortex and stroma but not polycystic ovary morphology. Hum Reprod 2013; 28:453-461.
39. Seli E, Tangir J. Fertility preservation options for female patients with malignancies. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2005; 17:299-308.
40. Stoop D, Nekkebroeck J, Devroey P. A survey on the intentions and attitudes towards oocyte cryopreservation for nonmedical reasons among women of reproductive age. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:655-661.
41. Herrero L, Martínez M, Garcia-Velasco J. Current status of human oocyte and embryo cryopreservation. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2011; 23:245-250.
42. Donnez J, Dolmans MM, Demylle D, et al. Livebirth after orthotopic transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue. Lancet 2004; 364:1405-1410.
43. Lokman M, Moore H. An artificial sperm-next year or never?. Hum Fertil (Camb) 2010; 13:272-276.
44. Nayernia K, Nolte J, Michelmann HW, et al. In vitro-differentiated embryonic stem cells give rise to male gametes that can generate offspring mice. Dev Cell 2006; 11:125-132.