메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 412-426

The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on perception of effort in an isolated isometric elbow flexion task

Author keywords

0 10 NRS effort rating; Elbow flexors; Ergogenic action; MEPs; Perception of effort; Sensorimotor cortex; tDCS; TMS

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELBOW FLEXION; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; EVOKED MUSCLE RESPONSE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MOOD; MOTOR CORTEX; MUSCLE ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION; MUSCLE STRENGTH; NERVE EXCITABILITY; NORMAL HUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PERCEPTION; PHYSICAL CAPACITY; POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE AFFECT SCHEDULE; RATING SCALE; TASK PERFORMANCE; TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION;

EID: 84890024607     PISSN: 10871640     EISSN: 15432696     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1123/mcj.17.4.412     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (29)

References (39)
  • 1
    • 50549085642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prior state of cortical activity influences subsequent practicing of a visuomotor coordination task
    • PubMed doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.07.007
    • Antal, A., Begemeier, S., Nitsche, M.A., & Paulus, W. (2008). Prior state of cortical activity influences subsequent practicing of a visuomotor coordination task. Neuropsychologia, 46(13), 3157-3161. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.07.007
    • (2008) Neuropsychologia , vol.46 , Issue.13 , pp. 3157-3161
    • Antal, A.1    Begemeier, S.2    Nitsche, M.A.3    Paulus, W.4
  • 2
    • 0035144127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional modulation of BOLD MRI responses to human sensorimotor activation by transcranial direct current stimulation
    • Baudewig, J., Nitsche, M. A., Paulus, W., & Frahm, J. (2001). Regional modulation of BOLD MRI responses to human sensorimotor activation by transcranial direct current stimulation. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 45(2), 196-201.
    • (2001) Magnetic Resonance in Medicine , vol.45 , Issue.2 , pp. 196-201
    • Baudewig, J.1    Nitsche, M.A.2    Paulus, W.3    Frahm, J.4
  • 3
    • 84933679396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neurophysiology of central and peripheral fatigue during sub-maximal lower limb isometric contractions
    • PubMed
    • Berchicci, M., Menotti, F., Macaluso, A., & Di Russo, F. (2013). The neurophysiology of central and peripheral fatigue during sub-maximal lower limb isometric contractions. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 135. PubMed
    • (2013) Frontiers in Human Neuroscience , vol.7 , pp. 135
    • Berchicci, M.1    Menotti, F.2    Macaluso, A.3    Di Russo, F.4
  • 4
    • 78651143122 scopus 로고
    • The action of brief polarizing currents on the cerebral cortex of the rat (1) during current flow and (2) in the production of long-lasting after-effects
    • PubMed
    • Bindman, L.J., Lippold, O.C., & Redfearn, J.W. (1964). The action of brief polarizing currents on the cerebral cortex of the rat (1) during current flow and (2) in the production of long-lasting after-effects. The Journal of Physiology, 172, 369-382. PubMed
    • (1964) The Journal of Physiology , vol.172 , pp. 369-382
    • Bindman, L.J.1    Lippold, O.C.2    Redfearn, J.W.3
  • 5
    • 51349107452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulatory effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on perception and pain thresholds in healthy volunteers
    • PubMed doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02270.x
    • Boggio, P.S., Zaghi, S., Lopes, M., & Fregni, F. (2008). Modulatory effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on perception and pain thresholds in healthy volunteers. European Journal of Neurology, 15 (10), 1124-1130. PubMed doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02270.x
    • (2008) European Journal of Neurology , vol.15 , Issue.10 , pp. 1124-1130
    • Boggio, P.S.1    Zaghi, S.2    Lopes, M.3    Fregni, F.4
  • 6
    • 84864279859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical research with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): Challenges and future directions
    • PubMed
    • Brunoni, A.R., Nitsche, M.A., Bolognini, N., Bikson, M., Wagner, T., Merabet, L., . . . Fregni, F. (2012). Clinical research with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): Challenges and future directions. Brain Stimulation, 5, 175-195. PubMed
    • (2012) Brain Stimulation , vol.5 , pp. 175-195
    • Brunoni, A.R.1    Nitsche, M.A.2    Bolognini, N.3    Bikson, M.4    Wagner, T.5    Merabet, L.6    Fregni, F.7
  • 7
    • 34447123279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved isometric force endurance after transcranial direct current stimulation over the human motor cortical areas
    • PubMed doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05633.x
    • Cogiamanian, F., Marceglia, S., Ardolino, G., Barbieri, S., & Priori, A. (2007). Improved isometric force endurance after transcranial direct current stimulation over the human motor cortical areas. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 26(1), 242-249. PubMed doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05633.x
    • (2007) The European Journal of Neuroscience , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 242-249
    • Cogiamanian, F.1    Marceglia, S.2    Ardolino, G.3    Barbieri, S.4    Priori, A.5
  • 9
    • 5044250427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample
    • Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2004). The positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 245-265.
    • (2004) The British Journal of Clinical Psychology , vol.43 , pp. 245-265
    • Crawford, J.R.1    Henry, J.D.2
  • 10
    • 84876144520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protracted exercise without overt neuromuscular fatigue influences cortical excitability
    • PubMed doi:10.1080/0022 2895.2012.760514
    • Crupi, D., Cruciata, G., Moisello, C., Green, P.A., Naro, A., Ricciardi, L., . . . Ghilardi, M.F. (2013). Protracted exercise without overt neuromuscular fatigue influences cortical excitability. Journal of Motor Behavior, 45(2), 127-138. PubMed doi:10.1080/0022 2895.2012.760514
    • (2013) Journal of Motor Behavior , vol.45 , Issue.2 , pp. 127-138
    • Crupi, D.1    Cruciata, G.2    Moisello, C.3    Green, P.A.4    Naro, A.5    Ricciardi, L.6    Ghilardi, M.F.7
  • 11
    • 84865283084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perception of effort reflects central motor command during movement execution
    • PubMed doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01399.x
    • de Morree, H.M., Klein, C., & Marcora, S.M. (2012). Perception of effort reflects central motor command during movement execution. Psychophysiology, 49, 1242-1253. PubMed doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01399.x
    • (2012) Psychophysiology , vol.49 , pp. 1242-1253
    • De Morree, H.M.1    Klein, C.2    Marcora, S.M.3
  • 12
    • 33748451644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcranial direct current stimulation applied over the somatosensory cortex - differential effect on low and high frequency SEPs
    • PubMed doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2006.07.136
    • Dieckhöfer, A., Waberski, T.D., Nitsche, M., Paulus, W., Buchner, H., & Gobbele, R. (2006). Transcranial direct current stimulation applied over the somatosensory cortex - differential effect on low and high frequency SEPs. Clinical Neurophysiology, 117(10), 2221-2227. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.clinph. 2006.07.136
    • (2006) Clinical Neurophysiology , vol.117 , Issue.10 , pp. 2221-2227
    • Dieckhöfer, A.1    Waberski, T.D.2    Nitsche, M.3    Paulus, W.4    Buchner, H.5    Gobbele, R.6
  • 13
    • 62149119592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New insights into action-perception coupling
    • Feldman, A.G. (2009). New insights into action-perception coupling. Experimental Brain Research. 194 (1), 39-58.
    • (2009) Experimental Brain Research , vol.194 , Issue.1 , pp. 39-58
    • Feldman, A.G.1
  • 14
    • 33644914451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS): A tool for double-blind sham-controlled clinical studies in brain stimulation
    • PubMed doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2005.12.003
    • Gandiga, P.C., Hummel, F.C., & Cohen, L.G. (2006). Transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS): A tool for double-blind sham-controlled clinical studies in brain stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 117(4), 845-850. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2005.12.003
    • (2006) Clinical Neurophysiology , vol.117 , Issue.4 , pp. 845-850
    • Gandiga, P.C.1    Hummel, F.C.2    Cohen, L.G.3
  • 15
    • 80054970512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary sensory cortex on somatosensory perception
    • PubMed doi:10.1016/j.brs.2010.12.002
    • Grundmann, L., Rolke, R., Nitsche, M.A., Pavlakovic, G., Happe, S., Treede, R.D.,. . . Bachmann, C.G. (2011). Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary sensory cortex on somatosensory perception. Brain Stimulation, 4(4), 253-260. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.brs.2010.12.002
    • (2011) Brain Stimulation , vol.4 , Issue.4 , pp. 253-260
    • Grundmann, L.1    Rolke, R.2    Nitsche, M.A.3    Pavlakovic, G.4    Happe, S.5    Treede, R.D.6    Bachmann, C.G.7
  • 16
    • 33751213393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of brain polarization on reaction times and pinch force in chronic stroke
    • PubMed doi:10.1186/1471-2202-7-73
    • Hummel, F.C., Voller, B., Celnik, P., Floel, A., Giraux, P., Gerloff, C., & Cohen, L.G. (2006). Effects of brain polarization on reaction times and pinch force in chronic stroke. BMC Neuroscience, 7, 73. PubMed doi:10.1186/1471-2202-7-73
    • (2006) BMC Neuroscience , vol.7 , pp. 73
    • Hummel, F.C.1    Voller, B.2    Celnik, P.3    Floel, A.4    Giraux, P.5    Gerloff, C.6    Cohen, L.G.7
  • 17
    • 84856258631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • tDCS polarity effects in motor and cognitive domains: A meta-analytical review
    • PubMed doi:10.1007/s00221-011-2891-9
    • Jacobson, L., Koslowsky, M., & Lavidor, M. (2012). tDCS polarity effects in motor and cognitive domains: A meta-analytical review. Experimental Brain Research, 216(1), 1-10. PubMed doi:10.1007/s00221-011-2891-9
    • (2012) Experimental Brain Research , vol.216 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-10
    • Jacobson, L.1    Koslowsky, M.2    Lavidor, M.3
  • 18
    • 84861532460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the numeric rating scale for perception of effort during isometric elbow flexion exercise
    • PubMed doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2074-1
    • Lampropoulou, S., & Nowicky, A.V. (2012). Evaluation of the numeric rating scale for perception of effort during isometric elbow flexion exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 112(3), 1167-1175. PubMed doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2074-1
    • (2012) European Journal of Applied Physiology , vol.112 , Issue.3 , pp. 1167-1175
    • Lampropoulou, S.1    Nowicky, A.V.2
  • 19
    • 3042660256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation over the human motor cortex on corticospinal and transcallosal excitability
    • PubMed doi:10.1007/s00221-003-1800-2
    • Lang, N., Nitsche, M.A., Paulus, W., Rothwell, J.C., & Lemon, R.N. (2004). Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation over the human motor cortex on corticospinal and transcallosal excitability. Experimental Brain Research, 156(4), 439-443. PubMed doi:10.1007/s00221-003-1800-2
    • (2004) Experimental Brain Research , vol.156 , Issue.4 , pp. 439-443
    • Lang, N.1    Nitsche, M.A.2    Paulus, W.3    Rothwell, J.C.4    Lemon, R.N.5
  • 20
    • 1642546259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of transcranial DC sensorimotor cortex stimulation on somatosensory evoked potentials in humans
    • PubMed doi:10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00362-6
    • Matsunaga, K., Nitsche, M.A., Tsuji, S., & Rothwell, J.C. (2004). Effect of transcranial DC sensorimotor cortex stimulation on somatosensory evoked potentials in humans. Clinical Neurophysiology, 115(2), 456-460. PubMed doi:10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00362-6
    • (2004) Clinical Neurophysiology , vol.115 , Issue.2 , pp. 456-460
    • Matsunaga, K.1    Nitsche, M.A.2    Tsuji, S.3    Rothwell, J.C.4
  • 21
    • 78049242442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrode-distance dependent after-effects of transcranial direct and random noise stimulation with extracephalic reference electrodes
    • PubMed doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2010.04.033
    • Moliadze, V., Antal, A., & Paulus, W. (2010). Electrode-distance dependent after-effects of transcranial direct and random noise stimulation with extracephalic reference electrodes. Clinical Neurophysiology, 121(12), 2165-2171. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2010.04.033
    • (2010) Clinical Neurophysiology , vol.121 , Issue.12 , pp. 2165-2171
    • Moliadze, V.1    Antal, A.2    Paulus, W.3
  • 22
  • 23
    • 0034666046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation
    • PubMed doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x
    • Nitsche, M.A., & Paulus, W. (2000). Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. The Journal of Physiology, 527, 633-639. PubMed doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1- 00633.x
    • (2000) The Journal of Physiology , vol.527 , pp. 633-639
    • Nitsche, M.A.1    Paulus, W.2
  • 24
    • 0035960657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans
    • PubMed doi:10.1212/WNL.57.10.1899
    • Nitsche, M.A., & Paulus, W. (2001). Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans. Neurology, 57(10), 1899-1901. PubMed doi:10.1212/WNL.57.10.1899
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.57 , Issue.10 , pp. 1899-1901
    • Nitsche, M.A.1    Paulus, W.2
  • 25
    • 26844454141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulating parameters of excitability during and after transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex
    • PubMed doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.092429
    • Nitsche, M.A., Seeber, A., Frommann, K., Klein, C.C., Rochford, C., Nitsche, M.S., . . . Tergau, F. (2005). Modulating parameters of excitability during and after transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex. The Journal of Physiology, 568, 291-303. PubMed doi:10.1113/jphysiol. 2005.092429
    • (2005) The Journal of Physiology , vol.568 , pp. 291-303
    • Nitsche, M.A.1    Seeber, A.2    Frommann, K.3    Klein, C.C.4    Rochford, C.5    Nitsche, M.S.6    Tergau, F.7
  • 27
    • 34247144933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety aspects of transcranial direct current stimulation concerning healthy subjects and patients
    • PubMed doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.01.004
    • Poreisz, C., Boros, K., Antal, A., & Paulus, W. (2007). Safety aspects of transcranial direct current stimulation concerning healthy subjects and patients. Brain Research Bulletin, 72(4-6), 208-214. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.01.004
    • (2007) Brain Research Bulletin , vol.72 , Issue.4-6 , pp. 208-214
    • Poreisz, C.1    Boros, K.2    Antal, A.3    Paulus, W.4
  • 28
    • 33845292872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex affects cortical drive to human musculature as assessed by intermuscular coherence
    • PubMed doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2006.116939
    • Power, H.A., Norton, J.A., Porter, C.L., Doyle, Z., Hui, I., & Chan, K.M. (2006). Transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex affects cortical drive to human musculature as assessed by intermuscular coherence. The Journal of Physiology, 577, 795-803. PubMed doi:10.1113/jphysiol. 2006.116939
    • (2006) The Journal of Physiology , vol.577 , pp. 795-803
    • Power, H.A.1    Norton, J.A.2    Porter, C.L.3    Doyle, Z.4    Hui, I.5    Chan, K.M.6
  • 29
    • 0037383436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain polarization in humans: A reappraisal of an old tool for prolonged non-invasive modulation of brain excitability
    • PubMed doi:10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00437-6
    • Priori, A. (2003). Brain polarization in humans: A reappraisal of an old tool for prolonged non-invasive modulation of brain excitability. Clinical Neurophysiology, 114(4), 589-595. PubMed doi:10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00437-6
    • (2003) Clinical Neurophysiology , vol.114 , Issue.4 , pp. 589-595
    • Priori, A.1
  • 30
    • 40649092796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvement of spatial tactile acuity by transcranial direct current stimulation
    • PubMed doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.12.001
    • Ragert, P., Vandermeeren, Y., Camus, M., & Cohen, L.G. (2008). Improvement of spatial tactile acuity by transcranial direct current stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 119(4), 805-811. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.12.001
    • (2008) Clinical Neurophysiology , vol.119 , Issue.4 , pp. 805-811
    • Ragert, P.1    Vandermeeren, Y.2    Camus, M.3    Cohen, L.G.4
  • 31
    • 1642534852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motor threshold, facilitation and the silent period in cortical magnetic stimulation
    • A. Pascual-Leone, N.J. Davey, J. C. Rothwell, E.M. Wassermann, and B.K. Puri, (Eds.), London: Arnold
    • Reid, A.E., Chiappa, K.H., & Cros, D. (2002). Motor threshold, facilitation and the silent period in cortical magnetic stimulation. In A. Pascual-Leone, N.J. Davey, J. C. Rothwell, E.M. Wassermann, and B.K. Puri, (Eds.), Handbook of transcranial magnetic stimulation (pp. 97-111). London: Arnold.
    • (2002) Handbook of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation , pp. 97-111
    • Reid, A.E.1    Chiappa, K.H.2    Cros, D.3
  • 32
    • 84858837483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploration and modulation of brain network interactions with noninvasive brain stimulation in combination with neuroimaging
    • PubMed doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08035.x
    • Shafi, M.M., Westover, M.B., Fox, M.D., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2012). Exploration and modulation of brain network interactions with noninvasive brain stimulation in combination with neuroimaging. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 35(6), 805-825. PubMed doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08035.x
    • (2012) The European Journal of Neuroscience , vol.35 , Issue.6 , pp. 805-825
    • Shafi, M.M.1    Westover, M.B.2    Fox, M.D.3    Pascual-Leone, A.4
  • 33
    • 67649518032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of pinch force in the lower leg by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation
    • PubMed doi:10.1007/s00221-009-1863-9
    • Tanaka, S., Hanakawa, T., Honda, M., & Watanabe, K. (2009). Enhancement of pinch force in the lower leg by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation. Experimental Brain Research, 196(3), 459-465. PubMed doi:10.1007/s00221-009-1863-9
    • (2009) Experimental Brain Research , vol.196 , Issue.3 , pp. 459-465
    • Tanaka, S.1    Hanakawa, T.2    Honda, M.3    Watanabe, K.4
  • 34
    • 79959314354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single session of transcranial direct current stimulation transiently increases knee extensor force in patients with hemiparetic stroke
    • PubMed doi:10.1177/1545968311402091
    • Tanaka, S., Takeda, K., Otaka, Y., Kita, K., Osu, R., Honda, M., . . . Watanbe, K. (2011). Single session of transcranial direct current stimulation transiently increases knee extensor force in patients with hemiparetic stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 25(6), 565-569. PubMed doi:10.1177/1545968311402091
    • (2011) Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair , vol.25 , Issue.6 , pp. 565-569
    • Tanaka, S.1    Takeda, K.2    Otaka, Y.3    Kita, K.4    Osu, R.5    Honda, M.6    Watanbe, K.7
  • 35
    • 58849090014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcranial direct current stimulation-a new tool for human cognitive neuroscience
    • Tanaka, S., & Watanabe, K. (2009). Transcranial direct current stimulation-a new tool for human cognitive neuroscience. Brain and Nerve, 61(1), 53-64.
    • (2009) Brain and Nerve , vol.61 , Issue.1 , pp. 53-64
    • Tanaka, S.1    Watanabe, K.2
  • 36
    • 80052650236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isometric contraction interferes with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) induced plasticity: Evidence of state-dependent neuromodulation in human motor cortex
    • PubMed
    • Thirugnanasambandam, N., Sparing, R., Dafotakis, M., Meister, I.G., Paulus, W., Nitsche, M.A., & Fink, G.R. (2011). Isometric contraction interferes with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) induced plasticity: Evidence of state-dependent neuromodulation in human motor cortex. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 29(5), 311-320. PubMed
    • (2011) Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience , vol.29 , Issue.5 , pp. 311-320
    • Thirugnanasambandam, N.1    Sparing, R.2    Dafotakis, M.3    Meister, I.G.4    Paulus, W.5    Nitsche, M.A.6    Fink, G.R.7
  • 37
    • 77951213366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of tDCS with an extracephalic reference electrode on cardio-respiratory and autonomic functions
    • PubMed doi:10.1186/1471-2202-11-38
    • Vandermeeren, Y., Jamart, J., & Ossemann, M. (2010). Effect of tDCS with an extracephalic reference electrode on cardio-respiratory and autonomic functions. BMC Neuroscience, 11, 38. PubMed doi:10.1186/1471-2202-11-38
    • (2010) BMC Neuroscience , vol.11 , pp. 38
    • Vandermeeren, Y.1    Jamart, J.2    Ossemann, M.3
  • 38
    • 0024023344 scopus 로고
    • Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales
    • PubMed doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
    • Watson, D., Clark, L.A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. PubMed doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
    • (1988) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.54 , Issue.6 , pp. 1063-1070
    • Watson, D.1    Clark, L.A.2    Tellegen, A.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.