War, refugees, migration, and public health: Do infectious diseases matter?

Population Mobility and Infectious Disease

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 159-179

  Burkle Jr , Fredrick M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889988326     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-49711-2_9     Document Type: Chapter

References (75)

1. Barnett, E.D. (2004). Infectious disease screening for refugees resettled in the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 39(6), 833-841.
2. Bennet, J. (2002). In Palestinian children, signs of increasing malnutrition, New York Times, July 26: Section A: 326.
3. Black, M.E. & Healing, T.D. (1993). Communicable diseases in former Yugoslavia and in refugees arriving in the United Kingdom. Communicable Disease Report CDR Review, 3(6), R87-R90.
4. Burkholder, B.T. & Toole, M.J. (1995). Evolution of complex emergencies. Lancet, 346, 1012-1015.
5. Burkle, F. M. (1999). Lessons learnt and future expectations of complex emergencies. British Medical Journal, 319, 422-426.
6. Burkle, F.M. (1973). Plague as seen in South Vietnamese children: A chronicle of observations and treatment under adverse conditions. Clinical Pediatrics, 12(5), 291-298.
7. Burkle, F.M. (2002). Mass casualty management of a large-scale bioterrorist event: An epidemiological approach that shapes triage decisions. Emergency Medical Clinics of North America, 20, 409-436.
8. Burkle, F.M. (2004). Grasping Public Health Emergencies: What we have learned from the SARS epidemic or SARS, The best thing since sliced bread. Presentation, National Disaster Management System Annual Conference, Dallas, TX, April 18-20.
9. Burkle, F.M. & Hayden, R. (2001) The concept of assisted management of large-scale disasters by horizontal organizations. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 16, 128-137.
10. Burkle, F.M. & Noji, E.K. (2004).War and politics in the 2003 war with Iraq: Lessons learned. Lancet, 364(9442), 1371-75.
11. Brower, J., Chalk, P., (2003). The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Reconciling US National Security and Public Health Policy. Rand, Santa Monica, CA. pp. 20-24.
12. Carballo, M. & Nerukar, A. (2001). Migration, refugees, and health risks. Emerging Infectious Diseases; 7(3) Supplement http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/ EID/vol7no3-supp/carballo.htm (accessed 11/19/2004).
13. CDC (1991). International notes public health consequences of acute displacement of Iraqi citizens-March-May, 1991. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report. July 5, 40(26), 443-446.
14. CDC (1993). Nutrition and mortality assessment-Southern Sudan, March 1993. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report. April 30, 42(16), 304-308.
15. CDC (1993). Status of public health-Bosnia and Herzegovina-August- September, 1993. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report. December 24, 42(50), 979-982.
16. CDC (1996). Morbidity and mortality surveillance in Rwandan refugees-Burundi and Zaire, 1994. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report. February 9, 45(5), 104-107.
17. Christenson, B. (1995). Panorama of infections among refugees-the lack of epidemics from the east. Nordicum Meditteraneum, 110(2), 40-41.
18. Connolly, M.A. & Heymann, D.L. (2002). Deadly comrades: War and infectious diseases. Lancet. Dec, 360 Suppl, s23-s24.
19. Cookson, S.T., Carballo, M., Nolan, C.M., Keystone, J.S., & Jong, E. C. (2001). Migrating populations: A closer view of who, why, and so what. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(3) Supplement, 551.
20. Cosgrave, J. Refugee density and dependence: Practical implications of camp size. Disasters. 1996 Sep, 20(3), 261-270.
21. Depoortere, E., Checchi, F., Broillet, F., Minetti, A., Gayraud, O., Briet, V., Pahl, J., Defourney, I., Tatay, M., & Brown, V. (2004). Violence and mortality in West Dafur, Sudan (2003-04), Epidemiological evidence from four surveys. Lancet, 364(9442), 1315-1320.
22. Doyle, R. (2004). Getting sicker: State budget constraints threaten public health. Scientific American; Nov: 15.
23. Economist (1998). Dengue fever. A man-made disease. Editorial, 2, 21.
24. Farmer, P. (2004). Political violence and public health in Haiti. New England Journal of Medicine, 350(15), 1483-1486.
25. Fidler, D.P. (1996). Globalization, international law, and emerging infectious diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2(2), 77-84.
26. Fidler, D.P. (1998). Legal issues associated with antimicrobial drug resistance. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(2), 169-177.
27. Fourie, P. & Schonteich, M. (2001). Africa's new security threat: HIV/AIDS and human security in Southern Africa. African Security Review, 10(4), 29-57.
28. Glasser, R.J. (2004). We are not immune: Influenza, SARS and the collapse of public health. Harpers Magazine, Essay, July, 35-42.
29. Gums, J.G. (2002). Assessing the impact of antimicrobial resistance. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. April 15, 59 (Suppl 3), S4-S6.
30. Heymann, D.L. & Rodier, G.R. (1998). Global surveillance of communicable diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(3). http://www.cdc.gov/ ncidod/eid/vol4no3/heymann.htm (accessed 11/7/2004).
31. Heymann, D.L. & Rodier, G.R. (2004). Politics of global epidemics. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, X(II), 185-196.
32. Hugo, G. (1997). Asia and the Pacific on the move: workers and refugees, a challenge to nation states. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 38(3), 267.
33. Hyndman, J. (1999). A post-Cold War geography of forced migration in Kenya and Somalia. The Professional Geographer, 51(1), 104.
34. International Crisis Group (2005). Crisis Watch List. http://www.icg.org (accessed 5/1/2005).
35. Kalipeni, E. & Oppong, J. (1998). The refugee crisis in Africa and implications for health and disease: A political ecology approach. Social Science and Medicine, 46(12), 1637-1653.
36. Kaufmann, A.F., Meltzer, M.I., & Schmid, G.P. (2000). The economic impact of a bioterrorist attack: Are prevention and post attack intervention programs justifiable? Emerging Infectious Diseases. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/ EID/vol3no2/kaufman.htm (accessed 6/1/2001).
37. King, K. & Vodioka, P. (2001). Screening for conditions of public health importance in people arriving in Australia by boat without authority. The Medical Journal of Australia, 175, 600-602.
38. Koppenaal, H., Bos, C.A., & Broer, J. (2003). High mortality due to infectious diseases and unnatural causes among asylum seekers in the Netherlands, 1998- 1999. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 147(9), 391-395.
39. Kurzweil, R., & Joy, B. (2005). Recipe for Destruction. New York Times, Op-Ed Contributors, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/17/opinion/ 17kurzweiljoy.html?th=&emc=th&pagewa (accessed 10/17/2005).
40. McMichael, A.J., Kjellstrom, T., & Smith, K.R. (2001). Environmental Health. In M.H. Merson, R.E. Black, & A.J. Mills, (Eds.), International Public Health: Diseases, Programs, Systems, and Policies. Aspen Publishers, Maryland, pp. 379-434.
41. Merianos, A., & Peiris, M. (2005). International Health Regulations: 2005. Lancet, October 8-14, 366(9493), 1249-1251.
42. Michaud, C.M., Murray, C.J.L., & Bloom, B.R. (2001). Burden of disease-implications for future research Journal of American Medical Association, 285, 553-539.
43. Murray, C.J.L. & Lopez, A.D. (1996). Estimating causes of death: New methods and global and regional applications for 1990. In (C.J.L. Murray & A.D. Lopez, Eds.) The Global Burden of Disease: A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and Disability from Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors in 1990 and Projected to 2020. Boston: Harvard University Press, pp. 118-200.
44. New York Times (2005). Turning the Flu into a Weapon (6 Letters). Letters to the Editor. October 20: A26.
45. Office of the Coordinator of Humanitarian Affairs (2004). Iraq: Child malnutrition increasing in the south. UNOCHA Iraq Crisis News, United Nations, New York. http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?reportID=40923&SelectRegion= Iraq(accessed 11/21/2004).
46. Paluzzui, J. & Farmer, P. (2004). A tale of two viruses: Social response to AIDS and SARS. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, X (II), 199-206.
47. Pirages, D.C., Runci, P.J., & Sprinkle, R.H. (2001). Human populations in the shared environment. In (J.L. Aron & J.A. Patz, Eds.), Ecosystem Change and Public Health, pp. 165-183. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
48. Price-Smith, A.T. (1998). Wilson's bridge: A consilient methodology for analysis of complex biological-political relationships. Program on Health and Global Affairs, University of Toronto: Center for International Studies working paper No. 1998-8; November: 2-43.
49. Price-Smith, A.T. (1999). Ghosts of Kigali: Infectious disease and global stability in the coming century. International Journal, 54(3), 426-442.
50. Price-Smith, A.T. (2002). The Health of Nations: Infectious disease, environmental change, and their effects on national security and development. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, pp. 117-140.
51. Price-Smith, A.T. & Daly, J.L. (2004). Downward spiral: HIV/AIDS, state capacity, and political conflict in Zimbabwe. United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D.C. Peaceworks, 53, 5-15.
52. Prothero, R.M. (1977). Disease and mobility: A neglected factor in epidemiology. International Journal of Epidemiology, 6(3), 259-267.
53. Prothero, R.M. (1987). Populations on the move. Third World Quarterly, 9(4), 282-310.
54. Prothero, R.M. (1994). Forced movements of populations and health hazards in tropical Africa. International Journal of Epidemiology, 23(4), 657-664.
55. Quinn, T.C. (1995). Population migration and the spread of types 1 and 2 human immunodeficiency viruses. Infectious Diseases in an age of change: The impact of human ecology and behavior on disease transmission. National Academy of Sciences. http://books.nap.edu/books/0309051363/html/77.html (accessed 11/11/2004).
56. Refugees International (2002). More effort needed to protect internally displaced. Washington, D.C. http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/ article/detail/1461/(accessed 11/19/2004).
57. Regan, J. (2004). Flood-hit struggles to manage health disaster: International agencies are helping clean up, but health workers warn of long-term disease risks. Lancet, 363(9424), 1880.
58. Roberts, L. (2001). Mortality in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Results from eleven mortality surveys. Health Unit, International Rescue Committee. New York, NY: Final Draft.
59. Santoro, D., Visona, R., Pusterla, L., & Vigevani, G.M. (2000). Migrants' admissions to hospital: A retrospective study in Como: 1994 to 1998. Journal of Travel Medicine, 7(6), 300-303.
60. Siem, H. (1997). Migration and health-the international perspective. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax, 86(19), 788-793.
61. Smith, H. (2001). Dangerous pathogens 2000: An overview of the international conference. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 91(4), 621-623.
62. Spiegel, P.B. & Salama, P. (2000). War and mortality in Kosovo, 1998-99: An epidemiological testimony. Lancet, 357(9257), 2204-2209.
63. Toole, M.J. & Waldman, R.J. (1990). Prevention of excess mortality in refugee and displaced populations in developing countries. Journal of American Medical Association, 263, 3296-3302.
64. Toole, M.J. & Waldman, R.J. (1997). The public health aspects of complex emergencies and refugee situations. Annual Review of Public Health, 18, 283-312.
65. Toole, M.J., Galson, S., & Brady, W. (1993). Are war and public health compatible? Lancet, 341(8854), 1193-1196.
66. Toole, M.J., Waldman, R.J., & Zwi, A.B. (2001).Complex humanitarian emergencies. In (M.H. Merson, R.E. Black, & A.J. Mills, Eds.), International Public Health: Diseases, Programs, Systems, and Policies, pp. 439-510. Maryland: Aspen Publishers.
67. UNAIDS (2004). Report on the global AIDS epidemic: Focus-AIDS and conflict: A growing problem worldwide. Geneva: pp. 175-181. http://www.unaids. org/bangkok2004/GAR2004-html/GAR2004-00-en.htm (accessed 11/21/2004).
68. UN Charter (1945). http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/unflag.htm (accessed 12/4/2004).
69. Walter, J. (Ed.) (2004). Disaster data: Key trends and statistics. World Disaster Report- 2004. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva. http://www.ifrc.org/publicat/wdr2004/chapter8.asp (accessed 11/19/2004).
70. Westermeyer, J., Lyfoung, T., Wahmanholm, K., & Westermeyer, M. (1989). Delusions of fatal contagion among refugee patients. Psychosomatics, 30(4), 374-382.
71. WPRO (2003). Combating Communicable Diseases: Focus on Communicable Diseases Surveillance and Response, Western Pacific Regional Organization, Chapter 5, pp. 61-66. http://www.wpro.who.int/themes-focuses/theme/special/ t1special.asp (accessed 11/11/2004).
72. WHO (2002). Global Public Health Response to the Deliberate Use of Biological and Chemical Agents, and Radio-nuclear Attacks to Cause Harm. 109th Session: EB109.R5, Agenda item 3.13, January 17, 2002, 1-3.
73. WHO (2003). WHO Report on SARS Case-Fatality Ratio. http://www.who.int/ csr/sarsarchive/2003-05-07a/en/(accessed 11/11/2004).
74. WHO (2005). News Teleconference on Avian Influenza and Human Pandemic Influenza. WHO Transcript, 17 October WHO Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland, 13h00 GMT.
75. Zwi, A. & Uglade, A. (1989). Towards an epidemiology of politicalviolence in the Third World. Social Science of Medicine, 29(7), 633-642.