Aliskiren, the first direct renin inhibitor: assessing a role in pediatric hypertension and kidney diseases

Pediatric Nephrology

Volumn 29, Issue 11, 2014, Pages 2105-2111

  Nadeem, Shahid ^a   Batisky, Donald L ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Aliskiren; Angiotensin; Blood pressure; Hyperkalemia; Hypertension; Renin

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889960334     PISSN: 0931041X     EISSN: 1432198X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2716-0     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Erlingsdottir A, Indridason OS, Thorvaldsson O, Edvardsson VO (2010) Blood pressure in children and target-organ damage later in life. Pediatr Nephrol 25:323–328
2. Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J (2005) Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet 365:217–223
3. Bao W, Threefoot SA, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS (1995) Essential hypertension predicted by tracking of elevated blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: the Bogalusa heart study. Am J Hypertens 8:657–665
4. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Roccella EJ, Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee (2003) Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension 42:1206–1252
5. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R, Prospective Studies Collaboration (2002) Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 360:1903–1913, Erratum in: Lancet. 2003 361:1060
6. Din-Dzietham R, Liu Y, Bielo MV, Shamsa F (2007) High blood pressure trends in children and adolescents in national surveys, 1963 to 2002. Circulation 116:1488–1496
7. Muntner P, He J, Cutler JA, Wildman RP, Whelton PK (2004) Trends in blood pressure among children and adolescents. JAMA 291:2107–2113
8. Sorof JM, Lai D, Turner J, Poffenbarger T, Portman RJ (2004) Overweight, ethnicity, and the prevalence of hypertension in school-aged children. Pediatrics 113(3 Pt 1):475–482
9. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents (2004) The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 114[2 Suppl 4th Report]:555–576
10. Lurbe E, Cifkova R, Cruickshank JK, Dillon MJ, Ferreira I, Invitti C, Kuznetsova T, Laurent S, Mancia G, Morales-Olivas F, Rascher W, Redon J, Schaefer F, Seeman T, Stergiou G, Wühl E, Zanchetti A, Sociedad Europea de Hipertensión (2010) [Management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents: recommendations of the European society of hypertension]. An Pediatr (Barc) 73(51):1–28 (in Spanish)
11. Magid DJ, Green BB (2013) Home blood pressure monitoring: take it to the bank. JAMA 310:40–41
12. Fishman PA, Anderson ML, Cook AJ, Ralston JD, Catz SL, Carlson J, Larson EB, Green BB (2011) Accuracy of blood pressure measurements reported in an electronic medical record during routine primary care visits. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 13:821–828
13. Chaudhuri A (2013) Pediatric ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: diagnosis of hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol 28:995–999
14. Powers BJ, Olsen MK, Smith VA, Woolson RF, Bosworth HB, Oddone EZ (2011) Measuring blood pressure for decision making and quality reporting: where and how many measures? Ann Intern Med 154:781–788
15. Margolis KL, Asche SE, Bergdall AR, Dehmer SP, Groen SE, Kadrmas HM, Kerby TJ, Klotzle KJ, Maciosek MV, Michels RD, O’Connor PJ, Pritchard RA, Sekenski JL, Sperl-Hillen JM, Trower NK (2013) Effect of home blood pressure telemonitoring and pharmacist management on blood pressure control: a cluster randomized clinical trial. JAMA 310:46–56
16. Flynn J (2013) The changing face of pediatric hypertension in the era of the childhood obesity epidemic. Pediatr Nephrol 28:1059–1066
17. Sullivan JE, Keefe D, Zhou Y, Satlin L, Fang H, Yan JH (2013) Pharmacokinetics, safety profile, and efficacy of aliskiren in pediatric patients with hypertension. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 52:599–607
18. Azizi M, Webb R, Nussberger J, Hollenberg NK (2006) Renin inhibition with aliskiren: where are we now, and where are we going? J Hypertens 24:243–256
19. Simões E, Silva AC, Flynn JT (2012) The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in 2011: role in hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 27:1835–1845
20. Skeggs LT, Dorer FE, Kahn JR, Lentz KE, Levine M (1976) The biochemistry of the renin–angiotensin system and its role in hypertension. Am J Med 60:737–748
21. Skeggs LT Jr, Kahn JR, Lentz K, Shumway NP (1957) The preparation, purification, and amino acid sequence of a polypeptide renin substrate. J Exp Med 106:439–453
22. Segall L, Covic A, Goldsmith DJ (2007) Direct renin inhibitors: the dawn of a new era, or just a variation on a theme? Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:2435–2439
23. van de Wal RM, Plokker HW, Lok DJ, Boomsma F, van der Horst FA, van Veldhuisen DJ, van Gilst WH, Voors AA (2006) Determinants of increased angiotensin II levels in severe chronic heart failure patients despite ACE inhibition. Int J Cardiol 106:367–372
24. Ihara M, Urata H, Kinoshita A, Suzumiya J, Sasaguri M, Kikuchi M, Ideishi M, Arakawa K (1999) Increased chymase-dependent angiotensin II formation in human atherosclerotic aorta. Hypertension 33:1399–1405
25. Hollenberg NK (1999) Pharmacologic interruption of the renin–angiotensin system and the kidney: differential responses to angiotensin-converting enzyme and renin inhibition. J Am Soc Nephrol 10[Suppl 11]:S239–S242
26. ESCAPE Trial Group, Wühl E, Trivelli A, Picca S, Litwin M, Peco-Antic A, Zurowska A, Testa S, Jankauskiene A, Emre S, Caldas-Afonso A, Anarat A, Niaudet P, Mir S, Bakkaloglu A, Enke B, Montini G, Wingen AM, Sallay P, Jeck N, Berg U, Caliskan S, Wygoda S, Hohbach-Hohenfellner K, Dusek J, Urasinski T, Arbeiter K, Neuhaus T, Gellermann J, Drozdz D, Fischbach M, Möller K, Wigger M, Peruzzi L, Mehls O, Schaefer F (2009) Strict blood-pressure control and progression of renal failure in children. N Engl J Med 361:1639–1650
27. Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Kakafika AI, Tziomalos K, Karagiannis A (2007) Angiotensin II reactivation and aldosterone escape phenomena in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade: is oral renin inhibition the solution? Expert Opin Pharmacother 8:529–535
28. McKelvie RS, Yusuf S, Pericak D, Avezum A, Burns RJ, Probstfield J, Tsuyuki RT, White M, Rouleau J, Latini R, Maggioni A, Young J, Pogue J, The RESOLVD Pilot Study Investigators (1999) Comparison of candesartan, enalapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure: randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction (RESOLVD) pilot study. Circulation 100:1056–1064
29. Marchionne EM, Diamond-Stanic MK, Prasonnarong M, Henriksen EJ (2012) Chronic renin inhibition with aliskiren improves glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and skeletal muscle glucose transport activity in obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 302:R137–R142
30. Chou CL, Lai YH, Lin TY, Lee TJ, Fang TC (2011) Aliskiren prevents and ameliorates metabolic syndrome in fructose-fed rats. Arch Med Sci 7:882–888
31. Atlas SA (2007) The renin-angiotensin aldosterone system: pathophysiological role and pharmacologic inhibition. J Manag Care Pharm 13[8 Suppl B]:9–20
32. Zhao C, Vaidyanathan S, Yeh CM, Maboudian M, Armin Dieterich H (2006) Aliskiren exhibits similar pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Pharmacokinet 45:1125–1134
33. Kelly DJ, Zhang Y, Moe G, Naik G, Gilbert RE (2007) Aliskiren, a novel renin inhibitor, is renoprotective in a model of advanced diabetic nephropathy in rats. Diabetologia 50:2398–2404
34. Weir MR, Bush C, Anderson DR, Zhang J, Keefe D, Satlin A (2007) Antihypertensive efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in patients with hypertension: a pooled analysis. J Am Soc Hypertens 1:264–277
35. Oh BH (2007) Aliskiren, the first in a new class of direct renin inhibitors for hypertension: present and future perspectives. Expert Opin Pharmacother 8:2839–2849
36. Stanton A, Jensen C, Nussberger J, O’Brien E (2003) Blood pressure lowering in essential hypertension with an oral renin inhibitor, aliskiren. Hypertension 42:1137–1143
37. Gradman AH, Schmieder RE, Lins RL, Nussberger J, Chiang Y, Bedigian MP (2005) Aliskiren, a novel orally effective renin inhibitor, provides dose-dependent antihypertensive efficacy and placebo-like tolerability in hypertensive patients. Circulation 111:1012–1018
38. Phillips CO, Kashani A, Ko DK, Francis G, Krumholz HM (2007) Adverse effects of combination angiotensin II receptor blockers plus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for left ventricular dysfunction: a quantitative review of data from randomized clinical trials. Arch Intern Med 167:1930–1936
39. Düsing R, Sellers F (2009) ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and direct renin inhibitors in combination: a review of their role after the ONTARGET trial. Curr Med Res Opin 25:2287–2301
40. Rastogi A, Rashid M, Wright RF (2011) Reducing cardiorenal risk through combination therapy with a direct renin inhibitor. J Clin Hypertens 13:848–855
41. Gradman AH, Weir MR, Wright M, Bush CA, Keefe DL (2010) Efficacy, safety and tolerability of aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor, in women with hypertension: a pooled analysis of eight studies. J Hum Hypertens 24:721–729
42. Vaidyanathan S, Bigler H, Yeh C, Bizot MN, Dieterich HA, Howard D, Dole WP (2007) Pharmacokinetics of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren alone and in combination with irbesartan in renal impairment. Clin Pharmacokinet 46:661–675
43. Vaidyanathan S, Warren V, Yeh C, Bizot MN, Dieterich HA, Dole WP (2007) Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of the oral renin inhibitor aliskiren in patients with hepatic impairment. J Clin Pharmacol 47:192–200
44. Bhattacharjee R, Filler G (2002) Additive antiproteinuric effect of ACE inhibitor and losartan in IgA nephropathy. Pediatr Nephrol 17:302–304
45. Toto RD (2010) Aldosterone blockade in chronic kidney disease: can it improve outcome? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 19:444–449
46. Jacobsen P, Andersen S, Jensen BR, Parving HH (2003) Additive effect of ACE inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockade in type I diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:992–999
47. Persson F, Rossing P, Reinhard H, Juhl T, Stehouwer CD, Schalkwijk C, Danser AH, Boomsma F, Frandsen E, Parving HH (2009) Renal effects of aliskiren compared with and in combination with irbesartan in patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and albuminuria. Diabetes Care 32:1873–1879
48. Ruggenenti P, Fassi A, Ilieva AP, Bruno S, Iliev IP, Brusegan V, Rubis N, Gherardi G, Arnoldi F, Ganeva M, Ene-Iordache B, Gaspari F, Perna A, Bossi A, Trevisan R, Dodesini AR, Remuzzi G, Bergamo Nephrologic Diabetes Complications Trial (BENEDICT) Investigators (2004) Preventing microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 351:1941–1951
49. Riche DM, Minor DS, Holdiness AS, East HE (2009) An issue of dependence: implications from the Aliskiren in the Evaluation of Proteinuria in Diabetes (AVOID) trial. J Clin Hypertens 11:89–93
50. de Leeuw PW (2013) ACP Journal Club. Aliskiren increased adverse events in patients with diabetes and kidney disease who were receiving ACE inhibitors or ARBs. Ann Intern Med 158:JC7
51. Harel Z, Gilbert C, Wald R, Bell C, Perl J, Juurlink D, Beyene J, Shah PS (2012) The effect of combination treatment with aliskiren and blockers of the renin–angiotensin system on hyperkalaemia and acute kidney injury: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 344:e42
52. Mann JF, Schmieder RE, McQueen M, Dyal L, Schumacher H, Pogue J, Wang X, Maggioni A, Budaj A, Chaithiraphan S, Dickstein K, Keltai M, Metsärinne K, Oto A, Parkhomenko A, Piegas LS, Svendsen TL, Teo KK, Yusuf S, ONTARGET investigators (2008) Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet 372:547–553
53. Kelland EE, McAuley LM, Filler G (2011) Are we ready to use aliskiren in children? Pediatr Nephrol 26:473–477
54. Flynn J (2011) Not ready for prime time: aliskiren for treatment of hypertension or proteinuria in children. Pediatr Nephrol 26:491–492