The effectiveness of conservation reserves: Land tenure impacts upon biodiversity across extensive natural landscapes in the tropical savannahs of the Northern Territory, Australia

Land

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 20-36

  Woinarski, John C Z ^a,b,c   Green, Jon ^a   Fisher, Alaric ^a,d   Ensbey, Michelle ^a   Mackey, Brendan ^b,e  

^a Department of Land Resource Management ^*  (Australia)

^b AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c CHARLES DARWIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^d EBS Ecology   (Australia)

^e GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Fire; Indigenous land management; National park; Pastoralism; Threatened species; Tropical savannah

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889793347     PISSN: None     EISSN: 2073445X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/land2010020     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Jackson, S.F.; Gaston, K.J. Land use change and the dependence of national priority species on protected areas. Glob. Change Biol. 2008, 14, 2132-2138
2. Parrish, J.D.; Braun, D.P.; Unnasch, R.S. Are we conserving what we say we are? Measuring ecological integrity within protected areas. BioScience 2003, 53, 851-860
3. Chape, S.; Harrison, J.; Spalding, M.; Lysenko, I. Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2005, 360, 443-455
4. Devictor, V.; Godet, L.; Julliard, R.; Couvet, D.; Jiguet, F. Can common species benefit from protected areas? Biol. Conserv. 2007, 139, 29-36
5. Gaston, K.J.; Charman, K.; Jackson, S.F.; Armsworth, P.R.; Bonn, A.; Briers, R.A.; Callaghan, C.S.Q.; Catchpole, R.; Hopkins, J.; Kunin, W.E.; et al. The ecological effectiveness of protected areas: the United Kingdom. Biol. Conserv. 2006, 132, 76-87
6. Rannestad, O.T.; Danielsen, T.; Moe, S.R.; Stokke, S. Adjacent pastoral areas support higher densities of wild ungulates during the wet season than the Lake Mburo National Park in Uganda. J. Trop. Ecol. 2006, 22, 675-683
7. Woinarski, J.; Mackey, B.; Nix, H.; Traill, B. The Nature of Northern Australia: Natural Values, Ecological Processes and Future Prospects; ANU E-Press: Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2007
8. Garnett, S.T.; Woinarski, J.C.Z.; Crowley, G.M.; Kutt, A.S. Biodiversity conservation in Australian tropical rangelands. In Wild Rangelands: Conserving Wildlife While Maintaining Livestock in Semi-Arid Ecosystems; du Toit, J., Kock, R., Deutsch, J., Eds.; Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester, UK, 2010; pp. 191-234
9. Yibarbuk, D.; Whitehead, P.J.; Russell-Smith, J.; Jackson, D.; Godjuwa, C.; Fisher, A.; Cooke, P.; Choquenot, D.; Bowman, D.M.J.S. Fire ecology and Aboriginal land management in central Arnhem Land, northern Australia: a tradition of ecosystem management. J. Biogeogr. 2001, 28, 325-343
10. Altman, J.C.; Whitehead, P.J. Caring for Country and Sustainable Indigenous Development: Opportunities, Constraints and Innovation; Australian National University Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research Working Paper No. 20/2003; ANU: Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2003
11. Luckert, M.K.; Campbell, B.M.; Gorman, J.T.; Garnett, S.T. Investing in Indigenous Natural Resource Management; Charles Darwin University: Darwin, NT, Australia, 2007
12. Whitehead, P.J.; Bowman, D.M.J.S.; Preece, N.; Fraser, F.; Cooke, P. Customary use of fire by Indigenous peoples in northern Australia: its contemporary role in savannah management. Int. J. Wildland Fire 2003, 12, 415-425
13. Altman, J.C.; Buchanan, G.J.; Larsen, L. The Environmental Significance of the Indigenous Estate: Natural Resource Management as Economic Development in Remote Australia; CAEPR Discussion Paper 286/2007; ANU College of Arts & Social Sciences: Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2007
14. Gilligan, B. The Indigenous Protected Area Programme; Department of the Environment and Heritage: Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2006
15. Director of National Parks. Kakadu National Park. Management Plan 2007-2014; Australian Government Director of National Parks: Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2007
16. Franklin, D.C.; Petty, A.M.; Williamson, G.J.; Brook, B.W.; Bowman, D.M.J.S. Monitoring contrasting land management in the savannah landscapes of northern Australia. Environ. Manage. 2008, 41, 501-515
17. Caro, T.M. Species richness and abundance of small mammals inside and outside and African national park. Biol. Conserv. 2001, 98, 251-257
18. Woinarski, J.C.Z.; Ash, A.J. Responses of vertebrates to pastoralism, military land use and landscape position in an Australian tropical savannah. Austral. Ecol. 2002, 27, 311-323
19. Woinarski, J.C.Z.; Andersen, A.N.; Churchill, T.; Ash, A.J. Response of ant and terrestrial spider assemblages to pastoral and military land use and to landscape position, in a tropical savannah woodland in northern Australia. Austral. Ecol. 2002, 27, 324-333
20. Kutt, A.S.; Gordon, I.J. Variation in terrestrial mammal abundance on pastoral and conservation land tenures in north-eastern Australian tropical savannas. Anim. Conserv. 2012, 15, 416-425
21. Woinarski, J.C.Z.; Risler, J.; Kean, L. The response of vegetation and vertebrate fauna to 23 years of fire exclusion in a tropical Eucalyptus open forest, Northern Territory, Australia. Austral. Ecol. 2004, 29, 156-176
22. Legge, S.; Kennedy, M.S.; Lloyd, R.; Murphy, S.A.; Fisher, A. Rapid recovery of mammal fauna in the central Kimberley, northern Australia, following the removal of introduced herbivores. Austral. Ecol. 2011, 36, 791-799
23. Kutt, A.S.; Vanderduys, E.P.; Perry, J.J.; Perkins, G.C.; Kemp, J.E.; Bateman, B.L.; Kanowski, J.; Jensen, R. Signals of change in tropical savannah woodland vertebrate fauna 5 years after cessation of livestock grazing. Wildlife Res. 2012, 39, 386-396
24. Edwards, A.; Kennett, R.; Price, O.; Russell-Smith, J.; Spiers, G.; Woinarski, J. Monitoring the impacts of fire regimes on biodiversity in northern Australia: an example from Kakadu National Park. Int. J. Wildland Fire 2003, 12, 427-440
25. Russell-Smith, J.; Edwards, A.C.; Woinarski, J.C.Z.; McCartney, J.; Kerin, S.; Winderlich, S.; Murphy, B.P.; Watt, F. The First Ten Years of the 'Three Parks' (Kakadu, Litchfield, Nitmiluk) Fire Regime and Biodiversity Monitoring Program. In Culture, Ecology and Economy of Fire Management in Northern Australia: Rekindling the Wurrk Tradition; Russell-Smith, J., Whitehead, P.J., Cooke, P., Eds.; CSIRO Publications: Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 2009; pp. 257-286
26. Woinarski, J.C.Z.; Russell-Smith, J.; Andersen, A.; Brennan, K. Fire management and biodiversity of the western Arnhem Land plateau. In Culture, Ecology and Economy of Fire Management in Northern Australia: Rekindling the Wurrk Tradition; Russell-Smith, J., Whitehead, P.J., Cooke, P., Eds.; CSIRO Publications: Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 2009; pp. 201-228
27. Woinarski, J.C.Z.; Armstrong, M.; Brennan, K.; Fisher, A.; Griffiths, A.D.; Hill, B.; Milne, D.J.; Palmer, C.; Ward, S.; Watson, M.; et al. Monitoring indicates rapid and severe decline of native small mammals in Kakadu National Park, northern Australia. Wildlife Res. 2010, 37, 116-126
28. Bowman, D.M.J.S.; Panton, W.J. Decline of Callitris intratropica R.T. Baker & H.G. Smith in the Northern Territory: implications for pre-and post-European colonization ire regimes. J. Biogeogr. 1993, 20, 373-381
29. Bowman, D.M.J.S.; Prior, L.D. Impact of Aboriginal landscape burning on woody vegetation in Eucalyptus tetrodonta savannah in Arnhem Land, northern Australia. J. Biogeogr. 2004, 31, 807-817
30. Bowman, D.M.J.S.; Price, O.; Whitehead, P.J.; Walsh, A. The 'wilderness effect' and the decline of Callitris intratropica on the Arnhem Land Plateau, northern Australia. Aust. J. Bot. 2001, 49, 665-672
31. Bowman, D.M.J.S.; Walsh, A.; Prior, L.D. Landscape analysis of Aboriginal fire management in central Arnhem Land, north Australia. J. Biogeogr. 2004, 31, 207-223
32. Price, O.; Bowman, D.M.J.S. Fire-stick forestry: a matrix model in support of skilful fire management of Callitris intratropica R.T. Baker by north Australian Aborigines. J. Biogeogr. 1994, 21, 573-580
33. Prior, L.D.; Bowman, D.M.J.S.; Brook, B.W. Growth and survival of two north Australian relictual tree species, Allosyncarpia ternata (Myrtaceae) and Callitris intratropica (Cupressaceae). Ecol. Res. 2007, 22, 228-236
34. Russell-Smith, J. Recruitment dynamics of the long-lived obligate seeders Callitris intratropica (Cupressaceae) and Petraeomyrtus punicea (Myrtaceae). Aust. J. Bot. 2006, 54, 479-485
35. Russell-Smith, J.; Lucas, D.; Gapindi, M.; Gunbunuka, B.; Kapirigi, N.; Namingum, G.; Lucas, K.; Giuliani, P.; Chaloupka, G. Aboriginal resource utilization and fire management practice in western Arnhem Land, monsoonal northern Australia: Notes for prehistory, lessons for the future. Hum. Ecol. 1997, 25, 159-195
36. Russell-Smith, J.; Ryan, P.G.; Klessa, D.; Waight, G.; Harwood, R. Fire regimes, fire-sensitive vegetation and fire management of the sandstone Arnhem Plateau, monsoonal northern Australia. J. Appl. Ecol. 1998, 35, 829-846
37. Russell-Smith, J.; Ryan, P.G.; Cheal, D.C. Fire regimes and the conservation of sandstone heath in monsoonal northern Australia: frequency, interval, patchiness. Biol. Conserv. 2002, 104, 91-106
38. Woinarski, J.C.Z.; Armstrong, M.; Price, O.; McCartney, J.; Griffiths, T.; Fisher, A. The terrestrial vertebrate fauna of Litchfield National Park, Northern Territory: monitoring over a 6-year period and response to fire history. Wildlife Res. 2004, 31, 1-10
39. Woinarski, J.C.Z.; Rankmore, B.; Hill, B.; Griffiths, A.D.; Stewart, A.; Grace, B. Fauna assemblages in regrowth vegetation in tropical open forests of the Northern Territory, Australia. Wildlife Res. 2010, 36, 675-690
40. Houlder, D.J. ANUCLIM (Version 5.1); Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University: Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2000
41. Firth, R.S.C.; Woinarski, J.C.Z.; Brennan, K.G.; Hempel, C. Environmental relationships of the brush-tailed rabbit-rat Conilurus penicillatus and other small mammals on the Tiwi Islands, northern Australia. J. Biogeogr. 2006, 33, 1820-1837
42. Woinarski, J.C.Z.; Gambold, N. Gradient analysis of a tropical herpetofauna: distribution patterns of terrestrial reptiles and amphibians in Stage III of Kakadu National Park, Australia. Wildlife Res. 1992, 19, 105-127
43. Woinarski, J.C.Z.; Braithwaite, R.W.; Menkhorst, K.A.; Griffin, S.; Fisher, A.; Preece, N. Gradient analysis of the distribution of mammals in Stage III of Kakadu National Park, with a review of the distribution patterns of mammals across north-western Australia. Wildlife Res. 1992, 19, 233-262
44. Woinarski, J.C.Z.; Fisher, A.; Milne, D. Distribution patterns of vertebrates in relation to an extensive rainfall gradient and soil variation in the tropical savannas of the Northern Territory, Australia. J. Trop. Ecol. 1999, 15, 381-398
45. Woinarski, J.C.Z.; Legge, S.; Fitzsimons, J.A.; Traill, B.J.; Burbidge, A.A.; Fisher, A.; Firth, R.S.C.; Gordon, I.J.; Griffiths, A.D.; Johnson, C.N.; et al. The disappearing mammal fauna of northern Australia: context, cause and response. Conserv. Lett. 2011, 4, 192-201
46. Woinarski, J.; Pavey, C.; Kerrigan, R.; Cowie, I.; Ward, S. Lost from Our Landscape: Threatened Species of the Northern Territory; NT Government Printer: Darwin, NT, Australia, 2007
47. Dobson, A.J. An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models; Chapman and Hall: London, UK, 1990
48. Burnham, K.P.; Anderson, D.R. Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2002
49. R Development Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, Reference Index Version 2.9.2; R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria, 2009
50. Parr, C.L.; Woinarski, J.C.Z.; Pienaar, D.J. Cornerstones of biodiversity conservation? Comparing the management effectiveness of Kruger and Kakadu National Parks, two key savannah reserves. Biodivers. Conserv. 2009, 18, 3643-3662
51. Woinarski, J.C.Z. A Difficult and Destructive Metamorphosis: Conservation and Land Management in the Northern Territory in the 1950s, In Modern Frontier: Aspects of the 1950s in Australia's Northern Territory; Wells, J.T., Dewar, M., Parry, S., Eds.; Charles Darwin University Press: Darwin, NT, Australia, 2005; pp. 33-55
52. Russell-Smith, J.; Bowman, D.M.J.S. Conservation of monsoon rainforest isolates in the Northern Territory, Australia. Biol. Conserv. 1992, 59, 51-63
53. Preece, N.; Harvey, K.; Hempel, C.; Woinarski, J.C.Z. Uneven distribution of weeds along extensive transects in Australia's Northern Territory points to management solutions. Ecol. Manag. Restor. 2010, 11, 127-134
54. Garnett, S.T.; Sithole, B.; Whitehead, P.J.; Burgess, C.P.; Johnston, F.H.; Lea, T. Healthy Country, Healthy People: policy implications of links between Indigenous human heath and environmental condition in tropical Australia. Aust. J. Publ. Admin. 2009, 68, 53-66
55. Johnston, F.H.; Burgess, P.; Bowman, D.M.J.S. A Case for Indigenous Natural Resource Management and Health. In Investing in Indigenous Natural Resource Management; Luckert, M.K., Campbell, B.M., Gorman, J.T., Garnett, S.T., Eds.; Charles Darwin University Press: Darwin, NT, Australia, 2007, pp. 91-95
56. Hill, R.; Harding, E.K.; Edwards, D.; O'Dempsey, J.; Hill, D.; Martin, A.; McIntyre-Tamwoy, S. A Cultural and Conservation Economy for Northern Australia. Australian Conservation Foundation: Melbourne, ACT, Australia, 2007
57. Fitzsimons, J.; Russell-Smith, J.; James, G.; Vigilante, T.; Lipsett-Moore, G.; Morrison, J.; Looker, M. Insights into the biodiversity and social benchmarking components of the Northern Australian fire management and carbon abatement programmes. Ecol. Manag. Restor. 2012, 13, 51-57
58. Preuss, K.; Dixon, M. 'Looking after country two-ways': insights into Indigenous community-based conservation form the Southern Tanami. Ecol. Manag. Restor. 2012, 13, 2-15
59. Wiens, J. The dangers of black-and-white conservation. Conserv. Biol. 2007, 21, 1371-1372
60. Hansen, A.J.; Rotella, J.J. Biophysical factors, land use and species viability in and around Nature Reserves. Conserv. Biol. 2002, 16, 1112-1122
61. Berger, J. Is it acceptable to let a species go extinct in a National Park? Conserv. Biol. 2003, 17, 1451-1454
62. Struhsaker, T.T.; Struhsaker, P.J.; Siex, K.S. Conserving Africa's rain forests: Problems in protected areas and possible solutions. Biol. Conserv. 2005, 123, 45-54