Major Occurrences of Elevated Arsenic in Groundwater and Other Natural Waters

Arsenic: Environmental Chemistry, Health Threats and Waste Treatment

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 303-350

  Mukherjee, Abhijit ^a   Fryar, Alan E ^b   O'Shea, Bethany M ^c  

^a ALBERTA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^c Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

Arsenic sorption on metal (oxy)(hydr)oxides; Arsenic speciation and mobility in natural waters; Arsenic contaminated groundwater in Chaco and Pampa plains of Argentina; Blackfoot disease consequence of elevated arsenic in drinking water; Elevated arsenic in groundwater and other natural waters; High total dissolved solids (TDS); Immobilization of arsenic in hydrologic systems; natural organic matter (NOM)

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889485810     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470741122.ch6     Document Type: Chapter

References (255)

1. AAN/RGAG/NIPSOM (Asia Arsenic Network [AAN], Research Group of Applied Geology [RGAG], and National Institute for Preventive and Social Medicine [NIPSOM]) (1999) Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater in Bangladesh: Interim Report of the Research at Samta Village, Asia Arsenic Network (AAN), Research Group of Applied Geology (RGAG), and National Institute for Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM).
2. Acharyya, S.K. (2002) Arsenic contamination in groundwater affecting major parts of southern West Bengal and parts of western Chhattisgarh: source and mobilization process. Current Science, 82(6), 740-44.
3. Acharyya, S.K., Chakraborty, P., Lahiri, S. et al. (1999) Arsenic poisoning in the Ganges delta. Nature, 401(6753), 545-47.
4. Acharyya, S.K., Lahiri, S., Raymahashay, B.C. and Bhowmik, A. (2000) Arsenic toxicity of groundwater in parts of the Bengal basin in India and Bangladesh: the role of Quaternary stratigraphy and Holocene sea-level fluctuation. Environmental Geology, 39(10), 1127-37.
5. Acharyya, S.K., Shah, B.A., Ashyiya, I.D. and Pandey, Y. (2005) Arsenic contamination in groundwater from parts of Ambagarh-Chowki block, Chhattisgarh, India: Source and release mechanism. Environmental Geology, 49(1), 148-58.
6. Ahmed, K.M., Bhattacharya, P., Hasan, M.A. et al. (2004) Arsenic enrichment in groundwater of the alluvial aquifers in Bangladesh: an overview. Applied Geochemistry, 19(2), 181-200.
7. 4. gas in Bangladesh. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 51, 697-708.
8. Ahamed, S., Kumar Sengupta, M., Mukherjee, A. et al. (2006) Arsenic groundwater contamination and its health effects in the state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) in upper and middle Ganga plain, India: a severe danger. Science of the Total Environment, 370(2-3), 310-22.
9. AIP/PHED (1995) Prospective Plan for Arsenic Affected Districts of West Bengal, Arsenic Investigation Project (AIP) and Public Health Engineering Directorate (PHED), Government of West Bengal.
10. Alam, M., Alam, M.M., Curray, J.R. et al. (2003) An overview of the sedimentary geology of the Bengal Basin in relation to the regional tectonic framework and basin-fill history. Sedimentary Geology, 155(3-4), 179-208.
11. Anawar, H.M., Akai, J., Komaki, K. et al. (2003) Geochemical occurrence of arsenic in groundwater of Bangladesh: sources and mobilization processes. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 77(2-3), 109-31.
12. Anawar, H.M., Akai, J. and Sakugawa, H. (2004) Mobilization of arsenic from subsurface sediments by effect of bicarbonate ions in groundwater. Chemosphere, 54(6), 753-62.
13. Anderson, M.A., Ferguson, J.F. and Gavis, J. (1976) Arsenate adsorption on amorphous aluminum hydroxide. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 54, 391-99.
14. Apambire, W.B. and Hess, J.W. (2000) The aqueous geochemistry of fluoride in the upper regions of Ghana. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 32(7), 7.
15. Appelo, C.A.J. and Postma, D. (1999) Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, Balkema, Rotterdam.
16. Appelo, C.A.J., Van Der Weiden, M.J.J., Tournassat, C. and Charlet, L. (2002) Surface complexation of ferrous iron and carbonate on ferrihydrite and the mobilization of arsenic. Environmental Science and Technology, 36(14), 3096-103.
17. Appleyard, S.J., Angeloni, J. and Watkins, R. (2006) Arsenic-rich groundwater in an urban area experiencing drought and increasing population density, Perth, Australia. Applied Geochemistry, 21(1), 83-97.
18. Ayotte, J.D., Montgomery, D.L., Flanagan, S.M. and Robinson, K.W. (2003) Arsenic in groundwater in eastern New England: occurrence, controls, and human health implications. Environmental Science and Technology, 37(10), 2075-83.
19. Ayotte, J.D., Nielsen, M.G., Robinson, G.R., Jr. and Moore, R.B. (1999) Relation of Arsenic, Iron, and Manganese in Ground Water to Aquifer Type, Bedrock Lithogeochemistry, and Land Use in the New England Coastal Basins. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4162, USGS, Pembroke, NH.
20. Bauer, M. and Blodau, C. (2006) Mobilization of arsenic by dissolved organic matter from iron oxides, soils and sediments. Science of the Total Environment, 354(2-3), 179-90.
21. Belzile, N. (1988) The fate of arsenic in sediments of the Laurentian trough. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52(9), 2293-302.
22. Belzile, N. and Lebel, J. (1986) Capture of arsenic by pyrite in near-shore marine sediments. Chemical Geology, 54(3-4), 279-81.
23. Berg, M., Giger, W., Tran, H.C. (2006) Extent and severity of arsenic pollution in Vietnam and Cambodia, in Managing Arsenic in the Environment: From Soil to Human Health (eds R. Naidu, E. Smith, G. Owens et al.), CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood.
24. Berg, M., Tran, H.C., Nguyen, T.C. et al. (2001) Arsenic contamination of groundwater and drinking water in Vietnam: a human health threat. Environmental Science and Technology, 35(13), 2621-26.
25. BGS (British Geological Survey) (1989) Trace Element Occurrence in British Groundwaters. Research Report SD/89/3, British Geological Survey (BGS), Keyworth.
26. BGS/DPHE (British Geological Survey/Department of Public Health Engineering [Bangladesh]) (2001) Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in Bangladesh (eds D.G. Kinniburgh and P.L. Smedley), Report WC/00/19, British Geological Survey, Keyworth.
27. Bhattacharjee, S., Chakravarty, S., Maity, S. et al. (2005) Metal contents in the groundwater of Sahebgunj district, Jharkhand, India, with special reference to arsenic. Chemosphere, 58(9), 1203-17.
28. Bhattacharya, P., Chatterjee, D. and Jacks, G. (1997) Occurrence of arsenic-contaminated groundwater in alluvial aquifers from delta plains, eastern India: options for safe drinking water supply. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 13(1), 79-92.
29. Bhattacharya, P., Claesson, M., Bundschuh, J. et al. (2006) Distribution and mobility of arsenic in the Rio Dulce alluvial aquifers in Santiago del Estero province, Argentina. Science of the Total Environment, 358(1-3), 97-120.
30. Bi, R.L. (1994) A Preliminary Study on the Arsenic Enrichment of Groundwater in Chianan Area, Taiwan, Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei.
31. Borgono, J.M. and Greiber, R. (1971) Epidemiological study of arsenic poisoning in the city of Antofagasta. Revista Medica Chile, 99, 702-07.
32. Bose, P. and Sharma, A. (2002) Role of iron in controlling speciation and mobilization of arsenic in subsurface environment. Water Research, 36(19), 4916-26.
33. Bostick, B.C., Chen, C. and Fendorf, S. (2004) Arsenite retention mechanisms within estuarine sediments of Pescadero, CA. Environmental Science and Technology, 38(12), 3299-304.
34. 2). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67(5), 909-21.
35. Bostick, B.C., Fendorf, S. and Manning, B.A. (2003) Arsenite adsorption on galena (PbS) and sphalerite (ZnS). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67(5), 895-907.
36. Bowell, R.J. (1994) Sorption of arsenic by iron oxides and oxyhydroxides in soils. Applied Geochemistry, 9(3), 279-86.
37. Boyle, R.W. and Jonasson, I.R. (1973) Geochemistry of arsenic and its use as indicator element in geochemical prospecting. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2(3), 251-96.
38. Boyle, D.R., Turner, R.J.W. and Hall, G.E.M. (1998) Anomalous arsenic concentrations in groundwaters of an island community, Bowen Island, British Columbia. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 20(4), 199-212.
39. Breit, G.N., Foster, A.L., Sanzolone, R.F. et al. (2000) Arsenic cycling in eastern Bangladesh: the role ofphyllosilicates. Abstracts with Programs. The Geological Society of America, 32(7), 192.
40. Brikowski, T.H., Leybourne, M., Shrestha, S.D. et al. (2006) Geochemical indicators of groundwater arsenic mobilization mechanisms in the Ganges floodplain of Nepal. Abstracts with Programs. The Geological Society of America, 38(1), 8.
41. Bundschuh, J., Bonorino, G. and Viero, A.P. (2000) Arsenic and other trace elements in sedimentary aquifers in the Chaco-Pampean plain, in Arsenic in Groundwater of Sedimentary Aquifers, Pre-Congress Workshop, 31st International Geological Congress (eds P. Bhattacharya and A.H. Welch), Groundwater Arsenic Research Group, Division of Land and Water Resources, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, pp. 27-32.
42. Bundschuh, J., Farias, B., Martin, R. et al. (2004) Groundwater arsenic in the Chaco-Pampean plain, Argentina: case study from Robles County, Santiago del Estero Province. Applied Geochemistry, 19(2), 231-43.
43. Buschmann, J., Berg, M., Stengel, C. and Sampson, M. (2006) Arsenic and manganese contamination in Cambodia: relation to micro-topography. Abstracts with Programs. The Geological Society ofAmerica, 38(7), 438.
44. Cáceres, L., Gruttner, E. and Contreras, R. (1992) Water recycling in arid regions-Chilean case. Ambio, 21, 138-44.
45. CGWB (Central Ground Water Board [India]) (1999) High Incidence of Arsenic in Groundwater in West Bengal, Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, Faridabad.
46. Chaillou, G., Schafer, J., Anschutz, P. et al. (2003) The behaviour of arsenic in muddy sediments of the Bay of Biscay (France). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67(16), 2993-3003.
47. Chakraborti, D., Basu, G.K. and Biswas, B.K. (2001) Characterization of arsenic-bearing sediments in the Gangetic delta of West Bengal, India, in Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects IV (eds W.R. Chappell, C.O. Abernathy and R.L. Calderon), Elsevier Science, Oxford.
48. Chakraborti, D., Biswas, B.K., Roy Chowdhury, T. et al. (1999) Arsenic groundwater contamination and sufferings of people in Rajnandgaon district, Madhya Pradesh, India. Current Science, 77, 502-4.
49. Chakraborti, D., Mukherjee, S.C., Pati, S. et al. (2003) Arsenic groundwater contamination in middle Ganga Plain, Bihar, India: A future danger? Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(9), 1194-201.
50. Chakraborti, D., Sengupta, M.K., Rahman, M.M. et al. (2004) Groundwater arsenic contamination and its health effects in the Ganga-Meghna-Brahmaputra Plain. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 6(6), 74.-83N.
51. Chapelle, F.H. (2001) Ground-Water Microbiology and Geochemistry, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, New York.
52. Chen, T. (1994) Arsenate adsorption in soil and its mechanism. China Environmental Science, 5, 85-91.
53. Chen, C.C. (2003) Accumulation and Release of Arsenic in Sediments from Hsindong and Jinhu in Chianan Plain, Taiwan, Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei.
54. Chen, S.-L., Dzeng, S.R., Yang, M.-H. et al. (1994) Arsenic species in groundwaters of the blackfoot disease area, Taiwan. Environmental Science and Technology, 28(5), 877-81.
55. Cheng, L., Fenter, P., Sturchio, N.C. et al. (1999) X-ray standing wave study of arsenite incorporation at the calcite surface. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63(19-20), 3153-57.
56. Chi, I.C. and Blackwell, R.Q. (1968) A controlled retrospective study of blackfoot disease, an endemic peripheral gangrene disease in Taiwan. American Journal ofEpidemiology, 88, 7-24.
57. Clark, G., O'Shea, B., Ongley, L. and Lev, S. (2006) The distribution of arsenic in ground and surface waters of the Woodbury Hills near Monmouth, Maine. Abstracts with Programs. The Geological Society of America, 38(7), 422.
58. Coleman, J.M. (1981) Deltas: Processes of Deposition and Models of Exploration, Burgess, Minneapolis, MN.
59. Craw, D. and Chappel, D.A. (1999) Evolution and sulphide mineral occurrences of an incipient nonmarine sedimentary basin, New Zealand. Sedimentary Geology, 129(1-2), 37-50.
60. Csalagovits, I. (1999) Arsenic-bearing artesian waters of hungary. Annual Report Hungarian Geological Institute, 1992-93 (in Hungarian), 2, 85-92
61. Cullen, W.R. and Reimer, K.J. (1989) Arsenic speciation in the environment. Chemical Reviews, 89(4), 713-64.
62. Cumming, D.E., Caccavo, F., Jr., Fendorf, S. and Rosenzweig, R.F. (1999) Arsenic mobilization by the dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacterium Shewanella alga BrY. Environmental Science and Technology, 33(5), 723-29.
63. Das, D., Samanta, G., Mandal, B.K. et al. (1996) Arsenic in groundwater in six districts of West Bengal, India. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 18(1), 5-15.
64. Datta, S., Mallioux, B., Jung, H. et al. (2005). Mineralogy and mobility of Fe and As in Meghna River sediments in Bangladesh. Abstract B24B-04. Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union, 86 (52).
65. Dittmar, T. (2004) Hydrochemical processes controlling arsenic and heavy metal contamination in the Elqui River system (Chile). Science of the Total Environment, 325(1-3), 193-207.
66. Dixit, S. and Hering, J.G. (2003) Comparison of arsenic(V) and arsenic(III) sorption onto iron oxide minerals: implications for arsenic mobility. Environmental Science and Technology, 37(18), 4182-89.
67. Dowling, C.B., Poreda, R.J. and Basu, A.R. (2003) The groundwater geochemistry of the Bengal basin: weathering, chemsorption, and trace metal flux to the oceans. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67(12), 2117-36.
68. Dowling, C.B., Poreda, R.J., Basu, A.R. et al. (2002) Geochemical study of arsenic release mechanisms in the Bengal Basin groundwater. Water Resources Research, 38(9), 12.1-12.18.
69. DPHE (Department of Public Health Engineering [Bangladesh]) (2000) Groundwater Studies for Arsenic Contamination in Bangladesh, Supplemental Data to Final Report, Rapid Investigation Phase, Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE), Government of Bangladesh, in collaboration with British Geological Survey and Sir Mott MacDonald Ltd.
70. Driehaus, W., Jekel, M. and Hildebrandt, U. (1998) Granular ferric hydroxide-a new adsorbent for the removal of arsenic from natural water. Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-Aqua, 47, 30-35.
71. Driehaus, W., Seith, R. and Jekel, M. (1995) Oxidation of arsenate(III) with manganese oxides in water treatment. Water Research, 29(1), 297-305.
72. Dudas, M.J. (1987) Accumulation of native arsenic in acid sulphate soils in Alberta. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 67(2), 317-31.
73. Dzombak, D.A. and Morel, F.M.M. (1990) Surface Complexation Modeling: Hydrous Ferric Oxide, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, New York.
74. Ellis, A.J. and Mahon, W.A.J. (1977) Chemistry and Geothermal Systems, Academic Press, New York.
75. Emerman, S.H., Bhattarai, T.N., Adhikari, D. et al. (2006) Arsenic and other heavy metals in the rivers of Nepal. Abstracts with Programs. The Geological Society ofAmerica, 38, 242.
76. Farías, S.S., Casa, V.A., Vázquez, C. et al. (2003) Natural contamination with arsenic and other trace elements in ground waters of Argentine Pampean plain. Science of the Total Environment, 309(1-3), 187-99.
77. Farooqi, A., Masuda, H. and Firdous, N. (2007) Toxic fluoride and arsenic contaminated groundwater in the Lahore and Kasur districts, Punjab, Pakistan and possible contaminant sources. Environmental Pollution, 145(3), 839-49.
78. Feldman, P.R. and Rosenboom, J.W. (2001) Cambodia Drinking Water Quality Assessment, World Health Organization, in cooperation with the Ministry of Rural Development and the Ministry of Industry, Mines, and Energy, Government of Cambodia.
79. Fendorf, S., Eick, M.J., Grossl, P. and Sparks, D.L. (1997) Arsenate and chromate retention mechanisms on goethite. 1. Surface structure. Environmental Science and Technology, 31(2), 315-20.
80. Fengthong, T., Dethoudom, S. and Keosavanh, O. (2002) Drinking water quality in the Lao People's Democratic Republic, in Seminar on the Environmental and Public Health Risks Due to Contamination of Soils, Crops, Surface and Groundwater from Urban, Industrial and Natural Sources in South East Asia, UN/ESCAP, Hanoi.
81. Ferguson, J.F. and Anderson, M.A. (1974) Chemical form of arsenic in water supplies and their removal, in Chemistry of Water Supply, Treatment and Distribution (ed A.J. Rubin), Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI.
82. Fitzpatrick, R.W., Fritsch, E. and Self, P.G. (1996) Interpretation of soil features produced by ancient and modern processes in degraded landscapes: V. Development of saline sulfidic features in non-tidal seepage areas. Geoderma, 69(1-2), 1-29.
83. Fontaine, J.A. (1994) Regulating arsenic in Nevada drinking water supplies: past problem, future challenges, in Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects (eds W.R. Chappell, C.O. Abernathy and R.L. Cothern), Science and Technology Letters, Northwood.
84. Foster, A.L., Perkins, R.B., Breit, G.N. et al. (2003) High arsenic accumulation in iron phases in near-surface sediments from eastern Bangladesh. Abstracts with Programs. The Geological Society ofAmerica, 35(6), 47.
85. Fujii, R. and Swain, W.C. (1995) Areal Distribution of Selected Trace Elements, Salinity, and Major Ions in Shallow Ground Water, Tulare Basin, Southern San Joaquin Valley, California . U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigation Report 95-4048, USGS, Sacramento, CA.
86. Fredericks, D. and Arsenic Secretariat (2004) Situation Analysis: Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in Cambodia, report prepared for the Arsenic Inter-Ministerial Sub-Committee, Water and Sanitation Sector Coordinating Committee, Government of Cambodia.
87. Garai, R., Chakraborty, A.K., Dey, S.B. and Saha, K.C. (1984) Chronic arsenic poisoning from tube-well water. Journal of the Indian Medical Association, 82(1), 34-35.
88. Gaus, I., Kinniburgh, D.G., Talbot, J.C. and Webster, R. (2003) Geostatistical analysis of arsenic concentration in groundwater in Bangladesh using disjunctive kriging. Environmental Geology, 44(8), 939-48.
89. Gbadebo, A.M. (2005) Occurrence and fate of arsenic in the hydrogeological systems of Nigeria. Abstracts with Programs. The Geological Society ofAmerica, 37(7), 375.
90. Ghosh, A. (2005) Arsenic Hot Spots Detected in the State of Bihar (India) a Serious Health Hazard for Estimated Human Population of 5.5 Lakhs. International Conference on Environmental Management, Hyderabad.
91. Ghosh, A.R. and Mukherjee, A. (2002) Arsenic contamination of groundwater and human health impacts in Burdwan District, West Bengal, India. Abstracts with Programs. The Geological Society of America, 34(2), 107.
92. Ghosh, M.M. and Yuan, J.R. (1987) Adsorption of inorganic arsenic and organioarsenicals on hydrous oxides. Environmental Progress , 6(3), 150-57.
93. Goh, K.-H. and Lim, T.-T. (2005) Arsenic fractionation in a fine soil fraction and influence of various anions on its mobility in the subsurface environment. Applied Geochemistry, 20(2), 229-39.
94. Goldberg, S. and Glaubig, R.A. (1988) Anion sorption on a calcareous, montmorillonitic soil-arsenic. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 52(5), 1297-300.
95. Goldblatt, E.L., Van Denburgh, S.A. and Marsland, R.A. (1963) The Unusual and Widespread Occurrence ofArsenic in Well Waters of Lane County, Oregon, Lane County Health Department Report.
96. Grafe, M., Eick, M.J. and Grossl, P.R. (2001) Adsorption of arsenate (V) and arsenite (III) on goethite in the presence and absence of dissolved organic carbon. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65(6), 1680-87.
97. Guha Mazumder, D.N., Haque, R., Ghosh, N. et al. (1998) Arsenic levels in drinking water and the prevalence of skin lesions in West Bengal, India. International Journal of Epidemiology, 27(5), 871-77.
98. Gulens, J., Champ, D.R. and Jackson, R.E. (1979) Influence of redox environments on the mobility of arsenic in groundwater, in Chemical Modeling in Aqueous Systems (ed. E.A. Jenne), American Chemical Society.
99. Guo, X.-J. (1997) 96% of well water is undrinkable. Newsletter Asia Arsenic Network, 2, 7-9.
100. Gustafsson, J.F. and Tin, N.T. (1994) Arsenic and selenium in some vietnamese acid sulphate soils. Science of the Total Environment, 151(2), 153-58.
101. Halperin, A. (2003) Arsenic found in rural Mekong River wells. The Cambodian Daily, 11.
102. Haque, I. (2005) National Action Plan for Arsenic Mitigation, 2005-09 (Pakistan). Final draft report prepared for the Ministry of Science and Technology, Pakistan.
103. Harvey, C.F., Ashfaque, K.N., Yu, W. et al. (2006) Groundwater dynamics and arsenic contamination in Bangladesh. Chemical Geology, 228(Special Issue 1-3), 112-36.
104. Harvey, C.F., Swartz, C.H., Badruzzaman, A.B.M. et al. (2002) Arsenic mobility and groundwater extraction in Bangladesh. Science, 298(5598), 1602-06.
105. Harvey, C.F., Swartz, C.H., Badruzzaman, A.B.M. et al. (2005) Groundwater arsenic contamination on the Ganges delta: biogeochemistry, hydrology, human perturbations, and human suffering on a large scale. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 337(1-2), 285-96.
106. Hiemstra, T. and van Riemsdijk, W.H. (1999) Surface structural ion adsorption modeling of competitive binding of oxyanions by metal (hydr)oxides. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 210(1), 182-93.
107. Hopenhayn-Rich, C., Biggs, M.L., Fuchs, A. et al. (1996) Bladder cancer mortality associated with arsenic in drinking water in Argentina. Epidemiology, 7(2), 117-24.
108. Horneman, A., van Geen, A., Kent, D.V. et al. (2004) Decoupling of As and Fe release to Bangladesh groundwater under reducing conditions. Part I: evidence from sediment profiles. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68(17), 3459-73.
109. Hsu, K.H., Froines, J.R. and Chen, C.J. (1997) Studies of arsenic ingestion from drinking water in northeastern Taiwan: chemical speciation and urinary metabolites, in Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects (eds C.O. Abernathy, R.L. Calderon and W.R. Chappell), Chapman and Hall, London.
110. Husson, O., Verburg, P.H., Phung, M.T. and Van Mensvoort, M.E.F. (2000) Spatial variability of acid sulphate soils in the Plain of Reeds, Mekong delta, Vietnam. Geoderma, 97(1-2), 1-19.
111. Inskeep, W.P., McDermott, T.R. and Fendorf, S. (2002) Arsenic (V)/(III) cycling in soils and natural waters: chemical and microbiological processes, in Environmental Chemistry of Arsenic (ed. W.T. Frankenberger, Jr.), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 183-215.
112. Iqbal, S.Z. (2001) Arsenic Contamination in Pakistan. UN-ESCAP Report, Expert Group Meeting on Geology and Health, Bangkok.
113. Islam, F.S., Gault, A.G., Boothman, C. et al. (2004) Role of metal-reducing bacteria in arsenic release from Bengal delta sediments. Nature, 430(6995), 68-71.
114. Jain, A., Raven, K.P. and Loeppert, R.H. (1999) Arsenite and arsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite: surface charge reduction and net OH-release stoichiometry. Environmental Science and Technology, 33(8), 1179-84.
115. JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) (2002). The Study on the Ground Water Development of Deep Aquifers for Safe Drinking Water Supply to Arsenic Affected Areas in Western Bangladesh. Draft final report, Japan International Cooperation Agency, Kokusai Kogyo and Mitsui Mineral Development Engineering.
116. Kaiser, K., Guggenberger, G., Haumaier, L. and Zech, W. (1997) Dissolved organic matter sorption on subsoils and minerals studied by 13C-NMR and DRIFT spectroscopy. European Journal ofSoil Science, 48(2), 301-10.
117. Karcher, S., Cáceres, L., Jekel, M. and Contreras, R. (1999) Arsenic removal from water supplies in northern Chile using ferric chloride coagulation. Journal of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management, 13(3), 164-69.
118. Kelly, W.R., Holm, T.R., Wilson, S.D. and Roadcap, G.S. (2005) Arsenic in glacial aquifers: sources and geochemical controls. Ground Water, 43(4), 500-10.
119. Khadka, M.S. (1993) The groundwater quality situation in alluvial aquifers of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics, 14, 207-11.
120. Kim, M.-J., Nriagu, J. and Haack, S. (2000) Carbonate ions and arsenic dissolution by groundwater. Environmental Science and Technology, 34(15), 3094-100.
121. Klump, S., Kipfer, R., Cirpka, O.A. et al. (2006) Groundwater dynamics and arsenic mobilization in Bangladesh assessed using noble gases and tritium. Environmental Science and Technology, 40(1), 243-50.
122. Korte, N.E. and Fernando, Q. (1991) A review of arsenic (III) in groundwater. Critical Reviews in Environmental Control, 21(1), 1-39.
123. Krauskopf, K.B. and Bird, D.K. (1995) Introduction to Geochemistry, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA, 647 pp.
124. Kuo, T.-L. (1968) Arsenic content of artesian well water in endemic area of chronic arsenic poisoning. Reports of the Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University, 20, 7-13.
125. Lee, C.W. (2000) Geochemical Characteristics of Porewater and Sediments from Kang-wei and Sin-wen, Southwestern Taiwan, Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei.
126. Lin, Z. and Puls, R.W. (2000) Adsorption, desorption and oxidation of arsenic affected by clay minerals and aging process. Environmental Geology, 39(7), 753-59.
127. Lin, Z. and Puls, R.W. (2003) Potential indicators for the assessment of arsenic natural attenuation in the subsurface. Advances in Environmental Research, 7(4), 825-34.
128. Liu, C.-W., Lin, K.-H. and Kuo, Y.-M. (2003) Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in a blackfoot disease area in Taiwan. Science of the Total Environment, 313(1-3), 77-89.
129. Liu, C.-W., Wang, S.-W., Jang, C.-S. and Lin, K.-H. (2006) Occurrence of arsenic in ground water in the Choushui River alluvial fan, Taiwan. Journal of Environmental Quality, 35(1), 68-75.
130. Luo, Z.D., Zhang, Y.M., Ma, L. (1997) Chronic arsenicism and cancer in Inner Mongolia-consequences of well-water arsenic level greater than 50mg/L, in Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects (eds C.O. Abernathy, R.L. Calderon and W.R. Chappell), Chapman and Hall, London.
131. Ma, H.Z., Xia, Y.J., Wu, K.G. (1999) Human exposure to arsenic and health effects in Bayingnormen, Inner Mongolia, in Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects (eds W.R. Chappell, C.O. Abernathy and R.L. Calderon), Elsevier, Amsterdam.
132. Mahmood, S.N., Naseem, S., Siddiqui, I. and Khan F.A. (1998). Studies on physico-chemical nature of ground water of Korangi/Landhi (Karachi). Journal of Chemical Society of Pakistan, 19, 42-8.
133. Mallick, S. and Rajgopal, N.R. (1995) Groundwater development in the arsenic affected alluvial belt of West Bengal-some questions. Current Science, 70(11), 956.58
134. Mandal, B.K., Chowdhury, T.R., Samanta, G. et al. (1998) Impact of safe water for drinking and cooking on five arsenic-affected families for 2 years in West Bengal, India. Science of the Total Environment, 218(2-3), 185-201.
135. Manning, B.A. and Goldberg, S. (1997) Adsorption and stability of arsenic(III) at the clay mineral-water interface. Environmental Science and Technology, 31(7), 2005-11.
136. Manning, B.A., Fendorf, S.E. and Goldberg, S. (1998) Surface structures and stability of arsenic(III) on goethite: spectroscopic evidence for inner-sphere complexes. Environmental Science and Technology, 32(16), 2383-88.
137. Manning, B.A. and Martens, D.A. (1997) Speciation of arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) in sediment extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography-hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Environmental Science and Technology, 31(1), 171-77.
138. Martin, A. (1999) Hidrogeología de la Provincia de Santiago del Estero, Ediciones del Rectorado, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina.
139. Masscheleyn, P.H., Delaune, R.D. and Patrick, W.H., Jr. (1991) Effect of redox potential and pH on arsenic speciation and solubility in a contaminated soil. Environmental Science and Technology, 25(8), 1414-19.
140. Matis, K.A., Zouboulis, A.I., Malamas, F.B. et al. (1997) Flotation removal of As(V) onto goethite. Environmental Pollution, 97(3), 239-45.
141. Matis, K.A., Zouboulis, A.I., Zamboulis, D. and Valtadorou, A.V. (1999) Sorption of As(V) by goethite particles and study of their flocculation. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 111(1-4), 297-316.
142. Maturana, H., Oyarzún, J., Pasieczna, A. and Paulo, A. (2001) Geoquímica de los sedimentos del Río Elqui (Coquimbo, Chile): Manejo de relaves y cierre de minas, in Proceedings of 7th Argentinian Congress of Economic Geology, Salta, Argentina, Asociacióin Geolóigica Argentina, Buenos Aires.
143. McArthur, J.M., Banerjee, D.M., Hudson-Edwards, K.A. et al. (2004) Natural organic matter in sedimentary basins and its relation to arsenic in anoxic ground water: the example of West Bengal and its worldwide implications. Applied Geochemistry, 19(8), 1255-93.
144. McArthur, J.M., Ravenscroft, P., Safiulla, S. and Thirlwall, M.F. (2001) Arsenic in groundwater: testing pollution mechanisms for sedimentary aquifers in Bangladesh. Water Resources Research, 37(1), 109-17.
145. Michael, H.A, and Voss, C.I. (2008) Evaluation of sustainability of deep groundwater as an arsenic-safe resource in the Bengal Basin. Proceedings of National Academy of Science, 105(25), 8531-8536.
146. Minh, L.Q., Tuong, T.P., Van Mensvoort, M.E.F. and Bouma, J. (1998) Soil and water table management effects on aluminum dynamics in an acid sulphate soil in Vietnam. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 68, 255-62.
147. Mukherjee, A. (2006) Deeper groundwater chemistry and flow in the arsenic affected western Bengal basin, West Bengal, India. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 248 pp.
148. Mukherjee, A. and Fryar, A.E. (2008) Deeper groundwater chemistry and geochemical modeling of the arsenic affected western Bengal basin, West Bengal. applied Geochemistry, 23(4), 863-892.
149. Mukherjee, A., Scanlon, B.R., Chaudhary, S., et al. (2007) Regional hydrogeochemical study of groundwater arsenic contamination along transects from the Himalayan alluvial deposits to the Indian Shield, Central Gangetic Basin, India. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 39(6), 519.
150. Mukherjee, A., von Brömssen, M., Scanlon, B.R., et al. (2008) Hydrogeochemical comparison and effects of overlapping redox zones on groundwater arsenic near the western (Bhagirathi sub-basin, India) and eastern (Meghna sub-basin, Bangladesh) of the Bengal basin. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 99(1-4), 31-48.
151. Mukhopadhyay, D. and Sanyal, S.K. (2004) Complexation and release isotherm of arsenic in arsenic-humic/fulvic equilibrium study. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 42(7), 815-24.
152. Naseem, M., Farooqi, A., Masih, D. and Anwar, M. (2001) Invstigation of Toxic Elements in the Ground Water of Kalalanwala Area Near Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Proceedings of GEOSAS-III, Lahore.
153. Nesbitt, H.W., Muir, I.J. and Pratt, A.R. (1995) Oxidation of arsenopyrite by air and air-saturated, distilled water, and implications for mechanism of oxidation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(9), 1773-86.
154. Nguyen, V.L., Ta, T.K.O. and Tateishi, M. (2000) Late Holocene depositional environments and coastal evolution of the Mekong River delta, southern Vietnam. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 18(4), 427-39.
155. Nickson, R., McArthur, J., Burgess, W. et al. (1998) Arsenic poisoning of Bangladesh groundwater. Nature, 395(6700), 338.
156. Nickson, R.T., McArthur, J.M., Ravenscroft, P. et al. (2000) Mechanism of arsenic release to groundwater, Bangladesh and West Bengal. Applied Geochemistry, 15(4), 403-13.
157. Nickson, R.T., McArthur, J.M., Shrestha, B. et al. (2005) Arsenic and other drinking water quality issues, Muzaffargarh district, Pakistan. Applied Geochemistry, 20(1), 55-68.
158. Nicolli, H.B., Suriano, J.M., Gomez Peral, M.A. et al. (1989) Groundwater contamination with arsenic and other trace elements in an area of the Pampa, province of Cordoba, Argentina. Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, 14(1), 3-16.
159. Nimick, D.A., Moore, J.N., Dalby, C.E. and Savka, M.W. (1998) The fate of geothermal arsenic in the Madison and Missouri rivers, Montana and Wyoming. Water Resources Research, 34(11), 3051-67.
160. O'Shea, B.M. (2006) Delineating the source, geochemical sinks and aqueous mobilisation processes of naturally occurring Arsenic in a Coastal Sandy Aquifer, Stuarts Point, New South Wales, Australia. Ph.D. thesis, University of New South Wales, Sydney.
161. O'Shea, B.M., Clark, G. and Jankowski, J. (2006) A comparison of arsenic occurrence and geochemistry in two groundwater environments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70(Supplement 1 18), A-464.
162. O'Shea, B., Jankowski, J. and Sammut, J. (2007) The source of naturally occurring arsenic in a coastal sand aquifer of eastern Australia. Science of the Total Environment, 379(2-3), 151-66.
163. Oremland, R.S., Newman, D.K., Kail, B.W. and Stolz, J.F. (2002) Bacterial respiration of arsenate and its significance in the environment, in Environmental Chemistry of Arsenic (ed. W.T. Frankenberger, Jr.), Marcel Dekker, New York.
164. Oscarson, D.W., Huang, P.M., Defosse, D. and Herbillion, A. (1981) Oxidative power of Mn(IV) and Fe(III) oxides with respect to As(III) in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Nature, 291, 50-51.
165. Oscarson, D.W., Huang, P.M., Liaw, W.K. and Hammer, U.T. (1983) Kinetics of oxidation of arsenite by various manganese dioxides. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 47, 644-48.
166. Oyarzun, R., Lillo, J., Higueras, P. et al. (2004) Strong arsenic enrichment in sediments from the Elqui watershed, northern Chile: industrial (gold mining at El Indio-Tambo district) vs. geologic processes. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 84(2), 53-64.
167. Panthi, S.R., Sharma, S. and Mishra, A.K. (2006) Recent status of arsenic contamination in groundwater of Nepal-a review. Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, 2, 1-11.
168. Peters, S.C. and Blum, J.D. (2003) The source and transport of arsenic in a bedrock aquifer, New Hampshire, USA. Applied Geochemistry, 18(11), 1773-87.
169. Peters, S.C., Blum, J.D., Karagas, M.R. et al. (2006) Sources and exposure of the New Hampshire population to arsenic in public and private drinking water supplies. Chemical Geology, 228, 72-84.
170. Peters, S.C., Blum, J.D., Klaue, B. and Karagas, M.R. (1999) Arsenic occurrence in New Hampshire drinking water. Environmental Science and Technology, 33(9), 1328-33.
171. Pham, V.N., Boyer, D., Le Moüel, J.-L. and Kim Thoa Nguyen, T. (2002) Hydrogeological investigation in the Mekong delta around Ho-Chi-Minh City (South Vietnam) by electric tomography. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 334(10), 733-40.
172. Pierce, M.L. and Moore, C.B. (1982) Adsorption of arsenite and arsenate on amorphous iron hydroxide. Water Research, 16(7), 1247-53.
173. Polizzotto, M.L., Harvey, C.F., Li, G. et al. (2006) Solid-phases and desorption processes of arsenic within Bangladesh sediments. Chemical Geology, 228(Special Issue 1-3), 97-111.
174. Polizzotto, M.L., Harvey, C.F., Sutton, S.R. and Fendorf, S. (2005a) Processes conducive to the release and transport of arsenic into aquifers of Bangladesh. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(52), 18819-23.
175. Polizzotto, M.L., Kocar, B.D., Sampson, M. et al. (2005b) Arsenic contamination in the flood plain aquifer of the Mekong delta, Cambodia. Abstracts with Programs. The Geological Society of America, 37(7), 376.
176. Polya, D.A., Gault, A.G., Diebe, N. et al. (2005) Arsenic hazard in shallow Cambodian groundwaters. Mineralogical Magazine, 69(5), 807-23.
177. Presser, T.S. and Swain, W.C. (1990) Geochemical evidence for Se mobilization by the weathering of pyritic shale, San Joaquin Valley, California, USA. Applied Geochemistry, 5(5-6), 703-17.
178. Puls, R.W. and Powell, R.M. (1992) Transport of inorganic colloids through natural aquifer material: implications for contaminant transport. Environmental Science and Technology, 26(3), 614-21.
179. Rahman, M.M., Sengupta, M.K. and Chowdhury, U.K. (2006) Arsenic contamination incidents around the world, in Managing Arsenic in the Environment: From Soil to Human Health (eds R. Naidu, E. Smith, G. Owens et al.), CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, pp. 3-30.
180. Ramanathan, A., Bhattacharya, P. and Tripathi, P. (2006) Arsenic in groundwater of the aquifers of the central Gangetic plain of Uttar Pradesh, India. Abstracts with Programs. The Geological Society of America, 38(7), 241.
181. Raven, K.P., Jain, A. and Loeppert, R.H. (1998) Arsenite and arsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite: kinetics, equilibrium, and adsorption envelopes. Environmental Science and Technology, 32(3), 344-49.
182. Ravenscroft, P., Burgess, W.G., Ahmed, K.M. et al. (2005) Arsenic in groundwater of the Bengal Basin, Bangladesh: Distribution, field relations, and hydrogeological setting. Hydrogeology Journal, 13(5-6), 727-51.
183. Ravenscroft, P., McArthur, J.M. and Hoque, B. (2001) Geochemical and palaeohydrological controls on pollution of groundwater by arsenic, in Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects IV (eds W.R. Chappell, C.O. Abernathy and R.L. Calderon), Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford, pp. 53-77.
184. Ray, A.K. (1999). Chemistry of arsenic and arsenic minerals relevant to contamination of groundwater and soil from subterranean source. Everyman's Science, 35(1).
185. Redman, A.D., Macalady, D.L. and Ahmann, D. (2002) Natural organic matter affects arsenic speciation and sorption onto hematite. Environmental Science and Technology, 36(13), 2889-96.
186. Robertson, F.N. (1989) Arsenic in groundwater under oxidizing conditions, south-west United-States. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 11(3-4), 171-85.
187. Robinson, J.G.R. and Ayotte, J.D. (2006) The influence of geology and land use on arsenic in stream sediments and ground waters in New England, USA. Applied Geochemistry, 21(9), 1482-97.
188. Romero, L., Alonso, H., Campano, P. et al. (2003) Arsenic enrichment in waters and sediments of the Rio Loa (second region, Chile). Applied Geochemistry, 18(9), 1399-416.
189. Romero, M.A., Amrienta, M.A. and Carrilo-Chavez, A. (2004) Arsenic sorption by carbonate-rich aquifer material, a control on arsenic mobility at Zimpian, Mexico. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 47, 1-13.
190. Saada, A., Breeze, D., Crouzet, C. et al. (2003) Adsorption of arsenic (V) on kaolinite and on kaolinite-humic acid complexes: role of humic acid nitrogen groups. Chemosphere, 51(8), 757-63.
191. Sadiq, M. (1997) Arsenic chemistry in soils: an overview of thermodynamic predictions and field observations. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 93(1-4), 117-36.
192. Saha, A.K. (1991) Genesis of arsenic in groundwater in parts of West Bengal. Center for Studies on Man and Environment, Calcutta, Annual Volume.
193. Savage, K.S., Tingle, T.N., O'Day, P.A. et al. (2000) Arsenic speciation in pyrite and secondary weathering phases, Mother Lode Gold District, Tuolumne County, California. Applied Geochemistry, 15(8), 1219-44.
194. Schwertmann, U., Fischer, W.R. and Papendorf, H. (1968) The Influence of Organic Carbon Compounds on the Formation of Iron Oxides. 9th International Congress of Soil Science, Adelaide, pp. 645-55.
195. Scott, M.J. and Morgan, J.J. (1995) Reactions at oxide surfaces. 1. Oxidation of As(III) by synthetic birnessite. Environmental Science and Technology, 29, 1898-905.
196. Seyler, P. and Martin, J.M. (1989) Biogeochemical processes affecting arsenic species distribution in a permanently stratified lake. Environmental Science and Technology, 23, 1258-63.
197. Shen, Y.S. and Chin, C.S. (1964) Relation between blackfoot disease and the pollution of drinking water by arsenic in Taiwan, in Advances in Water Pollution Research, Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 173-90.
198. Shrestha, R.R., Shrestha, M.P., Upadhyay, N.P. et al. (2004) Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in Nepal: A New Challenge for Water Supply Sector, Environment and Public Health Organization, Kathmandu.
199. 18Oh2o as prospective indicators of elevated arsenic in the Goose River ground-watershed, Maine. Environmental Geology, 42(4), 350-59.
200. Sidle, W.C. (2003) Identifying discharge zones of arsenic in the Goose River Basin, Maine. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 39, 1067-77.
201. 85Kr in groundwater from arsenic-bearing crystalline bedrock of the Goose River Basin, Maine. Environmental Geology, 44(7), 781-89.
202. Sidle, W.C., Wotten, B. and Murphy, E. (2001) Provenance of geogenic arsenic in the Goose River Basin, Maine, USA. Environmental Geology, 41(1-2), 62-73.
203. Sikdar, P.K., Sarkar, S.S. and Palchoudhury, S. (2001) Geochemical evolution of groundwater in the quaternary aquifer of Calcutta and Howrah, India. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 19, 579-94.
204. Smedley, P.L. (1996) Arsenic in rural groundwater in Ghana. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 22(4), 459-70.
205. Smedley, P. (2005) Arsenic Occurrence in Groundwater in South and East Asia: Scale, Causes and Mitigation. Towards a More Effective Operational Response: Arsenic Contamination ofGroundwater in South and East Asian Countries II. Technical Report, World Bank Report No. 31303, World Bank, Washington, DC.
206. Smedley, P.L. and Kinniburgh, D.G. (2002) A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters. Applied Geochemistry, 17(5), 517-68.
207. Smedley, P.L., Kinniburgh, D.G., Macdonald, D.M.J. et al. (2005) Arsenic associations in sediments from the loess aquifer of La Pampa, Argentina. Applied Geochemistry, 20(5), 989-1016.
208. Smedley, P.L., Nicolli, H.B., Macdonald, D.M.J. et al. (2002) Hydrogeochemistry of arsenic and other inorganic constituents in groundwaters from La Pampa, Argentina. Applied Geochemistry, 17(3), 259-84.
209. Smedley, P.L., Zhang, M., Zhang, G. and Luo, Z. (2003) Mobilisation of arsenic and other trace elements in fluvio-lacustrine aquifers of the Huhhot Basin, Inner Mongolia. Applied Geochemistry, 18(9), 1453-77.
210. Smith, A.H., Goycolea, M., Haque, R. and Biggs, M.L. (1998) Marked increase in bladder and lung cancer mortality in a region of northern Chile due to arsenic in drinking water. American Journal of Epidemiology, 147, 660-69.
211. Smith, J.V.S., Jankowski, J. and Sammut, J. (2003) Vertical distribution of As(III) and As(V) in a coastal sandy aquifer: Factors controlling the concentration and speciation of arsenic in the Stuarts Point groundwater system, northern New South Wales, Australia. Applied Geochemistry, 18(9), 1479-96.
212. Smith, J.V.S., Jankowski, J. and Sammut, J. (2006) Natural occurrences of inorganic arsenic in the Australian coastal groundwater environment, in Managing Arsenic in the Environment: From Soil to Human Health (eds R. Naidu, E. Smith, G. Owens et al.), CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, pp. 129-53.
213. Smith, A.H., Lingas, E.O. and Rahman, M. (2000) Contamination of drinking-water by arsenic in Bangladesh: a public health emergency. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78 (9), 1093-103.
214. Southwick, J.W., Western, A.E., Beck, M.M. (1983) An epidemiological study of arsenic in drinking water in Millard County, Utah, in Arsenic: Industrial, Biomedical, Environmental Perspectives (eds W.H. Leaderer and J.F. Robert), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 210-25.
215. Strawn, D., Doner, H., Zavarin, M. and McHugo, S. (2002) Microscale investigation into the geochemistry of arsenic, selenium, and iron in soil developed in pyritic shale materials. Geoderma, 108(3-4), 237-57.
216. Stuben, D., Berner, Z., Chandrasekharam, D. and Karmakar, J. (2003) Arsenic enrichment in groundwater of West Bengal, India: geochemical evidence for mobilization of As under reducing conditions. Applied Geochemistry, 18(9), 1417-34.
217. Swartz, C.H., Keon Blute, N., Badruzzaman, B. et al. (2004) Mobility of arsenic in a Bangladesh aquifer: inferences from geochemical profiles, leaching data, and mineralogical characterization. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68(22), 4539-57.
218. Tandukar, E.N. (2001) Scenario of Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater in Nepal, Department of Water Supply and Sewerage.
219. Tandukar, N., Bhattacharya, P., Neku, A. and Mukherjee, A.B. (2006) Extent and severity of arsenic occurrence in groundwater of Nepal, in Managing Arsenic in the Environment: From Soil to Human Health (eds R. Naidu, E. Smith, G. Owens et al.), CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, pp. 541-52.
220. Tasneem, M.A. (1999) Impact of agricultural and industrial activities on groundwater quality in Kasur area. The Nucleus, Quarterly Journal of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, 36.
221. Thornton, I. and Farago, M. (1997) The geochemistry of arsenic, in Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects (eds C.O. Abernathy, R.L. Calderon and W.R. Chappell), Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 1-16.
222. Tong, N.T. (2001) Report on Investigated Results for Arsenic Groundwater Level in Ha Noi City, Geological and Mineral Survey of Vietnam.
223. Tong, N.T. (2002) Arsenic Pollution in Groundwater in the Red River Delta, Geological Survey of Vietnam, Northern Hydrogeological-Engineering Geological Division.
224. Tournassat, C., Charlet, L., Bosbach, D. and Manceau, A. (2002) Arsenic(III) oxidation by birnessite and precipitation of manganese(II) arsenate. Environmental Science and Technology, 36(3), 493-500.
225. Trafford, J.M., Lawrence, A.R., Macdonald, D.M.J. et al. (1996) The Effect of Urbanization on the Groundwater Quality Beneath the City of Hanoi, Vietnam. British Geological Survey Technical Report WC/96/22, British Geological Survey, Keyworth.
226. TSC (Taiwan Sugar Company) (2003) Groundwater Quality by the Taiwan Groundwater Monitoring Network (5/5), Taiwan Sugar Company (TSC), Taiwan Water Resources Bureau, Taipei.
227. Tseng, W.P. (1997) Effects and dose-response relationship of skin cancer and blackfoot disease with arsenic. Environmental Health Perspectives , 19, 109-19.
228. Tseng, W.P., Chu, H.M., How, S.W. et al. (1968) Prevalence of skin cancer in an endemic area of chronic arsenicism in Taiwan. Journal ofNational Cancer Institute, 40, 453-63.
229. Tuinhof, A. and Nanni, M. (2003) Arsenic Testing and Finalization of Groundwater Legislation, Nepal, World Bank Group.
230. UNDP/UNCHS (United Nations Development Programme and United Nations Centre for Human Settlements) (2001) Water Quality Testing in 11 Project Townships, United Nations Development Programme and United Nations Centre for Human Settlements.
231. Utsunomiya, S., Peters, S.C., Blum, J.D. and Ewing, R.C. (2003) Nanoscale mineralogy of arsenic in a region of New Hampshire with elevated As-concentrations in the groundwater. American Mineralogist, 88, 1844-52.
232. Van Geen, A., Ahmed, K.M., Seddique, A.A. and Shamsudduha, M. (2003) Community wells to mitigate the arsenic crisis in Bangladesh. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 81, 632-38.
233. Van Geen, A., Aziz, Z., Horneman, A. et al. (2006) Preliminary evidence of a link between surface soil properties and the arsenic content of shallow groundwater in Bangladesh. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 88(1-3), 157-61.
234. Van Geen, A., Rose, J., Thoral, S. et al. (2004) Decoupling of As and Fe release to Bangladesh groundwater under reducing conditions. Part II: evidence from sediment incubations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68 (17), 3475-86.
235. von Brömssen, M., Jakariya, M., Bhattacharya, P. et al. (2007) Targeting low-arsenic aquifers in Matlab Upazila, southeastern Bangladesh. Science of the Total Environment, 379(2-3), 121-32.
236. Waychunas, G.A., Fuller, C.C., Rea, B.A. and Davis, J.A. (1996) Wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) study of 'two-line' ferrihydrite structure: effect of arsenate sorption and counterion variation and comparison with EXAFS results. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60(10), 1765-81.
237. Weinman, B., Goodbred, S., Zheng, Y. et al. (2006) Fluvio-deltaic processes and geomorphic development at the scale of 100 to 1000 M: their importance in governing the heterogeneity of groundwater arsenic in Araihazar, Bangladesh. Abstracts with Programs. The Geological Society of America, 38(7), 180.
238. Welch, A.H., Helsel, D.R., Focazio, M.J. and Watkins, S.A. (1999) Arsenic in ground water supplies of the United States, in Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects (eds W.R. Chappell, C.O. Abernathy and R.I., Calderon), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 9-17.
239. Welch, A.H. and Lico, M.S. (1998) Factors controlling As and U in shallow ground water, southern Carson Desert, Nevada. Applied Geochemistry, 13(4), 521-39.
240. Welch, A.H., Lico, M.S. and Hughes, J.L. (1988) Arsenic in ground water of the western United States. Ground Water, 26, 333-47.
241. Welch, A.H., Westjohn, D.B., Helsel, D.R. and Wanty, R.B. (2000) Arsenic in ground water of the United States: occurrence and geochemistry. Ground Water, 38(4), 589-604.
242. Weldon, J.M. and MacRae, J.D. (2006) Correlations between arsenic in Maine groundwater and microbial populations as determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Chemosphere, 63, 440-48.
243. Wilkie, J.A. and Hering, J.G. (1996) Adsorption of arsenic onto hydrous ferric oxide: effects of adsorbate/adsorbent ratios and co-occurring solutes. Colloids And Surfaces A-Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 107, 97-110.
244. WRUD (Water Resource Utilization Department) (2001) Preliminary Study on Arsenic Contamination in Selected areas of Myanmar. Report of the Water Resource Utilization Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Myanmar.
245. Xie, Z.M., Zhang, Y.M. and Naidu, R. (2006) Extent and severity of arsenic poisoning in China, in Managing Arsenic in the Environment: From Soils to Human Health (eds R. Naidu, E. Smith, G. Owens et al.), CSIRO Publishing, pp. 541-52.
246. Xu, H., Allard, B. and Grimvall, A. (1988) Influence of pH and organic substances on the adsorption of As(V) on geologic materials. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 40, 293-305.
247. Xu, H., Allard, B. and Grimvall, A. (1991) Effects of acidification and natural organic materials on the mobility of arsenic in the environment. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 57, 269-78.
248. Yamazaki, C., Ishiga, H., Dozen, K. et al. (2000) Geochemical compositions of sediments of Ganges delta of Bangladesh-arsenic release from peat? Earth Science, 54, 81-93.
249. Yang, Q., Jung, H.B., Culbertson, C. et al. (2006) Geochemical characteristics of groundwater from domestic wells in greater Augusta area, Maine, USA. Abstracts with Programs. The Geological Society of America, 38(7), 422.
250. Yeh, S. (1963) Relative incidence of skin cancer in Chinese in Taiwan: with special reference to arsenical cancer. National Cancer Institute Monographs, 10, 81-170.
251. Yen, F.S., Long, C.N. and Lu, T.H. (1980) An environmental model of high arsenic concentration in the groundwater aquifer of Taiwan. Journal of Taiwan Environmental Sanitation, 12, 66-80.
252. Yu, W., Harvey, C.M. and Harvey, C.F. (2003) Arsenic in groundwater in Bangladesh: a geostatistical and epidemiological framework for evaluating health effects and potential remedies. Water Resources Research, 39, 1146.
253. Zachariáš, J., Frýda, J., Paterova, B. and Mihaljevic̀, M. (2004) Arsenopyrite and As-bearing pyrite from the Roudný deposit, Bohemian Massif. Mineralogical Magazine, 68(1), 31-46.
254. Zheng, Y., Stute, M., van Geen, A. et al. (2004) Redox control of arsenic mobilization in Bangladesh groundwater. Applied Geochemistry, 19(2), 201-14.
255. Zheng, Y., van Geen, A., Stute, M. et al. (2005) Geochemical and hydrogeological contrasts between shallow and deeper aquifers in two villages of Araihazar, Bangladesh: implications for deeper aquifers as drinking water sources. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69(22), 5203-18.