Fisheries Exploitation

The Atlantic Salmon: Genetics, Conservation and Management

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 299-324

  Hindar, K ^a   Garcia De Leaniz C ^b   Koljonen, M L ^c   Tufto, J ^d   Youngson, A F ^e  

^a NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR NATURE RESEARCH   (Norway)

^b SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c FINNISH FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^d NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

^e MARINE LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Fish catches; Fisheries management; Genetic erosion; Inbreeding; Population size

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889456086     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470995846.ch10     Document Type: Chapter

References (109)

1. Crozier, W.W., Potter, E.C.E., Prévost, E., Schön, P-J. and Ó Maoiléidigh, N. (Ed.) (2003) A coordinated approach to the development of a scientific basis for management of wild Atlantic salmon in the North-East Atlantic (SALMODEL). Queen's University, Belfast.
2. Hendry, A.P. and Stearns, S.C. (Ed.) (2004) Evolution Illuminated: Salmon and their relatives. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
3. Reynolds, J.D., Mace, G.M., Redford, K.H. and Robinson, J.G. (Ed.) (2001) Conservation of Exploited Species. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
4. Altukhov, Yu.P. and Salmenkova, E.A. (1991) The genetic structure of salmon populations. Aquaculture, 98: 11-40.
5. Alvarez, J. and Lamuela, M. (2001) Situación actual del salmón atlántico en Navarra. In: C. García de Leániz, A. Serdio and S. Consuegra (Ed.) El Salmón, Joya de Nuestros Ríos, pp. 97-110. Consejería de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Santander. (in Spanish with English summary)
6. Baum, E. (1997) Maine Atlantic Salmon: A national treasure. Atlantic Salmon Unlimited, Hermon, ME.
7. Bielak, A.T. and Power, G. (1986) Changes in mean weight, sea-age composition and catch per unit effort of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) angled in the Godbout River, Quebec. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 43: 281-287.
8. Caswell, H., Naiman, R.J. and Morin, R. (1984) Evaluating the consequences of reproduction in complex salmonid life cycles. Aquaculture, 43: 123-134.
9. Chadwick, E.M.P. (1982) Stock recruitment relationship for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 39: 1496-1501.
10. Chadwick, E.M.P., Reddin, D.G. and Burfitt, R.F. (1985) Fishing and natural mortality rates for 1SW Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). ICES CM 1985/M:18.
11. Cleyet-Merle, J.-J. (1990) La Prehistoire de la Pêche. Editions Errance, Paris.
12. Conover, D.O. and Munch, S.B. (2002) Sustaining fisheries yields over evolutionary time scales. Science, 297: 94-96.
13. Consuegra, S., García de Leániz, C., Serdio, A., Gonzalez Morales, M., Straus, L.G., Knox, D. and Verspoor, E. (2002) Mitochondrial DNA variation in Pleistocene and modern Atlantic salmon from the Iberian glacial refugium. Molecular Ecology, 11: 2037-2048.
14. Consuegra, S., García de Leániz, C., Serdio, A. and Verspoor, E. (2005a) Selective exploitation of early running fish may induce genetic and phenotypic changes in Atlantic salmon. Journal of Fish Biology, 67 (Supplement A): 129-145.
15. Consuegra, S., Verspoor, E., Knox, D. and García de Leániz, C. (2005b) Asymmetric gene flow and the evolutionary maintenance of genetic diversity in small, peripheral Atlantic salmon populations. Conservation Genetics, 6(5): 823-842. (Published online 25 August 2005, DOI: 10.1007/s10592-005-9042-4)
16. Crow, J.F. and Kimura, M. (1970) An Introduction to Population Genetics Theory. Burgess Publishing, Minneapolis, MN.
17. Crozier, W.W. and Kennedy, G.J.A. (1993) Marine survival of wild and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) from the River Bush, Northern Ireland. In D. Mills (Ed.) Salmon in the Sea and New Enhancement Strategies, pp. 139-162. Fishing News Books, Oxford.
18. Crozier, W.W. and Kennedy, G.J.A. (1994) Marine exploitation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) from the River Bush, Northern Ireland. Fisheries Research, 19: 141-155.
19. Crozier, W.W. and Kennedy, G.J.A. (2001) Relationship between freshwater angling catch of Atlantic salmon and stock size in the River Bush, Northern Ireland. Journal of Fish Biology 58: 240-247.
20. Crozier, W.W., Potter, E.C.E., Prévost, E., Schön, P-J. and Ó Maoiléidigh, N. (Ed.) (2003) A coordinated approach to the development of a scientific basis for management of wild Atlantic salmon in the North-East Atlantic (SALMODEL). Queen's University, Belfast.
21. Dempson, J.B., Schwarz, C.J., Reddin, D.G., O'Connell, M.F., Mullins, C.C. and Bourgeois, C.E. (2001) Estimation of marine exploitation rates on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) stocks in Newfoundland, Canada. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 58: 331-341.
22. Dempson, J.B., Furey, G. and Bloom, M. (2002) Effects of catch and release angling on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., of the Conne River, Newfoundland. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 9: 139-147.
23. Erkinaro, J., Økland, F., Moen, K. and Niemelä, E. (1999) Return migration of the Atlantic salmon in the Tana River: distribution and exploitation of radiotagged multi-sea-winter salmon. Boreal Environmental Research, 4: 115-124.
24. Falconer, D.S. (1989) Introduction to Quantitative Genetics (3rd edn). Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, UK.
25. Friedland, K.D., Hansen, L.P. and Dunkley, D.A. (1998) Marine temperatures experienced by postsmolts and the survival of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the North Sea area. Fisheries Oceanography, 7: 22-34.
26. Friedland, K.D., Hansen, L.P., Dunkley, D.A. and MacLean, J.C. (2000) Linkage between ocean climate, post-smolt growth, and survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the North Sea area. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57: 419-429.
27. García de Leániz, C., Caballero, P., Valero, E., Martínez, J.J. and Hawkins, A.D. (1992) Historical changes in Spanish Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) rod and line fisheries: why are large multi-seawinter fish becoming scarcer? Journal of Fish Biology, 41: 179.
28. García de Leániz, C., Serdio, A. and Consuegra, S. (2001) Present status of Atlantic salmon in Cantabria. In: C. García de Leániz, A. Serdio and S. Consuegra (Ed.) El Salmón, Joya de Nuestros Ríos, pp. 55-82. Consejería de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Santander. (in Spanish with English summary)
29. Gee, A.S. and Milner, N.J. (1980) Analysis of 70-year catch statistics for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the River Wye and implications for management of stocks. Journal of Applied Ecology, 17: 41-57.
30. Gjerde, B. (1993) Breeding and selection. In: K. Heen, R.L. Monahan and F. Utter (Ed.) Salmon Aquaculture, pp. 187-208. Fishing News Books, Oxford.
31. Gudjónsson, T. (1988) Exploitation of salmon in Iceland. In: D. Mills and D. Piggins (Ed.) Atlantic Salmon: Planning for the future, pp. 162-178. Croom Helm, London.
32. Gudjónsson, S., Antonsson, Th. and Tomasson, T. (1996) Exploitation ratio of salmon in relation to salmon run in three Icelandic rivers. ICES CM 1996/M:8.
33. Hansen, L.P. (1984) A preliminary analysis of the exploitation pattern of Atlantic salmon tagged and released as smolts in River Imsa, Norway, 1981. Working paper, ICES North Atlantic Salmon Working Group.
34. Hansen, L.P. (1988) Status of exploitation of Atlantic salmon in Norway. In: D. Mills and D. Piggins (Ed.) Atlantic Salmon: Planning for the future, pp. 143-161. Croom Helm, London.
35. Hansen, L.P. (1990) Exploitation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) from the River Drammenselv, SE Norway. Fisheries Research, 10: 125-135.
36. Hansen, L.P. and Jonsson, B. (1991) Evidence of a genetic component in the seasonal return pattern of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish Biology, 38: 251-258.
37. Hansen, L.P., Næsje, T.F. and Garnås, E. (1986) Stock assessment and exploitation of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in the river Drammenselv. Fauna Norvegica, Series A, 7: 23-26.
38. Hard, J.J. (2004) Evolution of Chinook salmon life histories under size-selective harvest. In: A.P. Hendry and S.C. Stearns (Ed.) Evolution Illuminated: Salmon and their relatives, pp. 315-337. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
39. Harris, R.B., Wall, W.A. and Allendorf, F.W. (2002) Genetic consequences of hunting: what do we know and what should we do? Wildlife Society Bulletin, 30: 634-643.
40. Hauser, L., Adcock, G.J., Smith, P.J., Ramirez, J.H.B. and Carvalho, G.R. (2002) Loss of microsatellite diversity and low effective population size in an overexploited population of New Zealand snapper (Pagrus auratus). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99: 11742-11747.
41. Hindar, K., Tufto, J., Sættem, L.M. and Balstad, T. (2004) Conservation of genetic variation in harvested salmon populations. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 61: 1389-1397.
42. Hutchings, J.A. (2001) Conservation biology of marine fishes: perceptions and caveats regarding assignment of extinction risk. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 58: 108-121.
43. Hutchinson, W.F., van Oosterhout, C., Rogers, S.I. and Carvalho, G. R. (2003) Temporal analysis of archived samples indicates marked genetic changes in declining North Sea cod (Gadus morhua). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 270: 2125-2132.
44. ICES (2005) Report of the ICES Advisory Committee on Fishery Management. Annex 9 to NASCO (2005), pp. 77-97.
45. IUCN (1999) IUCN red list categories. International Union for the Conservation of Nature, London.
46. Jensen, A.J., Zubchenko, A.V., Heggberget, T.G., Hvidsten, N.A., Johnsen, B.O., Kuzmin, O., Loenko, A.A., Lund, R.A., Martynov, V.G., Næsje, T.F., Sharov, A.F. and Økland, F. (1999) Cessation of the Norwegian drift net fishery: changes observed in Norwegian and Russian populations of Atlantic salmon. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 56: 84-95.
47. Jensen, K.W. (1981) On the rate of exploitation of salmon from two Norwegian rivers. ICES CM 1981/M:11.
48. Karppinen, P., Erkinaro, J., Niemelä, E., Moen, K. and Økland, F. (2004) Return migration of one-seawinter Atlantic salmon in the River Tana. Journal of Fish Biology, 64: 1179-1192.
49. Kellogg, K.A. (1999) Salmon on the edge. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 14: 45-46.
50. Kenchington, E.L. (2003). The effects of fishing on species and genetic diversity. In: M. Sinclair and G. Valdimarsson (Ed.) Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem, pp. 235-253. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.
51. Kerswill, C.J. (1971) Relative rates of utilization by commercial and sport fisheries of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from the Miramichi River, New Brunswick. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 28: 351-363.
52. Koljonen, M.-L., Pella, J.J. and Masuda, M. (2005) Classical individual assignments versus mixture modeling to estimate stock proportions in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) catches from DNA microsatellite data. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 62: 2143-2158.
53. Lande, R. and Shannon, S. (1996) The role of genetic variation in adaptation and population persistence in a changing environment. Evolution, 50: 434-437.
54. Lande, R., Engen, S. and Sæther, B.-E. (1999) Spatial scale of population synchrony: correlation versus dispersal and density regulation. American Naturalist, 154: 271-281.
55. Larkin, P.A. (1977) An epitaph for the concept of maximum sustainable yield. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 106: 1-11.
56. Law, R. (2000) Fishing, selection, and phenotypic evolution. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57: 659-668.
57. Levins, R. (1969) Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America, 15: 237-240.
58. Lynch, M. (1991) The genetic interpretation of inbreeding depression and outbreeding depression. Evolution, 45: 622-629.
59. Mace, G.M. and Lande, R. (1991) Assessing extinction threats: towards a reassessment of IUCN endangered species categories. Conservation Biology, 5: 148-157.
60. MAFF, SOAEFD and WOAD (1999) Factors Affecting Salmon in the Sea: Report of the Salmon Advisory Committee, pp. 1-60. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London; Scottish Office Agriculture, Environment and Fisheries Department, Edinburgh; Welsh Office Agriculture Department, Cardiff.
61. Miller, R.B. (1957) Have the genetic patterns of fish been altered by introductions or by selective fishing. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 14: 797-806.
62. Mills, C.P.R. and Piggins, D.J. (1983) The release of reared salmon smolts (Salmo salar) into the Burrishoole system (Western Ireland) and their contribution to the rod and line fishery. Fisheries Management, 14: 165-175.
63. Mills, C.P.R., Mahon, G.A.T. and Piggins, D.J. (1986) Influence of stock levels, fishing effort and environmental factors on angler's catches of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and sea trout, Salmo trutta L. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, 17: 289-297.
64. Murray, A.R. (1968) Smolt survival and adult utilization of Little Codroy River, Newfoundland, Atlantic salmon. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 25: 2165-2218.
65. NASCO (1998) Agreement on the Adoption of a Precautionary Approach: Report of the fifteenth annual meeting of the Council. CNL(98)46. North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization, Edinburgh.
66. NASCO (2005) Report of the twenty-second annual meeting of the Council. CNL(05)50. North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization, Edinburgh.
67. Nelson, K. and Soulé, M. (1987) Genetical conservation of exploited fishes. In: N. Ryman and F. Utter (Ed.) Population Genetics and Fishery Management, pp. 345-368. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA.
68. Nordqvist, O. (1924) Times of entering of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the rivers. Conseil Permanent International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, Rapports et Procés-Verbaux, 33: 1-58.
69. O'Connell, M.F. (2003) An examination of the use of angling data to estimate total returns of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, to two rivers in Newfoundland, Canada. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 10: 201-208.
70. Olsen, E.M., Heino, M., Lilly, G.R., Morgan, M.J., Brattey, J., Ernande, B. and Dieckmann, U. (2004) Maturation trends indicative of rapid evolution preceded the collapse of northern cod. Nature, 428: 932-935.
71. Ó Maoiléidigh, N., McGinnity, P., Prévost, E., Potter, E.C.E., Gargan, P., Crozier, W.W., Mills, P. and Roche, W. (2004) Application of pre-fishery abundance modelling and Bayesian hierarchical stock and recruitment analysis to the provision of precautionary catch advice for Irish salmon (Salmo salar L.) fisheries. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 61: 1370-1378.
72. Pauly, D., Christensen, V., Dalsgaard, J., Froese, R. and Torres, F. (1998) Fishing down marine food webs. Science, 279: 860-863.
73. Peet, R.F. and Pratt, J.D. (1972) Distant and local exploitation of a Labrador Atlantic salmon population by commercial fisheries. International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Research Document 72/82, Serial No. 2809.
74. Porter, T.R., Healey, M.F., O'Connell, M.F., Baum, E.T., Bielak, A.T. and Cote, Y. (1986) Implications of varying the sea age at maturity of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) on yield to the fisheries. Canadian Special Publication in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 89: 110-117.
75. Potter, E.C.E., MacLean, J., Wyatt, R.J. and Campbell, R.N.B. (2003) Managing the exploitation of migratory salmonids. Fisheries Research, 62: 127-142.
76. Reddin, D.G. (1981) Estimation of fishing mortality for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Newfoundland and Labrador commercial fisheries. ICES CM, 1981/M:24.
77. Ricker, W.E. (1981) Changes in the average size and average age of Pacific salmon. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 38: 1636-1656.
78. Riddell, B.E. (1986) Assessment of selective fishing on the age at maturity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): a genetic perspective. Canadian Special Publication in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 89: 102-109.
79. Ritter, J.A. and Newbould, K. (1977) Relationship of parentage and smolt age to first maturity of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). ICES CM, 1977/M:32.
80. Ryman, N., Utter, F. and Laikre, L. (1995) Protection of intraspecific biodiversity of exploited fishes. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 5: 417-446.
81. Sættem, L.M. (1995) Gytebestander av laks og sjøaure. En sammenstilling av registreringer fra ti vassdrag i Sogn og Fjordane fra 1960-94. Utredning for DN, 1995-7. Direktoratet for naturforvaltning, Trondheim, Norway. ('Spawning populations of Atlantic salmon and sea trout. A compilation of studies in ten rivers in Sogn og Fjordane county from 1960-94'; in Norwegian)
82. Sandhaugen, A.I. and Hansen, L.P. (2001) Exploitation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the River Drammenselv. NINA Fagrapport, 51: 1-44. (in Norwegian with English summary)
83. Saunders, R.L. (1969) Contribution of salmon from the North-west Miramichi River, New Brunswick, to various fisheries. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 26: 269-278.
84. Scarnecchia, D.L., Ísaksson, Á. and White, S.E. (1989) Effects of oceanic variations and the West Greenland fishery on age at maturity of Icelandic west coast stocks of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 46: 16-27.
85. Schaffer, W.M. (2004) Life histories, evolution, and salmonids. In: A.P. Hendry and S.C. Stearns (Ed.) Evolution Illuminated: Salmon and their relatives, pp. 20-51. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
86. Schaffer, W.M. and Elson, P.F. (1975) The adaptive significance of variations in life history among local populations of Atlantic salmon in North America. Ecology, 56: 577-590.
87. Semple, J.R. and Cameron, J.D. (1990) Biology, exploitation and escapement of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), Liscomb River, N.S. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 2077.
88. Shearer, W.M. (1988) Relating catch records to stocks. In: D. Mills and D. Piggins (Ed.) Atlantic Salmon: Planning for the future, pp. 256-274. Croom Helm, London.
89. Shearer, W.M. (1992) The Atlantic Salmon: Natural History, Exploitation and Future Management. Fishing News Books, London.
90. Ståhl, G. (1987) Genetic population structure of Atlantic salmon. In: N. Ryman and F. Utter (Ed.) Population Genetics and Fishery Management, pp. 121-140. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA.
91. Statens Dyrehelsetilsyn (2002) Fiske basert på fang og slipp-dyrevern. Letter dated 14th March 2002. Statens Dyrehelsetilsyn, Oslo. (in Norwegian)
92. Stewart, D.C., Smith, G.W. and Youngson, A.F. (2002) Tributary-specific variation in timing of return of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to fresh water has a genetic component. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 59: 276-281.
93. Summers, D.W. (1995) Long-term changes in the sea-age at maturity and seasonal time of return of salmon, Salmo salar L., to Scottish rivers. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 2: 147-156.
94. Taylor, E.B. (1991) A review of local adaptation in Salmonidae, with particular reference to Pacific and Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture, 98: 185-207.
95. Thorpe, J.E. (1993) Impacts of fishing on genetic structure of salmonid populations. In: J.G. Cloud and G.H. Thorgaard (Ed.) Genetic Conservation of Salmonid Fishes, pp. 67-80. Plenum Press, New York.
96. Thorstad, E.B., Næsje, T.F., Fiske, P. and Finstad, B. (2003) Effects of hook and release on Atlantic salmon in the River Alta, northern Norway. Fisheries Research, 60: 293-307.
97. Tufto, J. and Hindar, K. (2003) Effective size in management and conservation of subdivided populations. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 222: 273-281.
98. Tufto, J., Engen, S. and Hindar, K. (1996) Inferring patterns of migration from gene frequencies under equilibrium conditions. Genetics, 144: 1911-1921.
99. Verspoor, E. (1988) Identification of stocks in the Atlantic salmon. In: R.H. Stroud (Ed.) Proceedings of the Symposium on Present and Future Atlantic Salmon Management, pp. 37-46. Atlantic Salmon Federation, Ipswich, MA; National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Savannah, GA.
100. Wang, S., Hard, J.J. and Utter, F. (2002a) Salmonid inbreeding: a review. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 11: 301-319.
101. Wang, S., Hard, J.J. and Utter, F. (2002b) Genetic variation and fitness in salmonids. Conservation Genetics, 3: 321-333.
102. Waples, R.S. (1998) Separating the wheat from the chaff: patterns of genetic differentiation in high gene flow species. Journal of Heredity, 89: 438-450.
103. Waples, R.S. (2002) Definition and estimation of effective population size in the conservation of endangered species. In: S.R. Beissinger and D.R. McCullough (Ed.) Population Viability Analysis, pp. 147-168. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
104. Warner, K. and Havey, K.A. (1985) Life History, Ecology and Management of Maine Landlocked Salmon (Salmo salar). Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Augusta, ME.
105. Webb, J.H. and Campbell, R.N.B. (2000) Patterns of run timing in adult Atlantic salmon returning to Scottish rivers: some new perspectives and management implications. In: F.G. Whoriskey and K.E. Whelan (Ed.) Managing Wild Atlantic Salmon, pp. 100-138. Atlantic Salmon Federation, St Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada.
106. Wohlfarth, G.W. (1986) Decline in natural fisheries: a genetic analysis and suggestion for recovery. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 43: 1298-1306.
107. WWF (2001) The Status of Wild Atlantic Salmon: A river by river assessment. World Wildlife Fund (WWF-US), Washington, DC.
108. Wright, S. (1969) Evolution and the Genetics of Populations. Volume 2. The Theory of Gene Frequencies. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
109. Youngson, A.F., Jordan, W.C., Verspoor, E., McGinnity, P., Cross, T. and Ferguson, A. (2003) Management of salmonid fisheries in the British Isles: towards a practical approach based on population genetics. Fisheries Research, 62: 193-209.